李蓓茜,王安
1.中南大學(xué)湘雅級(jí)預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)類(lèi)本科生,長(zhǎng)沙 410078 2.上海市徐匯區(qū)疾病預(yù)防控制中心,上海 200237 3.中南大學(xué)湘雅公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院衛(wèi)生毒理學(xué)系,長(zhǎng)沙 410078
擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的毒性和健康危害研究進(jìn)展
李蓓茜1,2,王安3,*
1.中南大學(xué)湘雅級(jí)預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)類(lèi)本科生,長(zhǎng)沙 410078 2.上海市徐匯區(qū)疾病預(yù)防控制中心,上海 200237 3.中南大學(xué)湘雅公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院衛(wèi)生毒理學(xué)系,長(zhǎng)沙 410078
在現(xiàn)今世界范圍內(nèi),擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑已被廣泛應(yīng)用于防治農(nóng)業(yè)病蟲(chóng)害以及用作室內(nèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑,因此對(duì)人類(lèi)日常生活產(chǎn)生重要影響。擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的急性毒性研究已經(jīng)有較多成果和進(jìn)展,但對(duì)其長(zhǎng)期慢性影響至今仍缺乏明確論證。此綜述從PubMed、EBSCO和中國(guó)知網(wǎng)等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)收集了國(guó)內(nèi)外已發(fā)表的、有關(guān)擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)、人群調(diào)查和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢驗(yàn)的長(zhǎng)期、慢性影響的典型研究論文,并從中篩選出擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的神經(jīng)毒性、生殖發(fā)育毒性、免疫毒性與腫瘤研究等方面的研究進(jìn)展,綜述長(zhǎng)期接觸擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑可能對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)、生殖及免疫系統(tǒng)方面的危害,為進(jìn)一步研究和開(kāi)發(fā)無(wú)害化農(nóng)藥殺蟲(chóng)劑提供參考思路。
擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑;健康危害;毒性效應(yīng)
擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯(pyrethroid)是一類(lèi)類(lèi)似于天然除蟲(chóng)菊屬中天然除蟲(chóng)菊素(pyrethrin)的有機(jī)化學(xué)合成物,它是由天然除蟲(chóng)菊素改變結(jié)構(gòu)后發(fā)展而來(lái)[1],并在20世紀(jì)70年代迅速發(fā)展成為一種新型農(nóng)藥,取代了之前的有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥而被廣泛使用。到目前為止國(guó)內(nèi)登記的擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑產(chǎn)品近80個(gè),菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為第二大農(nóng)藥殺蟲(chóng)劑品種[2]。擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑具有更高的光穩(wěn)定性,并且可以保留天然擬除蟲(chóng)菊素的殺蟲(chóng)活性,它還對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物的急性毒性相對(duì)較低[3]。因擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)作物和多種蟲(chóng)害具有高選擇性、高效率、低毒性、快速殺蟲(chóng)和少殘留等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中占據(jù)了較大市場(chǎng)份額[4]。擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯的分子構(gòu)型及作用機(jī)制與除蟲(chóng)菊素相似,它們都是通過(guò)破壞軸突離子通道而影響神經(jīng)功能的有毒性物質(zhì)[5]。根據(jù)擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯的結(jié)構(gòu)中是否含有氰基,可將其分為I型和II型兩型,其中I型擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑分子構(gòu)型中不含氰基,II型則含有氰基。由于與I型制劑相比較,II型制劑在環(huán)境中更加穩(wěn)定(光、大氣和溫度)[5],并且具有高效性和廣譜性,因此II型擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯類(lèi)制劑,如氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯等[6-8],多用做農(nóng)藥普遍使用。
