張鐵峰,柴金花,李 穎,蔣海斌
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不同麻醉藥物對老年非體外循環(huán)冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)患者血清興奮性氨基酸的影響
張鐵峰,柴金花,李 穎,蔣海斌*
(蘭州市第一人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,蘭州 730050)
比較不同麻醉藥對老年非體外循環(huán)冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)患者血清興奮性氨基酸(EAA)的影響。擇期行非體外循環(huán)冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)的患者120例,年齡60~75歲,ASA(美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會)Ⅱ或Ⅲ級,隨機分為丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼組(P組)和七氟烷(S組),每組60例。P組丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼,S組吸入七氟烷維持麻醉。分別于麻醉前(T0)、術(shù)畢即刻(T1)、術(shù)后24h(T2)、48h(T3)、72h(T4)從頸內(nèi)靜脈采血2ml,采用反相高效液相色譜熒光法檢測血清中EAA濃度。組內(nèi)比較T2、T3兩組血清谷氨酸(Glu)、天冬氨酸(Asp)、甘氨酸(Gly)濃度與麻醉前均有不同程度升高(<0.05);與P組比較S組Glu、Asp、Gly濃度在T2明顯升高(<0.05),Glu濃度在T3明顯升高(<0.05),T1和T4Glu、Asp、Gly濃度與P組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(>0.05)。非體外循環(huán)冠脈搭橋術(shù)老年患者應(yīng)用丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼麻醉,可降低血清EAA濃度,有減少術(shù)后認知功能障礙的趨勢。
認知障礙;非體外循環(huán);冠狀動脈分流術(shù);氨基酸類;老年人
認知功能障礙是一類嚴重影響中老年人身心健康和生活質(zhì)量的疾病,隨著我國進入老齡社會,其發(fā)病率逐年增加。術(shù)后認知功能障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是指手術(shù)麻醉后患者出現(xiàn)定向、記憶、思維、自知力等中樞神經(jīng)功能改變。POCD是全身麻醉手術(shù)后常見并發(fā)癥之一[1],有效防治認知功能障礙已成為一個刻不容緩的問題。
老年人本身中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能減退,這使得老齡成為記憶障礙的危險因素和長期因素,老年患者全麻術(shù)后血清興奮性氨基酸(excitatory amino acids,EAA)水平維持較高水平可能是老年P(guān)OCD發(fā)病率高的原因之一[2?3]。全麻藥能夠干預(yù)學(xué)習(xí)記憶的過程,引起記憶障礙,但不同麻醉藥對認知的影響各異,七氟烷(sevoflurane)、異氟烷(isoflurane)和丙泊酚(propofol)均可阻斷情緒記憶[4]。故不同的麻醉方法、不同的麻醉用藥對老年患者血清EAA濃度有不同影響,從而為臨床試驗提供可行性。
選擇ASAⅡ或Ⅲ級擇期非體外循環(huán)冠脈搭橋手術(shù)患者120例,其中男98例,女22例,年齡60~75歲,采用隨機對照研究,查表法估算每組實際病例數(shù)不低于44例,區(qū)組隨機分組分為丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼(remifentanil)麻醉組(P組)60例和七氟烷麻醉組(S組)60例。排除冠狀動脈單支病變、心臟瓣膜疾病,肝、腎功能衰竭,高血壓、糖尿病患者術(shù)前未得到有效控制的病例和術(shù)前服用精神類藥物及已知的能夠影響血清中氨基酸的藥物如雌激素,復(fù)方氨基酸等。
1.2.1 麻醉方式、監(jiān)測與管理 所有患者麻醉前30min肌肉內(nèi)注射嗎啡0.1~0.2mg/kg,東莨菪堿(hyoscine)0.3mg,術(shù)前β-受體阻滯藥和硝酸甘油維持至術(shù)日晨。入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測心電圖(electrocardiogram,ECG)、脈搏和血氧飽和度(oxygen saturation,SPO2)(惠普HEWLETT PACKARD,美國),局麻下行橈動脈穿刺監(jiān)測動脈壓。麻醉誘導(dǎo)采用咪達唑侖(midazolam)0.05~0.1mg/kg,維庫溴銨(vecuronium bromide)0.1mg/kg,丙泊酚1~2mg/kg,舒芬太尼(sulfentanyl)1μg/kg。肌松后快速氣管插管,連接麻醉機(Drager Fabius美國)機械通氣,維持潮氣量8~10ml/kg,呼吸頻率10~12次/min,氧流量1.5L/min,呼吸末二氧化碳分壓(end-tidal CO2,ETCO2)35~45mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)行頸內(nèi)靜脈穿刺置管監(jiān)測中心靜脈壓(central venous pressure,CVP),放置尿管監(jiān)測尿量。麻醉維持P組用丙泊酚1~3mg/(kg·h)和瑞芬太尼6~10μg/(kg·h)持續(xù)泵入。S組吸入七氟烷(批號:5Y18,Abbott公司,美國),呼氣末濃度1.0%~1.5%。兩組均使用維庫溴銨0.07mg/kg,每小時追加1次,腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)值40~50之間。術(shù)中經(jīng)中心靜脈持續(xù)泵注硝酸甘油0.3~0.5[μg/(kg·min)]。維持血壓、心率(heart rate,HR)穩(wěn)定,如收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)>140mmHg(高血壓患者SBP>160mmHg)持續(xù)>3min,則靜注尼卡地平(nicardipine)0.3~0.5mg,如SBP<80mmHg持續(xù)>3min則靜注苯腎上腺素30~50ug;如HR>90次/min,則靜注艾司洛爾(esmolol)每次20~30mg,HR<50次/min,靜注阿托品(atropine)0.3~0.5mg。術(shù)中輸注乳酸鈉林格氏液(sodium lactate ringer)和羥乙基淀粉(hetastarch)注射液,根據(jù)術(shù)中出血量的多少,適當(dāng)成分輸血。切開心包后給肝素1mg/kg,保持激活凝血時間>300s,術(shù)畢用魚精蛋白(nucleoprotamine)拮抗,術(shù)后患者送ICU病房。
