羅君香

通過對最近幾年各地中考英語試卷的分析，命題的導向已非常明確，那就是：堅持“突出語篇、強調應用、注重交際” 這一出題原則，把測試重點定位到語篇上，且閱讀理解在試卷中的占分比例皆在30%以上。因此，做好閱讀理解題是考試獲得好成績的關鍵之所在。語篇題材形式多種多樣，內容豐富多彩。其特點是時代氣息濃，貼近學生生活和學習，可讀性強，理解難度較高。但不管怎樣變化，怎樣復雜，都離不開語篇內容的載體——體裁形式。因此，掌握語篇體裁形式的特點對理清語篇的脈絡結構、讀懂和透徹理解語篇的意思、做好閱讀理解題起著至關重要的作用。

目前英語考試語篇的體裁形式主要有以下四種：記敘文、議論文、說明文、應用文（信函、請柬、通知、便條、表格、圖表、廣告、圖示和標志等）。

<＼＼Dandan＼《閱讀與寫作》＼2013年1-2期 閱讀與寫作＼cxhgjhvjjk 11333.tif>[記敘文]

記敘文的特點是依據(jù)時間、地點、人物、事件發(fā)展變化為主線來記人、敘事、寫景、狀物的一種文體。閱讀時主要抓四大要素，即時間、地點、人物和事件的發(fā)展進程、結果，以及人物之間的關系和在該時間發(fā)展進程中的表現(xiàn)等，從中分析他們的思想品質、性格特征、故事發(fā)展進程和結果等。下面以2012年武漢市中考英語閱讀理解A篇為例進行分析：

閱讀下列材料，從各小題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出一個最佳答案。

One afternoon I toured an art museum while waiting for my husband to finish a business meeting. I was looking forward to a quiet view of the art works.

A young couple viewing the paintings ahead of me chatted nonstop between themselves. I watched them a moment and found the wife doing all the talk. I admired the husbands patience for putting up with her continuous talk. Distracted by their noise， I moved on.

I met with them several times as I moved through the different rooms of art. Each time I heard her constant burst of words， I moved away quickly.

I was standing at the counter of the museum gift shop making a purchase when the couple came near to the exit. Before they left， the man reached into his pocket and pulled out a white object. He extended it into a long stick and then tapped his way into the coatroom to get his wifes jacket.

“Hes a brave man.” The clerk at the counter said， “Most of us would give up if we were blinded at such a young age. During his recovery he made a promise that his life wouldnt change. So， as before， he and his wife come in whenever theres a new art show.”

“But what dose he get out of the art？” I asked， “He cant see.”

“Cant see？ Youre wrong. He sees a lot. More than you or I do.” The clerk said， “His wife describes each painting so he can see it in his head.”

I learned something about patience， courage and love that day. I saw the patience of a young wife describing paintings to a person without sight and the courage of a husband who would not allow blindness to change his life. And I saw the love shared by two people as I watched this couple walk away hand in hand.

（ ）56. The young couple were at an art museum .

A. to show their love B. to appreciate art

C. to discuss paintings D. to describe paintings

（ ）57. “... I moved away quickly.” in Paragraph 3 shows that the writer

.

A. was in the hope of visiting more rooms

B. was in a hurry to buy some gifts

C. was tired of the nonstop talking D. was not interested in the art show

（ ）58. We can infer from the passage that the husband .

A. was not born blind B. couldnt stand his wife

C. knew nothing about art D. completely depended on his wife

（ ）59. After hearing what the clerk had said about the couple， the writer was .

A. encouraged B. excited C. touched D. annoyed

（ ）60. The passage is mainly about

.

A. the importance of art B. good manners in public

C. patience of a husband D. love between a couple

【解析】略看此文，我們很容易讀出這是一篇典型的記敘文。根據(jù)記敘文的特點，我們不難理清其脈絡結構和讀懂該文的意思：時間：one afternoon；地點：an art museum；人物：I， a young couple， the clerk；事件的發(fā)展進程、結果，以及人物之間的關系和在該時間發(fā)展進程中的表現(xiàn)：toured an art museum—found a young couple—distracted by the wifes nonstop talk， I moved on （admired the husbands patience for putting up with her continuous talk）—met with them again—saw the man tapped his way into the coatroom to get his wifes jacket—heard the clerk told the story about the man—learned something about patience， courage and love ...。這樣，我們就很容易得出該閱讀理解題的答案為BCACD。

<＼＼Dandan＼《閱讀與寫作》＼2013年1-2期 閱讀與寫作＼cxhgjhvjjk 11333.tif>[議論文]

議論文是闡明作者對人或事的好壞的立場觀點，因此在閱讀時必須正確把握文章的論點和論據(jù)，理清論證思路，再進行邏輯推理得出結論。下面以2012年長沙市中考英語閱讀理解題第二節(jié)為例進行分析：

閱讀短文，從每題所給的A、B、C三個選項中。選出最佳選項回答問題或完成句子。

Have you felt annoyed when a cellphone rings during the class？ Something must be done to stop this. Now in New York City， USA， a rule is carried out in schools. Students cant even bring cellphones to school. Is it a good thing or not？

Anxious parents say that cellphones are an important tool （工具） in holding New York Citys families together.