然而,隨著使用擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的普遍增加,也開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)出越來(lái)越多的相關(guān)健康問(wèn)題。早在20世紀(jì)90年代,美國(guó)部分民眾就已經(jīng)注意到,兒童暴露于農(nóng)藥可能出現(xiàn)潛在健康影響,因此,美國(guó)《食品質(zhì)量與安全條例》規(guī)定,美國(guó)環(huán)保局(EPA)在設(shè)定食物中農(nóng)藥的容許檢測(cè)值時(shí),要將嬰兒和兒童的累積暴露危險(xiǎn)考慮進(jìn)去[9]?,F(xiàn)已知,人類(lèi)暴露于擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的急性癥狀有呼吸困難、咳嗽、支氣管痙攣、惡心和嘔吐、頭痛等[10],并且也有皮膚變態(tài)反應(yīng)[11]。雖然暴露于擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的長(zhǎng)期效應(yīng)還不確切,但是已有研究表明,擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑是神經(jīng)毒物,新生兒和成人暴露于此殺蟲(chóng)劑可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生發(fā)育神經(jīng)毒性、生殖毒性和免疫系統(tǒng)毒性[12-14]。
擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑殺蟲(chóng)的基本作用原理是對(duì)電壓敏感型鈉離子通道的效應(yīng)[6]。了解對(duì)擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑最敏感的電壓敏感型鈉離子通道在神經(jīng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中的作用時(shí)長(zhǎng)和位置表達(dá),有助于理解和解釋在發(fā)育過(guò)程中暴露于此殺蟲(chóng)劑的影響[15]。擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯對(duì)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣、肌醇磷脂系統(tǒng)和離子通道都有影響。其對(duì)Na+通道的毒作用特點(diǎn)為低劑量的激活作用和高劑量的抑制作用;對(duì)Ca2+通道的影響亦表現(xiàn)為低劑量激活、高劑量抑制作用,但激活作用較弱而抑制作用明顯[16]。至于擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的神經(jīng)毒性作用與年齡是否相關(guān),現(xiàn)在有研究表明,毒物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)和非毒物效應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)因素,是造成年輕和老年動(dòng)物對(duì)這種農(nóng)藥易感性不同的重要原因[17]。
據(jù)一些研究報(bào)道,在暴露于擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑停止很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間后,動(dòng)物依舊表現(xiàn)出持續(xù)性的行為和神經(jīng)化學(xué)方面的改變。意大利曾有一例19個(gè)月齡女?huà)氩±?,該患兒因誤食聯(lián)苯菊酯和丙烯菊酯的混合農(nóng)藥,出現(xiàn)了周期性攣縮性強(qiáng)直和昏迷[18]。Ahlbom等[19]將新生大鼠暴露于不同濃度的丙烯菊酯(I型),發(fā)現(xiàn)丙烯菊酯在新生小鼠體內(nèi)對(duì)毒蕈堿膽堿能受體有劑量依賴(lài)性,并能造成永久性的毒蕈堿膽堿能受體改變和對(duì)成年大鼠肌肉活動(dòng)能力的改變。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用了三氟氯氰菊酯染毒的大鼠有潛在的逃避學(xué)習(xí)的多動(dòng)行為[20-21],而使用溴氰菊酯的雌性和雄性大鼠則沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)多動(dòng)行為[22]。Shafer等[15]建議使用生物模型來(lái)研究神經(jīng)毒性,他們提到,有一項(xiàng)研究運(yùn)用了以生物為基礎(chǔ)的劑量反應(yīng)型模型來(lái)研究高綠鹽酸與發(fā)育神經(jīng)毒性[23];他們認(rèn)為,應(yīng)用模型可以增強(qiáng)從動(dòng)物到人體的研究可信度,可以測(cè)試一種毒物在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的作用方式與人體是否相關(guān)。
除了嚙齒類(lèi)動(dòng)物的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)魚(yú)類(lèi)也有神經(jīng)毒性。王健等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),被高效氯氰菊酯污染的斑馬魚(yú)出現(xiàn)了體軸彎曲,有些在發(fā)育過(guò)程中形成獨(dú)眼現(xiàn)象。也有研究指出,鯉魚(yú)暴露于擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑后出現(xiàn)無(wú)規(guī)律的游動(dòng)、上下翻動(dòng)等異常行為[25]。張征等[26]將擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的毒性作用作了總結(jié),指出冷水魚(yú)比暖水魚(yú)對(duì)這殺蟲(chóng)劑更為敏感。
Shelton等[27]在做了人群流行病學(xué)調(diào)查后發(fā)現(xiàn),如果婦女在懷孕前或者是在孕初期住在有擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑使用的地方,那么她們所生的孩子患自閉癥譜系障礙和發(fā)育遲緩的幾率將大大增加,得到其相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度的OR值在1.7~2.3之間。使用有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥也會(huì)增加罹患自閉癥的危險(xiǎn)性[28]。因此,可以推測(cè)擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑是造成神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素。
