夏錦濤,張文芳,楊 義,李玉婷
年齡相關性黃斑變性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)也稱老年性黃斑變性,不僅是發(fā)達國家老年人中心視力損害的主要原因之一,也是我國50歲以上老年人致盲的主要眼?。?]。AMD是發(fā)生在視網(wǎng)膜中央部黃斑區(qū)的退化性疾病,導致中心視力的下降甚至喪失[2]。AMD以其臨床表現(xiàn)分為干性、濕性:干性AMD,又稱萎縮性或非新生血管性AMD,視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮的變性萎縮是其主要特征;濕性AMD,亦稱滲出性或新生血管性AMD,脈絡膜新生血管是其主要特征;濕性較干性對視力的影響更顯著。
我國隨著人口老齡化和經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,AMD的患病率也逐年上升,影響老年人的生活質(zhì)量,加重經(jīng)濟負擔,不同地區(qū)的調(diào)查表明 AMD 的患病率為 3.00% ~15.5%[3-6]。與許多其他慢性病一樣,AMD的病因及發(fā)病機制尚不明確,可能由基因與環(huán)境因素綜合引起。通過家族集聚[7,8]、分離現(xiàn)象[9]的特點及雙生子[10,11]研究,提示遺傳因素在AMD的發(fā)病中起重要作用。
Klein等[12]在一個家族性AMD的連鎖分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)了染色體1q25-q31上存在可疑區(qū)域,全基因組掃描中證實CFH基因和 AMD 相關[13,14]。CFH 位于染色體1q32上,包含23個外顯子,其上幾個多態(tài)性位點被報道與AMD相關,除rs1061170(Y402H)外,有外顯子上的I62V,A307A和A473A位點[15],內(nèi)含子上的 rs380390和 rs1329428位點[14]等,其中研究最多的是 Y402H的多態(tài)性,Y402H多態(tài)性是第一個發(fā)現(xiàn)與晚期AMD相關的基因,也是影響AMD發(fā)生發(fā)展的主要遺傳因素之一,盡管其機制仍然不是很清楚[16-21]。
Edwards等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)這種多態(tài)性發(fā)生在第402號氨基酸,與酪氨酸和組氨酸的改變有關。在這一位點上至少有一個組氨酸會使AMD的發(fā)病危險增加2.7倍。研究人員估計,這種基因多態(tài)性大約占AMD發(fā)病危險的50%左右。Haines等[19]也發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的CFH基因變異與AMD有關,在這項研究中,這一危險因素致病率大約為43%左右。CFH Y402H多態(tài)性不僅與AMD相關,也與早期黃斑病變有關。研究表明與濕性AMD相比,CFH Y402H多態(tài)性與干性 AMD 有更強相關性[22,23]。
CFH基因多態(tài)性與AMD相關性在不同的地域、種族中都有研究,但研究結(jié)果有差異。在北美及西歐的研究中,CFH的基因多態(tài)性是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的和AMD相關性最高的因素[17,19-20]。2005 年的幾項研究[17-20]表明,高加索人中CFH Y402H多態(tài)性與AMD顯著相關。在亞洲人群中,早期中國、韓國、日本的研究顯示Y402H基因頻率分布低于高加索人,且 Y402H與濕性 AMD間無相關性[24-26],但后來日本一項大樣本的研究表明有相關性[27],臺灣一項研究表明有相關性[28]。隨后國內(nèi)大陸做了較多的研究,Lau等[28]研究表明,中國患者中Y402H多態(tài)性明顯與濕性AMD的易感性有關(OR=4.4),在均衡年齡和性別因素后發(fā)現(xiàn),至少攜帶一個1277C等位基因的人比不攜帶1277C等位基因的人濕性AMD患病率將高3.9倍,盡管如此,其作用遠小于Y402H對白種人的影響。后來Liu等[29]在中國漢族人群中進行的 CFH,C2,CFB和 C3與AMD關聯(lián)性研究表明,CFH中的 SNPs rs3753394,rs800292,rs1061170,以及rs1329428和中國大陸漢族人群中濕性AMD有顯著關聯(lián)。曲毅等[30]表明,中國人群CFH Y402H(rs1061170)和CFH-257C>T(rs3753394)及 CFH IVS15(rs1329428)與濕性AMD有相關性,但CFH-257C>T(rs3753394)及 CFH IVS15(rs1329428)較 CFH Y402H(rs1061170)表現(xiàn)為低相關性。