“I worry about it，” said Elizabeth Lorris Ritter， a mother of a middle school kid. “Its necessary in our everyday life. We have a washing machine. We have running water， and we have cellphones.”

Many American parents think cell-

phones connect them to their children on buses， getting out from subways， walking through unknown places.

“I have her call me when she gets out of school，” said Lindsay Walt， a schoolgirls mother. “No one in New York is going to let their child go to school without a cellphone.”

What about the cellphone owners， the students？ Most of the students said cell-

phones were essential and the cellphone was like all extra （額外的） hand or foot for them.

“I feel so empty，” said May Chom， 14 years old. “There is also no way to listen to music on the way to school without my phone. It will be a really， really boring trip.”

（ ）46. You will get when you hear a cellphone ring in class.

A. sad B. upset

C. excited

（ ）47. You can use a cellphone .

A.to enjoy listening to music

B. to work as running water

C. to work as a washing machine

（ ）48. Which of the following statements is TRUE？

A. Many American parents dont think cellphones are necessary for the students.

B. Cellphones only bring troubles to the school life.

C. Cellphones connect children with their families when they are outside.

（ ）49. What does the undedined word “essential”mean in Chinese？

A. 時髦的 B. 必要的 C. 昂貴的

（ ）50. This article is about the in carrying out the rule not to use a cellphone in school.

A. happiness B. interest C. problem

【解析】該文論點為：Students cant even bring cellphones to school. Is it a good thing or not？文章通過Anxious parents； Elizabeth Lorris Ritter， a mother of a middle school kid； many American parents； Lindsay Walt， a schoolgirls mother； the cellphone owners， the students以及May Chom等人的觀點從不同的方面來論證Students cant even bring cellphones to school. Is it a good thing or not？脈絡結構理清了，其意思也就明白了，該題的答案也就出來了：BACBC。

<＼＼Dandan＼《閱讀與寫作》＼2013年1-2期 閱讀與寫作＼cxhgjhvjjk 11333.tif>[應用文]

應用文是最貼近日常生活的文體，它包括通知、廣告、便條、申請書、個人簡歷，形式多樣，題材各異，如圖示、表格、地址、網(wǎng)址等，對這類文體的閱讀應簡明扼要地抓住所需信息，理解文章內容。下面以2012年江蘇省南京市中考英語閱讀理解A篇為例進行分析：

閱讀下列材料，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C、D）中，選出最佳選項，。

Host city London， England， United Kingdom

Motto Inspire a Generation

Nations participating 182（qualified）

（參加） 204（estimated）

Athletes participating 10， 500（estimated）

Events 302 in 26 sports

Opening ceremony 27 July

Closing ceremony 12 August

Stadium Olympic Stadium

（ ）26. How many athletes will probably take part in the London 2012 Olympic Games？

A. 183. B. 204.

C. 302. D. 10， 500.

（ ）27. Which is the choice for Li Hua if he has an eight-day holiday to watch the opening ceremony the London 2012 Olympic Games in Olympic Stadium？

A. From 17 July to 24 July. B. From 25 July to 1 August.

C. From 2 August to 9 August. D. From 9 August to 16 August.

【解析】上文是對the London 2012 Olympic Games所做的宣傳廣告。根據(jù)題目要求，考生只要有針對性的去抓住文章信息，答案就直接躍入眼中了：DC。

<＼＼Dandan＼《閱讀與寫作》＼2013年1-2期 閱讀與寫作＼cxhgjhvjjk 11333.tif>[說明文]

說明文是一種以說明為主要表達方式的文體。它是對客觀事物的形狀、特點、功能和用途等等做科學的說明。它既不像記敘文那樣重在記敘、描寫和抒情，也不像議論文那樣，重在闡明主張，批駁謬論。說明文通過說明客觀事物，使人對被說明的事物有所了解，從而增長知識和技能。下面以2012年江蘇省南京市中考英語閱讀理解B篇為例進行分析：

Two words rhyme with each other when they have the same ending sound， like “think” “pink”. The last word in each of the lines of a poem does not have to have a rhyming sound， many of them do. Two lines of poetry that rhyme with each other at the end are called rhyming couplet.

Writing rhyming poetry can be difficult because you need to choose words that not only rhyme but have meaning， too. Even though some poems are short， you have to think extra long about which words to choose. Here is an example of a short poem：

He was only a bug， but he was the king.

She smiled at him when he gave her a ring.

He forgot to be careful of one little thing.

His queen was a bee， and she could sting.

（ ）28. What does it mean when two words rhyme？

A. They have the same ending sound.

B. They have different ending sounds.

C. They must have the same meaning.

D. They must have different meanings.

（ ）29. Which of the following rhyme with each other in the short poem？

A. Ring and thing.

B. Bud and king.

C. Queen and king.

D. Bee and sting.

（ ）30. Rhyming poetry is sometimes hard to write because you need to choose

.

A. rhyming words without meaning

B. rhyming words with meaning

C. short lines with extra long words

D. meaningful words without rhyming

【解析】該文對rhyming poetry與how to write rhyming poetry進行了說明，從而使讀者/考生對于英文詩歌的押韻和創(chuàng)作押韻英語詩歌應該注意的事項有初略的了解。根據(jù)題目要求，考生只需順著文意，就能很容易找到答案：AAB。