張如志 陳 偉 夏 睿 郜發(fā)寶
心臟MR延遲強(qiáng)化在急性心肌梗死的應(yīng)用及研究現(xiàn)狀
張如志 陳 偉*夏 睿*郜發(fā)寶*
急性心肌梗死(AMI)梗死心肌、心肌活性和微血管梗阻(MVO)的定量評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)于AMI病人的危險(xiǎn)程度分級(jí)、治療決策的制定、治療效果的評(píng)價(jià)以及預(yù)后評(píng)估具有重要意義。心臟MR延遲強(qiáng)化(LGE-CMR)具有較高的時(shí)間及空間分辨力,可用于AMI梗死心肌、心肌活性和MVO的定量評(píng)價(jià),并且具有較好的可重復(fù)性和較高的準(zhǔn)確性。就LGE-CMR在AMI的應(yīng)用及研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述。
急性心肌梗死;心臟MR延遲強(qiáng)化;心肌活性;微血管梗阻
急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)在全球有較高的發(fā)病率和死亡率,是致人類死亡的主要原因之一[1-2]。梗死心肌、活性心肌和微血管梗阻(microvascular obstruction,MVO)的定量評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)于AMI病人的危險(xiǎn)程度分級(jí)、治療決策的制定、治療效果的評(píng)價(jià)以及預(yù)后評(píng)估具有重要意義[3-4]。心臟MR成像技術(shù)憑借其較高的時(shí)間和空間分辨力,可綜合提供心臟的解剖、功能、代謝等方面的信息[5],具有較好的可重復(fù)性和較高的準(zhǔn)確性,已經(jīng)成為臨床前和臨床研究中檢測(cè)AMI的有效手段。基于釓的心臟MR延遲強(qiáng)化(late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance,LGE-CMR)技術(shù)能夠提供梗死心肌病理學(xué)方面的信息,可用于梗死心肌、活性心肌和MVO的定量評(píng)價(jià),并以此評(píng)價(jià)AMI后病人的心功能,預(yù)測(cè)心臟不良事件發(fā)生[2,6]。
常用的MR對(duì)比劑為順磁性對(duì)比劑,如Gd-DTPA,它以縮短T1為主[7],提高人體正常組織與病變組織間信號(hào)強(qiáng)度差異,從而最大限度發(fā)揮MRI軟組織分辨力高的優(yōu)勢(shì)。Gd-DTPA為細(xì)胞外間質(zhì)對(duì)比劑,在正常心肌,由于心肌細(xì)胞排列緊密,Gd-DTPA不能通過(guò)完整的細(xì)胞膜,其分布空間較小[7]。發(fā)生AMI后,由于缺血缺氧,梗死區(qū)域心肌細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜完整性遭到破壞;微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷導(dǎo)致其通透性增加,從而引起心肌間質(zhì)水腫。這兩個(gè)因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致Gd-DTPA在這些區(qū)域的分布增加[8-9]。另一方面,梗死區(qū)域由于冠狀動(dòng)脈血流量減低、毛細(xì)血管及功能性毛細(xì)血管密度的改變導(dǎo)致Gd-DTPA動(dòng)力學(xué)發(fā)生異常改變,即Gd-DTPA流入流出該區(qū)域時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。因此,心肌梗死區(qū)有較多的對(duì)比劑聚集,發(fā)生延遲強(qiáng)化[10]。
2.1 LGE-CMR定量評(píng)價(jià)AMI梗死心肌及其臨床價(jià)值 LGE-CMR具有較高的空間分辨力,不僅可用于AMI的定性診斷,還可對(duì)AMI的梗死心肌進(jìn)行定量評(píng)價(jià)。LGE評(píng)價(jià)的AMI梗死心肌范圍與組織病理染色所檢測(cè)的一致,這已經(jīng)被大量的基礎(chǔ)研究所證實(shí)。Thomas等[11]通過(guò)運(yùn)用心臟MRI、單光子發(fā)射 體 層 成 像 (single-photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)和正電子發(fā)射體層成像(positron emission tomography,PET)對(duì)AMI模型大鼠進(jìn)行研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),LGE評(píng)價(jià)的梗死范圍比SPECT和PET更為準(zhǔn)確,與氯化三苯基四氮唑(triphenyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)染色的一致性最好。Luo等[12]通過(guò)對(duì)缺血30 min和永久缺血的大鼠心肌梗死模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論是短暫性缺血還是永久缺血,LGE評(píng)價(jià)的梗死大小均與TTC染色所顯示的一致。Feng等[13]通過(guò)對(duì)兔子再灌注心肌梗死模型的研究證實(shí),LGE顯示的梗死核心面積與活體靜注EB(Evans blue)染色所顯示的梗死核心面積無(wú)差異。