由此可知,擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑不僅對(duì)動(dòng)物具有神經(jīng)毒性,造成其行為和運(yùn)動(dòng)能力異常[28],還可進(jìn)一步造成新生兒神經(jīng)障礙,使其成年后生活和學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生困難[27]。
生殖毒性與一些化學(xué)有害物質(zhì)相關(guān)從而影響正常的生殖功能,這些有害因素作用于成年男性和孕齡女性的生殖系統(tǒng),并造成其本身和子代的發(fā)育毒性[29]。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑可能是內(nèi)分泌干擾物(EDCs)[30],可以阻礙動(dòng)物的內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)功能,且有環(huán)境雌激素作用[31-32]。毒性物質(zhì)在胚胎植入的前后可能引起胚胎的死亡或者是程度不等的器官畸形發(fā)生[33]。擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用會(huì)造成DNA損傷,所以它首先可以增加精子頭部畸形的數(shù)量,然后使這些精子發(fā)生退化并最終死亡[34]。雄性動(dòng)物不育與擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑有緊密相關(guān)性,與雌性動(dòng)物胎產(chǎn)數(shù)減少也有關(guān)聯(lián)。
氯氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯具有環(huán)境雌激素作用[35],進(jìn)入人體和動(dòng)物體后,模擬雌激素作用或改變雄激素活性。已有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),氯氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯可產(chǎn)生明顯的雄性生殖毒性。例如,成年雄性大鼠在用不同劑量的氯氰菊酯處理過(guò)后,其精液或睪丸中精子數(shù)量減少,生育能力下降[36],致使雌性大鼠產(chǎn)仔數(shù)減少。經(jīng)氯氰菊酯染毒后,雄性小鼠睪丸重量減小,并有退行性改變,精子數(shù)量減少[37]。Kumar等[38]的試驗(yàn)也發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)氯氰菊酯處理的小鼠其精子頭部出現(xiàn)異常,并呈劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系。在對(duì)雌性小鼠的灌胃試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),氯氰菊酯可以改變雌性小鼠的生殖器官,使卵巢、子宮的重量增加,并且使陰道開(kāi)口提前[39]。
擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑不僅對(duì)嚙齒類(lèi)動(dòng)物有生殖毒性,而且對(duì)一些魚(yú)類(lèi)、蜂類(lèi)和家蠶同樣有很強(qiáng)的毒性[40]。王健等[24]選用 0.05 mg·L-1、0.1 mg·L-1、0.2 mg·L-1、0.6 mg·L-1、1 mg·L-15個(gè)梯度濃度的高效氯氰菊酯溶液,對(duì)斑馬魚(yú)的胚胎進(jìn)行染毒處理后,發(fā)現(xiàn)高效氯氰菊酯農(nóng)藥對(duì)斑馬魚(yú)胚胎有嚴(yán)重的致畸作用,出現(xiàn)體軸彎曲和獨(dú)眼,這種致畸性呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴(lài)性。
擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑在體內(nèi)代謝后的生物標(biāo)志物和精子參數(shù)也有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性。Meeker等[41-42]經(jīng)過(guò)2次人群調(diào)查并結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,在某男性不育醫(yī)院共收集到532人的尿液,檢測(cè)尿中TCP(3,5,6-三氯吡啶-2-醇鈉)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)其與精子濃度和活動(dòng)能力相關(guān)性不甚明顯。Xia等[43]收集并檢測(cè)了某男性不育醫(yī)院的376名患者尿中的3-PBA(3-苯氧基苯甲酸),結(jié)果顯示雖然經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)整的3-PBA百分位數(shù)的升高提示與精子數(shù)量相關(guān),但經(jīng)過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)這些患者的精子數(shù)量、精子的活動(dòng)能力與3-PBA并無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。同樣是收集尿液檢測(cè)3-PBA,Ji等[44]發(fā)現(xiàn),3-PBA的水平與精子DNA斷裂和精子濃度有明顯的相關(guān)性。采用生物標(biāo)記法檢測(cè)接觸過(guò)擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的孕婦時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),孕婦的頭發(fā)和出生胎兒的胎糞中有不同濃度的擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯類(lèi)農(nóng)藥的殘留[45]。
由此可知,擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑雖然對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物的急性毒性較低,但是長(zhǎng)期的使用仍會(huì)對(duì)動(dòng)物和人體的生殖系統(tǒng)都有不同程度的危害,造成生育能力和質(zhì)量的下降,并有可能危害后代的健康。
