王玉龍

【試題評(píng)析】

全國(guó)各地中考英語(yǔ)試卷中的“任務(wù)型閱讀”題型，是一種比較靈活的綜合性試題，其主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)所提供的信息解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力，同時(shí)還注重考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解、分析理解、邏輯推理以及社會(huì)生活的綜合運(yùn)用能力。該題型因其新穎性和綜合性強(qiáng)、利于對(duì)學(xué)生創(chuàng)新思維的培養(yǎng)等特點(diǎn)受到了命題者的青睞。該題型不僅較好地考查了考生的動(dòng)腦能力，而且對(duì)考生動(dòng)筆寫(xiě)的能力也進(jìn)行了有效的檢測(cè)，充分體現(xiàn)了新課程教學(xué)改革與評(píng)價(jià)觀念的積極轉(zhuǎn)變。

【解題策略】

因信息轉(zhuǎn)換類考題在中考命題設(shè)題中的比重較大，筆者將著重談下該類題目的幾種常見(jiàn)的解題突破方法，希望能夠?qū)ν瑢W(xué)們提升自身的解題能力有所幫助與啟迪。

◆方法一：詞形/性轉(zhuǎn)換題?？疾閷⒁环N詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞類，主要包括動(dòng)詞與名詞轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與副詞轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與名詞轉(zhuǎn)換、同義詞與反義詞轉(zhuǎn)換和前綴與后綴轉(zhuǎn)換等。解題方法一般不難，只要學(xué)會(huì)在文中找到和題目相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換即可。

◆方法二：句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換題。瀏覽文章后，迅速將原文中與所出題目相關(guān)信息的句子進(jìn)行劃線定位并進(jìn)行釋義理解，細(xì)心考慮用提煉過(guò)的新詞來(lái)改寫(xiě)句子，考查形式一般為改寫(xiě)同義句或反義句。

◆方法三：信息推理歸納題。解題關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)問(wèn)題查找定位信息，找出共性的東西。歸納詞的特征有：概括性，在最大程度上覆蓋欄目?jī)?nèi)信息；針對(duì)性，量體裁衣，大小適度；醒目性，語(yǔ)言要求簡(jiǎn)潔明了。常見(jiàn)概括性詞語(yǔ)有：話題類（topic， title）； 原因類（reason， cause）；結(jié)果類（result， effect， influence）；目的類（aim， purpose， goal）；方法類（way， method）；觀點(diǎn)類（opinion， idea， thought）；異同類（different， same）；優(yōu)劣類（advantage， disadvantage）；建議類（advice， suggestion， tip）；結(jié)論類（conclusion， summary）。

【例題解析】（2014年揚(yáng)州市中考任務(wù)型閱讀題，保留試卷原題號(hào)）

Its important to develop the healthy habits in your daily life. The following will help you become healthier and keep perfect shape. （56題為信息歸納題，考查文章標(biāo)題的概括能力。）

Eat properly. A healthy diet is very important for everybody. Breakfast is the most important meal in a day. Doctors suggest that students breakfast should include fruit， eggs， milk， rice or noodles， because these can offer them necessary energy， （57題為詞形轉(zhuǎn)換題，考查provide sb. with sth.短語(yǔ)用法。） help them listen carefully in class and keep them healthy. Eat enough for lunch and little for supper. （58題為信息查找題，直接摘抄答案。） But remember that too much sugar is bad for your teeth and blood. You shouldnt have too many sweet snacks and desserts in your diet， even though such food tastes delicious. （59題為句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換題，考查改寫(xiě)同義句。）

Keep off germs （病菌）. Daily tooth cleaning reduces the amount of germs which will spread diseases. （60題為句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換釋義理解題，考查提煉新詞能力。） Germs in the mouth arelikely to enter the blood and cause illness， even heart disease. Even if youre not sick， always remember to cough or sneeze into your arms instead of your hands because hands can spread germs to others when you touch something else. （61題為詞性轉(zhuǎn)換題，考查stop sb. from doing sth. 短語(yǔ)用法。） Besides， washing hands is necessary after going to the toilet or before having a meal. And youd better rub both hands while washing them.

Exercise regularly. （62題為詞性轉(zhuǎn)換題，考查小標(biāo)題詞性前后一致原則。） Regular exercise can improve your moods and balance. Whats more， its good for bones. There are many forms of exercise： walking or running for about 30 minutes a day， playing ball games twice or three times a week， swimming or dancing often. You can choose your favorite to practise regularly. You will not only feel energetic （63題為信息查找題，直接摘抄答案。） but also think better after doing exercise.

Stay connected. Having regular communication with friends is the key to reducing stress. （64題為句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換釋義理解題，考查提煉新詞能力。） And sharing happiness and sadness， exchanging information with others can also help improve memory. （65題為詞性轉(zhuǎn)換題，考查介詞后動(dòng)詞變-ing形式用法。） Having a friend or a circle of friends can help you feel good.

[The 56 to keep fit

Eating properly ●You should have proper breakfast because it can 57 you with

necessary energy.