有研究[14-15]顯示,LGE所顯示的梗死大小與左室重塑直接相關(guān),是ST段抬高心肌梗死 (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)病人心功能惡化和心臟不良事件獨(dú)立的預(yù)測(cè)因素。Wu等[14]通過(guò)對(duì)122例24 h內(nèi)接受了經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入術(shù)(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治療的急性STEMI病人研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),梗死大小與最初的收縮末期容積指數(shù)(end-systolic volume index,ESVI)、舒張末期容積指數(shù) (end-diastolic volume index, EDVI)和射血分?jǐn)?shù)(ejection fraction,EF)呈直線相關(guān),這些參數(shù)均與不良預(yù)后(包括死亡、復(fù)發(fā)心肌梗死和心肌衰竭)相關(guān)。然而,梗死大小是其中唯一的不良后果的重要預(yù)測(cè)因素。梗死面積最小的病人射血分?jǐn)?shù)增加 (0.49~0.53),而舒張期容積指數(shù)則不變。相反,梗死面積最大的病人雖然也有射血分?jǐn)?shù)的改善,但卻是以舒張期容積指數(shù)的明顯增加(86~ 95 mL/m2)為前提。Larose等[15]通過(guò)對(duì)103例接受了血管成形術(shù)的急性STEMI病人研究后指出,與梗死透壁程度、MVO和可挽救心肌 (myocardial salvage)相比,LGE所顯示的梗死大小與左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)的改變緊密相關(guān),左室梗死超過(guò)23%準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)了隨后的左室功能失調(diào)。Izquierdo等[16]通過(guò)對(duì)440例STEMI病人進(jìn)行平均2年的隨訪研究后,證實(shí)心律失常性心臟不良事件(包括出院后的突然死亡、持續(xù)性心室性心動(dòng)過(guò)速和心室纖維性顫動(dòng))與LGE所評(píng)價(jià)的較大的梗死范圍相關(guān),梗死灶大?。╣/m2)≥23.5 g/m2者更易發(fā)生心臟不良事件??傊?,LGE評(píng)價(jià)的梗死大小與AMI病人的心功能和不良臨床結(jié)果相關(guān),可以用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)AMI病人心肌梗死后的心功能和不良心臟事件。
2.2 LGE-CMR在評(píng)價(jià)心肌活性中的價(jià)值 很多臨床研究[7]包括Meta分析已經(jīng)證實(shí),對(duì)AMI病人及時(shí)行血管重建治療可降低其年死亡率,其原因在于仍有活性心肌存在。因此,活性心肌的評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)于AMI病人治療決策的制定和預(yù)后至關(guān)重要[17]。很多無(wú)創(chuàng)的成像方法均可用于評(píng)價(jià)心肌活性,但LGE-CMR是其中非常準(zhǔn)確的方法[17]。LGE-CMR可通過(guò)與其他心臟MR方法聯(lián)合用于活性心肌的評(píng)價(jià)。
心肌挽救指數(shù)(myocardiumsalvageindex,MSI)是評(píng)價(jià)活性心肌的一個(gè)重要參數(shù),可作為AMI壞死心肌和再灌注治療療效評(píng)價(jià)的重要預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[13]。冠狀動(dòng)脈阻塞后其所支配區(qū)域發(fā)生缺血,此區(qū)域稱為危險(xiǎn)區(qū)(area at risk,AAR),包含了不可逆性心肌損傷區(qū),也稱梗死核心(myocardium infarction core,MIC),以及可逆性心肌損傷區(qū),又稱可挽救區(qū)(salvageable zone,SZ)。MSI可通過(guò)以下公式計(jì)算得到:MSI=SZ/ AAR=(AAR-MIC)/AAR。Kim等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LGE所顯示的強(qiáng)化大小和形狀與不可逆損傷區(qū)一致,并指出延遲強(qiáng)化不會(huì)發(fā)生在可逆性損傷區(qū)。LGE-CMR可通過(guò)與T2WI聯(lián)合來(lái)分別確定MIC和AAR,從而計(jì)算出MSI[13]。另外,LGE-CMR也可與電影MRI聯(lián)合來(lái)區(qū)分AMI的梗死區(qū)(強(qiáng)化并伴有收縮異常)、可逆性區(qū)域(無(wú)強(qiáng)化但是有收縮異常)和正常心肌(無(wú)強(qiáng)化并且功能正常)[18]。