1.2.2 樣本采集與測定 麻醉前經(jīng)右頸內(nèi)靜脈球部穿刺置管用于采血樣,分別于麻醉前(T0)、術(shù)畢即刻(T1)、術(shù)后24h(T2)、48h(T3)、72h(T4)空腹采血2ml,肝素抗凝,3 000 轉(zhuǎn)/min離心15min分離血漿,取血漿1ml加入50%磺基水楊酸100μl,混勻后以15 000轉(zhuǎn)/min,4℃離心20min,取上清液經(jīng)0.122μm微孔濾膜過濾,去除蛋白質(zhì),過濾液置-80℃冰箱保存待測。采用反相高效液相色譜熒光法檢測血清中EAA濃度。
1.2.3 儀器和試劑 高效液相色譜儀(日本Shimadzu公司);熒光檢測器(美國Varian公司);C18色譜分析柱(日本Shimadzu公司);氨基酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(上?;瘜W(xué)試劑公司):谷氨酸(glutamic acid,Glu)、天冬氨酸(asparagic acid,Asp)、甘氨酸(glycine,Gly);鄰苯二甲醛(O-phthalaldehyde,OPA)、β-二巰基乙醇(β-Mercaptoethanol,2-MCE,美國AMRESCO公司)。
兩組患者性別構(gòu)成分別為:P組男50人,女10人;S組男48人,女12人。兩組患者的年齡、體質(zhì)量、性別構(gòu)成比、美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級、左室射血分數(shù)、術(shù)后拔管時間、手術(shù)時間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(>0.05,表1)。
表1 兩組患者一般情況及術(shù)中相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較
P: propofol and remifentanil; S: sevoflurane; BM: body mass; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction
所選病例全部完成手術(shù)過程。手術(shù)均為二支或三支血管搭橋,出血量均少于300ml。術(shù)后再無使用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,且手術(shù)均為同一組醫(yī)師完成。
血清EAA濃度比較:術(shù)后24h、48h兩組血清Glu、Asp、Gly濃度與麻醉前均有不同程度升高(<0.05),術(shù)后72h兩組血清Glu、Asp、Gly濃度與麻醉前比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(>0.05);與P組比較,S組Glu、Asp、Gly濃度在術(shù)后24h明顯升高(<0.05),Glu濃度在術(shù)后48h明顯升高(<0.05),術(shù)畢即刻和術(shù)后72h Glu、Asp、Gly濃度與P組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(>0.05,表2)。組內(nèi)比較術(shù)前及術(shù)后72h結(jié)果比較無差異,可能是術(shù)前無用藥,而術(shù)后72h藥物高峰期已過。
腦脊液可直接地反應(yīng)腦組織EAA水平,但因為蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔穿刺是有創(chuàng)性的且易引起并發(fā)癥,而頸內(nèi)靜脈血液也可準(zhǔn)確地反映腦組織情況,故也常被用作腦研究指標(biāo)的采集標(biāo)本。EAA在腦細胞間隙過度聚集是腦缺血、腦損傷后遲發(fā)性神經(jīng)細胞功能損害發(fā)生的重要病理生理基礎(chǔ)。
許多研究[5?7]證實,EAA在神經(jīng)元缺血性損傷中起重要作用,老年患者全麻術(shù)后顱內(nèi)EAA水平的升高可能參與了POCD發(fā)生的病理生理過程[8]。Rasmussen等[9]提出POCD的發(fā)生可能與全麻藥物對EAA升高有關(guān)。EAA(主要為Asp和Glu)是腦內(nèi)含量最高的氨基酸。顱內(nèi)過量的Asp和Glu對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)具有興奮性神經(jīng)毒性作用,主要是激活突觸后膜的N?甲基?D?天門冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-as-partate,NMDA),使胞外Na+、Ca2+大量內(nèi)流,造成神經(jīng)細胞急性滲透性損害和遲發(fā)性神經(jīng)元壞死。Glu在突觸穩(wěn)定性的維持及可塑性變化中起關(guān)鍵作用,能夠調(diào)節(jié)學(xué)習(xí)記憶。興奮性Glu受體也是麻醉藥影響記憶障礙的重要靶點[10]。本研究從麻醉藥對EAA變化的角度闡述其對患者認知功能障礙的影響。
雖然Gly是抑制性氨基酸,并非EAA成員,但卻是NMDA受體的協(xié)同激動劑,因NMDA受體復(fù)合體中有與Gly結(jié)合的亞基,所以Gly升高也提示興奮性毒性增加。Gly通過調(diào)節(jié)激動NMDA受體影響離子通道,增加Ca2+內(nèi)流,其釋放增加能擴大腦缺血損害。Saransaari等[11]用偽拮抗劑利魯唑(riluzole tablets)治療腦缺血損傷大鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)Gly含量減少,而損傷效應(yīng)減輕。
丙泊酚可對抗自由基氧化,減少體外培養(yǎng)神經(jīng)突觸體釋放EAA,有減輕腦缺血再灌注后的腦細胞水腫、形態(tài)學(xué)損傷和腦神經(jīng)功能損害的作用。有研究表明,丙泊酚對氨基酸類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)含量的調(diào)節(jié)是其產(chǎn)生全麻作用的重要因素[12]。丙泊酚可明顯上調(diào)下丘腦、海馬和頂葉氨基酸轉(zhuǎn)運體2(excitatory amino acid transporter 2,EAAT2)mRNA的表達[13],EAAT2是位于細胞膜的興奮性氨基酸最主要的轉(zhuǎn)運體。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者在麻醉后EAA都有不同程度的升高,72h后和術(shù)前無明顯變化,提示兩組患者在麻醉后都可造成中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)毒性損傷。但與S組比較,P組在麻醉24h血清EAA濃度明顯降低,48h血清Glu濃度明顯降低,說明S組中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)毒性損傷程度低于P組。