毒理學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)有抵抗作用,并且可能造成淋巴結(jié)和脾臟的損害[46]。已有的研究機(jī)制解釋擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用會(huì)引起脾臟抗體生成細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加并且加強(qiáng)自然殺傷細(xì)胞(NK)的活動(dòng)能力以此來(lái)激活免疫系統(tǒng)。此外也會(huì)伴有胸腺的重量減輕和腸系膜淋巴結(jié)重量的增加[47]。擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑能夠通過(guò)改變免疫系統(tǒng)的晝夜節(jié)律以及細(xì)胞因子而發(fā)揮作用[48]。擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑與腫瘤的關(guān)系,從細(xì)胞水平來(lái)說(shuō),癌癥細(xì)胞中的間隙連接水平常趨向于低調(diào)節(jié),并且已有證據(jù)表明間隙連接細(xì)胞間通訊的缺失是造成癌變的重要步驟[49]。而擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑中化學(xué)性質(zhì)對(duì)細(xì)胞(小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞Balb/c3T3)中的間隙連接有抑制作用,可以導(dǎo)致肝腫瘤[50]。
Nagarjuna等[51]將大鼠暴露于41 mg·kg-1體重的氯氰菊酯,并以單倍劑量、雙倍劑量和多倍劑量進(jìn)行免疫系統(tǒng)毒理測(cè)試,經(jīng)組織病理學(xué)檢查,觀察到這些大鼠的十二指腸、肺和睪丸發(fā)生了從輕度到重度的不同程度病理學(xué)改變。George等[52]通過(guò)雙向凝膠電泳,得到每塊經(jīng)溴氰菊酯處理和經(jīng)苯并芘(B[a]P)處理的小鼠皮膚凝膠中有500~700個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)位點(diǎn),其中有20個(gè)位點(diǎn)的表達(dá)水平相對(duì)一致而與其他的蛋白存在表達(dá)差異,并且有5種蛋白與小鼠皮膚移植的腫瘤上皮細(xì)胞和人角化細(xì)胞HaCaT細(xì)胞相關(guān),這5種蛋白分別是碳酸酐酶III(CA 3)、人抗氧化蛋白-2(Prx 2)、鈣周期蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶[Cu-Zn](Sod 1)以及泛素(Ub),它們都是與腫瘤形成相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵蛋白。但早期的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)并未發(fā)現(xiàn)擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑有明顯的致癌作用[11]。Rusiecki等[53]對(duì)49 093名合成除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑施用者進(jìn)行了農(nóng)業(yè)健康研究(AHS)調(diào)查,最終得到結(jié)論,合成除蟲(chóng)菊酯與惡性腫瘤無(wú)聯(lián)系,或者說(shuō),合成除蟲(chóng)菊酯與黑色素瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤以及與直腸、肺等相關(guān)癌癥無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)。
兒童對(duì)環(huán)境中有害因素有易感性,容易受到農(nóng)藥殺蟲(chóng)劑的危害[54],導(dǎo)致兒童腫瘤發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)率增加。急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病(ALL)是兒童易患的惡性腫瘤之一。在上海進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)以醫(yī)院為基本單位的病例-對(duì)照研究中[55],研究者將176名0~14歲的患有ALL的兒童和180名有可比性的患兒配對(duì)后,將這些兒童的尿液中代謝物(3-PBA,順式和反式DCCA)進(jìn)行了分析,檢測(cè)了罹患ALL的兒童尿液中5項(xiàng)非特異性擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑代謝物作用。最終發(fā)現(xiàn),ALL患兒尿液中擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的代謝物檢出量明顯高于對(duì)照組,由此推測(cè),使用擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑可能增加兒童患ALL的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
雖然接觸擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑可能增加免疫系統(tǒng)疾病和腫瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但人類(lèi)癌癥與擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的暴露資料卻是有限的[53],也還沒(méi)有直接的證據(jù)顯示擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑直接引發(fā)腫瘤,直到目前仍然存在相互矛盾的結(jié)果[11,52-53]。
擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑使用變得日益廣泛,它已經(jīng)從農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)逐漸滲透至人類(lèi)日常生活中,如何有效處理擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑在環(huán)境中的遷移、降解及對(duì)有益生物和人體健康的影響,是當(dāng)代醫(yī)學(xué)必須解決的一個(gè)重要課題。