梗死透壁程度是反映AMI后心肌活性的另一間接參數(shù)。冠狀動(dòng)脈阻塞后,其所支配的心肌發(fā)生缺血,造成心肌細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的損傷,如果血流沒(méi)有及時(shí)恢復(fù),缺血區(qū)的心肌將發(fā)生壞死,并由心內(nèi)膜下向心包膜下發(fā)展[19]。換句話說(shuō),透壁程度小就預(yù)示著有較多的活性心肌存在[20],病人就更有可能通過(guò)臨床治療獲益。有研究者[21-22]對(duì)犬AMI模型研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),AMI后早期血流的恢復(fù)和收縮功能的改善與LGE所顯示的強(qiáng)化透壁程度的下降有關(guān),隨后他們?cè)贏MI病人證實(shí)了LGE所顯示的梗死透壁程度可以預(yù)測(cè)收縮功能的改善。因此,LGE-CMR可通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)梗死透壁程度間接地對(duì)心肌活性做出評(píng)估,并以此指導(dǎo)臨床治療和預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后。
2.3 LGE-CMR對(duì)MVO的評(píng)價(jià)及其意義 MVO是AMI中的一種常見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象[23],它往往存在于心肌持續(xù)缺血的區(qū)域,包括組織水腫、血小板堵塞、中性粒細(xì)胞黏附和毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)紅細(xì)胞淤積等多個(gè)過(guò)程[10,24]。這些病理過(guò)程可能會(huì)因再灌注治療早期階段的再灌注損傷而加劇[25]。MVO導(dǎo)致血流灌注減少,對(duì)比劑不能到達(dá)此區(qū)域。因此,MVO在LGE上顯示為高信號(hào)強(qiáng)化的梗死區(qū)內(nèi)的低信號(hào)無(wú)強(qiáng)化區(qū)域[23]。
MVO與解剖學(xué)上定義的無(wú)復(fù)流 (no-reflow)區(qū)相一致[26]。Iwakura等[27]認(rèn)為無(wú)復(fù)流現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展與心肌損傷的嚴(yán)重程度、危險(xiǎn)區(qū)的大小和梗死區(qū)支配動(dòng)脈的閉塞程度有關(guān)。MVO與梗死范圍擴(kuò)大、心肌功能降低、左心室重構(gòu)以及不良的臨床結(jié)果密切相關(guān)[28]。因此,對(duì)MVO進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)于AMI病人的預(yù)后評(píng)估有重要意義。有研究[23]指出,LGE顯示的MVO與冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)多普勒超聲所見(jiàn)一致,而且LGE對(duì)MVO的檢測(cè)更加敏感,他們通過(guò)多變量回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與梗死大小和透壁壞死相比,MVO的范圍是與早期的收縮期逆流和舒張期減速速率相關(guān)的獨(dú)立因素。Vicente等[29]通過(guò)運(yùn)用LGE和心肌顯色分級(jí)對(duì)39例PCI術(shù)后的AMI病人的MVO進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)后指出,相對(duì)于心肌顯色分級(jí),LGE評(píng)價(jià)MVO有更高的準(zhǔn)確性,MVO是左室重構(gòu)的重要預(yù)測(cè)因素。Hadamitzky等[30]通過(guò)對(duì)281例STEMI病人的隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相比LGE和SPECT評(píng)價(jià)的梗死區(qū)域而言,LGE評(píng)價(jià)的MVO是AMI病人更重要的臨床風(fēng)險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)測(cè)因素。另一方面,對(duì)MVO的評(píng)價(jià)有助于識(shí)別成功實(shí)施PCI后的高危AMI病人,可以促進(jìn)實(shí)施額外干預(yù)措施的決策制定。從理論上講,微血管灌注的改善有益于梗死治療、心室重構(gòu)和側(cè)支循環(huán)的建立。通過(guò)LGE評(píng)價(jià)MVO除了可以選擇能進(jìn)行輔助治療的病人之外,它對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)新的治療方法的效果也是非常有效的[23]。
2.4 LGE對(duì)心內(nèi)膜下梗死的檢測(cè)及其他應(yīng)用 在臨床上,有很多AMI病人的梗死位于心內(nèi)膜下且較局限(心室壁內(nèi)側(cè)1/3),這類梗死稱為心內(nèi)膜下心肌梗死,其他檢查方法如SPECT由于空間分辨力有限,對(duì)這一類梗死的檢出敏感性較低。LGE有較高的組織對(duì)比度和空間分辨力,可清楚地顯示心內(nèi)膜下梗死,是目前檢測(cè)心內(nèi)膜下梗死的最敏感的方法[31-32]。由于空間分辨力低,SPECT不易區(qū)分透壁性心肌梗死和心內(nèi)膜下心肌梗死[33]。因此,對(duì)于梗死范圍較大的心內(nèi)膜下心肌梗死,SPECT可能會(huì)得出不支持行血管重建術(shù)的診斷,而LGE對(duì)心內(nèi)膜下梗死更準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)價(jià)則有助于AMI病人選擇治療方案[20]。