●You should have enough for lunch and little for 58 .

●Sweet snacks and desserts are tasty， 59 you shouldnt eat too much.

Keeping off germs ●Its necessary for you to 60 your teeth every day， cough or sneeze

into your arms and wash your hands often to stop germs from 61 .

62 regularly ●You will feel 63 and think better after doing exercise， so you can

choose your favourite sports to do.

Staying connected ●It can help you feel 64 stressed when you communicate with your

friends and it is also useful in 65 memory.]

Keys： 56. ways 57. provide 58. supper 59. but 60. brush

61. spreading 62. Exercising 63. energetic 64. less 65. improving

【練習(xí)建議】

☆借助所給圖表結(jié)構(gòu)，快速瀏覽并抓住文章中心大意；

☆培養(yǎng)信息定位查找的能力；

☆訓(xùn)練分析、整理、歸納信息以及準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)信息的語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力；

☆堅(jiān)持不懈地抓好日常書(shū)寫(xiě)訓(xùn)練；

☆加強(qiáng)規(guī)范性訓(xùn)練，培養(yǎng)良好的思維和解題習(xí)慣；

☆夯實(shí)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)，并對(duì)詞匯和短語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)加以鞏固。

【專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練】

閱讀下面兩篇短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后的表格中填入恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，每空一詞。

A

Have you ever wondered what an American high school is really like？ This article will describe a typical （典型的） high school and its students.

A typical American high school has some large buildings and enough space for about 1，500 students. Every student is given a locker （有鎖的存物柜）. When students first arrive at school， they go straight to their lockers to put away or get their textbooks and to hang up their outdoor clothes. As American textbooks are expensive， students would rather loan （租借） than buy them. Students must pay back if they lost any of them.

American students have different types of school transport. They usually take a yellow school bus or walk to school if they live close enough. Sometimes their parents drive them to school. When they turn 16 years of age， most take a free driving class at school for one term. If students earn （掙得） passing grades in the class and also pass their state （國(guó)家；州） drivers exam， they can begin driving themselves to school.

Each day， students take six or seven classes. They must take science， math， English and social studies. They can choose art， homemaking， fashion design and other classes. In some schools students are required to take one or more of the following special classes： health education， physical education or foreign language studies. Students move to different classrooms for each subject. This is because each teacher has their own classroom. There is a five-minute break between classes， to give the students the time to hurry to their next class.

The regular school day usually ends early in the afternoon. After school more than half of the students join in after-school activities. These activities include sports—especially football， basketball， baseball and soccer or clubs， such as yearbook， speech， school newspaper， photograph or student government.

Title： 1 in an American High School

[Introduction ◇It gives an overview （綜述） of a typical American high school and its 2 .

Lockers and ◇Every student has a locker for textbooks and 3 clothes.

textbooks ◇They prefer loaning textbooks to 4 them.

5 ◇Students usually go to school by bus or on foot. Sometimes their 6 send transport them to school by car.

◇They can 7 themselves to school when they are over 16 and have passed

the required tests.

Classes and ◇Students have to take main classes， elective （選修的） classes and sometimes

classrooms one or more 8 classes.

◇They go to 9 classrooms for each subject.

After-school ◇After school most of the students take part in their favorite activities， 10

activities sports and clubs.]

B

There are many things you can do to improve your memory. Among them are many kinds of useful ways as well as taking special care of your health.

It is important that you make yourself excited to make your memory more active. You can do this by doing some new activities and by changing your daily habits. Learning a new skill helps your brain （大腦） to develop. When trying to remember something， you should pay special attention to the most important things about it. Do not allow other thoughts to enter your mind because this will reduce your chances of making right memories.

An excellent way to help memory is to connect information with pictures. Try to see the pictures in your mind. Taking notes and keeping a diary will also be helpful.

Healthy food and plenty of vitamins are necessary for your memory to work well. Drinking a lot of water also helps keep your memory. You must allow your brain to have enough sleep and rest. When you are asleep， your brain stores memory. Not enough sleep can cause problems with storing information. And being tired will also stop you from being able to think clearly and well.

In order to keep your mind on your work，you must be free from worry. Generally， keeping fit and normal health checks are both important as well—not just for improving your memory.

Title： How to 11 your memory

[Main 12 * Take special care of your health.

* You can make yourself excited to make your memory more active if you

join in some new activities and 13 your daily habits.

*Learning a new skill is 14 to your brain.

*Pay attention to the most important things in order to add to your chances

to 15 right memories.

* 16 information with pictures is a very good way to help memory.

* Youd better take notes and keep 17 .

Other ways *Its necessary to eat 18 and take plenty of vitamins.

* You should drink 19 water.

* Having enough sleep and rest will 20 you think clearly and well.]

Keys： 1. Life 2. students 3. outdoor 4. buying 5. School

6. parents 7. drive 8. special 9. different 10. including

11. improve 12. ways 13. change 14. helpful 15. make

16. Connecting 17. diaries 18. healthily 19. much 20. help