從收集到的論文中我們可以初步得出結(jié)論,擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的長(zhǎng)期使用會(huì)給人體健康帶來(lái)極大危害。此類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑可以通過(guò)直接接觸和吸入[56]等途徑進(jìn)入人體,作用于不同的組織器官,損害組織器官功能。孕齡婦女和兒童都是易感人群,因此,保護(hù)易感人群是我們要解決的另一問(wèn)題。也有研究提出,補(bǔ)充維生素E對(duì)預(yù)防因暴露于擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑引起的內(nèi)分泌失調(diào)和胚胎死亡有效[33]。
但是僅僅依靠上述這些論著,還不足以體現(xiàn)研究方法上的進(jìn)展。目前關(guān)于人體對(duì)擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑暴露的研究,主要還是使用生物代謝標(biāo)記物的方法,試圖找出健康損害與農(nóng)藥的關(guān)聯(lián)。但是,由于生物標(biāo)記物本身會(huì)受其他人體內(nèi)外物質(zhì)的影響,因此需要開(kāi)發(fā)準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)明擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑就是造成健康損害的直接因素的方法。
在農(nóng)藥使用安全方面,應(yīng)該杜絕過(guò)度使用農(nóng)藥,按照推薦的方法使用農(nóng)藥,以降低殘留,并且要對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者及易感人群做好早期預(yù)防工作,以此保障環(huán)境安全,保障人們的健康。
致謝:感謝上海交通大學(xué)圖書(shū)館李芳、張潔提供了文獻(xiàn)幫助。感謝兩位匿名審稿人及編輯的詳細(xì)修改意見(jiàn)和審閱。然文責(zé)自負(fù)。
通訊作者簡(jiǎn)介:王安(1964-),男,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,副教授,主要研究方向肝腎毒理學(xué),發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文30余篇。
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A Review on the Toxicity of Pyrethroid Pesticides and Their Harms to Population Health
Li Beixi1,2, Wang An3,*
1. Undergraduate Class 2010 of Preventive Medicine, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China 2. Xuhui District Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200237, China 3. Department of Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
23 March 2015accepted 21 May 2015
Currently, pyrethroid pesticides have been widely used as insect killers in agricultural field and indoor environment worldwide, thus yielding an important impact on daily life of the public. The long-term and chronic effects of pyrethroid pesticides remain unreported in spite of studies on their acute toxic effects. Based on the related publications indexed by PubMed, EBSCO and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), we summarized the findings of researches on toxic experiments, investigations, and laboratory tests regarding to pyrethroid pesticides up to today. In conclusion, long-term exposure to pyrethroid pesticides may have toxic effects onnervous system, reproductive system and immune system.In addition, long-term exposure to pyrethroidpesticides may cause tumors. This review provides directions and ideas for future studies.
pyrethroid pesticides; health hazards; toxic effect
李蓓茜(1991-),女,醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)士,研究方向?yàn)樾l(wèi)生毒理學(xué),E-mail: vergriffene_aye@163.com;
Corresponding author), E-mail: csuwang@csu.edu.cn
10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20150323013
2015-03-23 錄用日期:2015-05-21
1673-5897(2015)6-029-06
X171.5
A
李蓓茜, 王安. 擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯殺蟲(chóng)劑的毒性和健康危害研究進(jìn)展[J]. 生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2015, 10(6): 29-34
Li B X, Wang A. A Review on the toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides and their harms to population health [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2015, 10(6): 29-34(in Chinese)