有的AMI病人梗死范圍較小,超聲心動(dòng)圖和SPECT較難檢出,如果這類病人發(fā)生心臟破裂,其位置的檢測(cè)也較困難。LGE憑借其較高的分辨力,可檢測(cè)心臟破裂和預(yù)測(cè)即將發(fā)生的心臟破裂[34]。另外,LGE也可用于檢測(cè)附壁血栓。Lanzillo等[35]通過(guò)運(yùn)用LGE-CMR對(duì)36例STEMI病人研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),LGE可準(zhǔn)確地檢測(cè)AMI后的附壁血栓,并指出梗死的位置、再灌注時(shí)間、射血分?jǐn)?shù)和左室收縮末期容積是左室附壁血栓形成的重要預(yù)測(cè)因素。
盡管LGE-CMR是目前評(píng)價(jià)AMI比較常用的方法,但是其準(zhǔn)確性與可靠性也會(huì)受到很多因素的影響,需要在操作過(guò)程中加以注意。首先,LGE定量評(píng)價(jià)梗死大小和MVO可能并非完全準(zhǔn)確,主要由以下幾方面的原因造成。①對(duì)比劑的非特異性。有研究[13]顯示,LGE檢測(cè)的梗死核心范圍比EB染色所顯示的梗死核心稍大,這可能是由于Gd-GTPA的非特異性這一固有特性所造成。②對(duì)比劑的劑量。有文獻(xiàn)[36]報(bào)道高劑量的對(duì)比劑(≥0.2 mmol/kg)對(duì)于急慢性心肌梗死的檢測(cè)比低劑量的更加準(zhǔn)確,當(dāng)對(duì)比劑劑量為0.3 mmol/kg時(shí),LGE檢測(cè)AMI的敏感度為99%。③對(duì)比劑注入后的影像采集時(shí)間會(huì)影響測(cè)量結(jié)果。有研究[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),針對(duì)不同缺血時(shí)間(分別為30 min和2 h)的AMI大鼠,其最佳影像采集時(shí)間明顯不同,分別為注射對(duì)比劑后約26 min和16 min。也有研究[38]指出,當(dāng)對(duì)比劑劑量≥0.2 mmol/kg時(shí),在對(duì)比劑注入后10~30 min之間采集的影像是沒(méi)有顯著差異的。④增強(qiáng)時(shí)不同MR序列的選擇雖然不會(huì)直接影響強(qiáng)化范圍的大小,但會(huì)影響影像質(zhì)量和強(qiáng)化程度,從而會(huì)影響對(duì)強(qiáng)化的判斷[37]。⑤反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間(inversion time,TI)。通過(guò)調(diào)整反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間可以增加影像對(duì)比和梗死檢出敏感性[39]。⑥部分容積效應(yīng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致LGE高估梗死區(qū)[18]。其次,LGE評(píng)價(jià)心內(nèi)膜下的梗死的可靠性也存在質(zhì)疑。傳統(tǒng)的LGE影像所顯示的梗死和心腔血同為高信號(hào),它們之間較低的對(duì)比度可能會(huì)影響心內(nèi)膜下梗死的檢出[40]。另一方面,Gd-GTPA進(jìn)入人體后主要經(jīng)腎代謝以原型排出,因此不能用于伴有嚴(yán)重腎功能衰竭的AMI病人[41]。因此,LGE-CMR評(píng)價(jià)AMI時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的受試者和掃描設(shè)備,調(diào)整合理的對(duì)比劑劑量、掃描時(shí)間及TI值,從而才能夠更加準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)AMI。
針對(duì)傳統(tǒng)LGE-CMR的不足,新對(duì)比劑的應(yīng)用和MR序列的優(yōu)化可在一定程度上解決相關(guān)問(wèn)題。已開(kāi)始應(yīng)用于AMI的診斷。由于釓對(duì)比劑分子質(zhì)量相對(duì)較大(為微摩爾水平),故與SPECT或PET相比,CMR檢測(cè)心肌梗死的敏感性較低。超順磁性的氧化鐵超微顆粒 (ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide,USPIO)的應(yīng)用可增加心臟MR檢測(cè)梗死心肌的敏感性[6]。USPIO的分子直徑較?。s為30 nm),可自由進(jìn)出毛細(xì)血管,并且被網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)的炎癥細(xì)胞(主要是巨噬細(xì)胞)吞噬[42]?;A(chǔ)和臨床研究已證實(shí),它進(jìn)入體內(nèi)后會(huì)到達(dá)AMI的炎癥區(qū)域,通過(guò)改變炎癥心肌組織的T2*以增加其與正常心肌的對(duì)比[6,42]。因此,作為一種新的MR對(duì)比劑,USPIO對(duì)于AMI的評(píng)價(jià)具有廣闊的前景。