表2 兩組患者血清Glu、Asp、Gly濃度的比較
S: sevoflurane; P: propofol and remifentanil; T0: before anaesthesia; T1: immediately after surgery; T2: at 24h after surgery; T3: at 48h after surgery; T4: at 72h after surgery; Glu: glutamic acid; Asp: asparagic acid; Gly: glycine. Compared with before the anaesthesia,*<0.05,**<0.01; compared with group P,#<0.05
許德獎等[14]收集歸納國內(nèi)外關(guān)于丙泊酚、七氟烷、異氟烷等吸入性麻醉藥對老年患者非心臟手術(shù)后早期認知功能障礙影響的13篇文獻進行Meta分析,結(jié)果顯示,丙泊酚靜脈麻醉比氣體麻醉后老年患者術(shù)后血清EAA濃度低,與本研究結(jié)果一致。
綜上所述,非體外循環(huán)冠脈搭橋術(shù)老年患者應(yīng)用丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼麻醉,與七氟烷麻醉比較,該方法可降低血清EAA濃度,從而可能減少POCD的趨勢。
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(編輯: 李菁竹)
Effects of different anaesthetics on serum excitatory amino acids in elderly patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting
ZHANG Tie-Feng, CHAI Jin-Hua, LI Ying, JIANG Hai-Bin*
(Department of Anesthesiology, the First People’s Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou 730050, China)
To compared the effect of different anaesthetic drugs on the serum levels of excitatory amino acids (EAA) in the elderly undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.One hundred and twenty patients at America Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA)Ⅱ orⅢand aged 60 to 75 years who undergoing selective off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in our department were enrolled in this study. They were randomly divided into propofol and remifentanil group (group P) and sevoflurane (group S) (=60 for each group). Group P received propofol and remifentanil to maintain anesthesia, and group S inhaled sevoflurane at the end-tidal concentration of 1.0%~1.5% during anesthesia. Blood samples were harvested from the internal jugular vein before anesthesia (T0), immediately after surgery (T1), at 24h (T2), 48h (T3) and 72h (T4) after surgery. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence was used to measure serum EAA concentrations.The serum concentrations of glutamic acid (Glu), asparagic acid (Asp) and glycine (Gly) were significantly higher at T2, T3than at T0(<0.05). The concentrations were significantly higher at T2in group P than in group S (<0.05), and Glu concentrations was increased significantly at T3(<0.05). But there was no significant difference in the Glu, Asp, Gly concentrations at T1and T4between the 2 groups (>0.05).Anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil reduces the serum concentrations of EAA for the elderly undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass, and thus protect them from postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
cognition disorders; off-pump; coronary artery bypass; amino acids; aged
R741.041; R654.33
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.05.084
2014?12?09;
2015?02?14
蔣海斌, E-mail: lzjianghaibin@hotmail.com