有研究報告,亞洲國家人群1277C基因頻率較白種人(39.0%)低,日本為 8.1%,中國大陸為 6.8%,中國臺灣漢族人為2.8%[28]。中國是多民族國家,不同民族AMD的患病率存在很大差異,漢族人是6.4%,維吾爾族人是11.3%,藏族人是15.6%,但是目前缺乏對不同種族和地區(qū)人群中進行關于CFH基因多態(tài)性與AMD大樣本的相關臨床研究。
CFH是一種分子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣與功能多樣的蛋白質(zhì),1965年首先分離出來,主要在肝臟及其它細胞和組織如纖維母細胞中合成,具有補體調(diào)節(jié)活性及作為黏附蛋白的作用[31]。CFH在早期的補體活化的旁路途徑中起重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,是關鍵的抑制因子,是一種重要的補體調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)。一方面輔助I因子促進C3b降解而失活;另一方面與B因子或 Bb競爭性結(jié)合 C3b,干擾旁路途徑 C3轉(zhuǎn)換酶(C3bBb)合成,從而調(diào)節(jié)補體旁路激活[32]。同時CFH也是重要的先天免疫的效應分子;還具有區(qū)分激活和非激活細胞表面的能力。此外它還具有補體調(diào)控以外的功能,可以作為黏附蛋白,成為細胞整合素受體CR3(CDllb/CD18)的配體,顯示趨化活性。以上調(diào)節(jié)機制能減少C3轉(zhuǎn)換酶形成,從而減少攻膜復合物C5b-9及后續(xù)溶細胞效應和炎癥反應。
而以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CFH突變最多的是第9外顯子1 277位上T→C的突變,這種突變導致CFH蛋白上402位酪氨酸變?yōu)榻M氨酸 (Y402H),導致帶正電荷組氨酸取代疏水酪氨酸,從而影響CFH與肝素、C-反應蛋白(C -reactive protein,CRP)結(jié)合[33],降低 CFH 對 C3b 的親和力[34],對補體系統(tǒng)激活的抑制減弱,導致補體成分C3b和C5b-9(膜攻擊復合體)產(chǎn)生增多,C5b-9沉積于視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細胞基底層,可導致黃斑區(qū)萎縮及血管內(nèi)皮損傷,進而血管阻塞,進一步發(fā)展新生血管形成,AMD發(fā)生。例如一項薈萃分析[31]結(jié)果顯示,CFH rs1061170 CC基因型和TC基因型較TT基因型患AMD的風險分別是6倍和2.5 倍。
目前對濕性AMD的治療有光動力療法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)與玻璃體腔注射抗新生血管藥物,臨床常用的抗新生血管藥物有雷珠單抗與貝伐單抗,治療的效果也就是視力的提高與病人自身癥狀的嚴重程度、治療方案及基因有關。Brantley等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn) CFH rs1061170 CC基因型在使用抗新生血管藥物后的效果較TC基因型差。隨后一項研究表明,CFH Y402H多態(tài)性和PDT治療新生血管性 AMD 沒有顯著相關性[36],Orlin 等[37]也發(fā)現(xiàn) CFH Y402H多態(tài)性與抗新生血管藥物(雷珠單抗與貝伐單抗)治療濕性AMD無明顯相關性。但Orlin等和Aaron等發(fā)現(xiàn)在雷珠單抗治療濕性AMD的過程中,CFH Y402H TC與CC基因型較TT基因型重復注射的幾率高,并且視敏度的提高程度較TT基因型差[38,39]。在一項薈萃分析表明[40],CFH Y402H多態(tài)性可以預測 AMD治療效果,尤其是用抗新生血管藥,CFH rs1061170 CC基因型治療效果較TT基因型效果下降大約1.6倍。同時Ozlem等[41]在土耳其人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CFH Y402H多態(tài)性與玻璃體腔注射雷珠單抗的療效有差異,CFH Y402H TT基因型較CC基因型在視敏度方面有更好的提高。
綜上所述,CFH Y402H基因與AMD有相關性,且與濕性AMD關聯(lián)性更強,但不同地域、種族的研究結(jié)果有差異,可能與樣本量、環(huán)境危險因素有關。需要我們做進一步的研究,進一步了解CFH基因?qū)MD的影響,尤其是治療方面的影響,進而指導治療,提供個體化的治療方案。
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