LGE盡管分辨力很高,但是由于梗死組織和心腔血之間缺乏對(duì)比,仍然可能遺漏部分心內(nèi)膜下梗死。多對(duì)比延遲增強(qiáng) (multicontrast delayed enhancement,MCODE)技術(shù)在一次屏氣下可獲得同一心動(dòng)周期時(shí)刻的心臟T2加權(quán)影像和T1加權(quán)LGE影像,心肌組織(包括正常和梗死心?。┩ㄟ^(guò)T2加權(quán)與心腔血液相區(qū)分,T2加權(quán)影像和LGE影像的聯(lián)合可更好地顯示心內(nèi)膜下梗死。Bandettini等[40]通過(guò)運(yùn)用MCODE技術(shù)對(duì)73例病人(包括心肌缺血、AMI、慢性MI和其他疾病)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)后發(fā)現(xiàn),MCODE序列檢測(cè)梗死的敏感度、特異度和準(zhǔn)確度分別為100%、88%和96%,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)LGE不能發(fā)現(xiàn)的心內(nèi)膜下梗死,降低梗死檢出假陰性率。
綜上所述,LGE-CMR憑借其較高的時(shí)間和空間分辨力,可對(duì)AMI的梗死心肌以及MVO進(jìn)行定量評(píng)價(jià),并可通過(guò)與其他方法的聯(lián)合用于可挽救心肌的評(píng)價(jià)。通過(guò)運(yùn)用LGE-CMR對(duì)AMI病人的梗死范圍大小、心肌活性和MVO進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)可有效地指導(dǎo)臨床治療和預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后。LGE-CMR相對(duì)于其他方法的優(yōu)勢(shì)還在于它能檢出其他方法較難檢出的小梗死灶,區(qū)分透壁梗死和心內(nèi)膜下心肌梗死,并且可以有效地檢出AMI后的附壁血栓和心臟破裂。LGE-CMR盡管存在不足,但目前仍是無(wú)創(chuàng)評(píng)價(jià)AMI的常用手段,并且隨著新對(duì)比劑的運(yùn)用和MR序列的不斷優(yōu)化,它應(yīng)用于AMI評(píng)價(jià)的前景將越來(lái)越廣闊。
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(收稿2014-07-16)
Current application and research status of late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in the evaluation of acute myocardial infarction
ZHANG Ruzhi,CHEN Wei,XIA Rui,GAO Fabao.Molecular Imaging Laboratory,Department of Radiology,West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041,China
The accurate quantifications of infarcted myocardium,myocardial viability and microvascular obstruction (MVO)are essential for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)including dangerous degree classification,treatment decisions making,evaluation of therapeutic effect and prognosis evaluation.Late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR)imaging is available for quantitative evaluation of infarcted myocardium,viable myocardium and MVO due to its high spatial and temporal resolution.It has good repeatability and high accuracy in the application of AMI evaluation.In this paper,we reviewed the current application and research status of LGE-CMR in AMI.
Acute myocardial infarction;Late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac MR;Myocardial viability;Microvascular obstruction
10.3874/j.issn.1674-1897.2015.01.Z0106
610041成都,四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院放射科 分子影像中心
郜發(fā)寶,E-mail:gaofabao@yahoo.com
*審校者
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(81130027),國(guó)家科技部十二五支撐計(jì)劃(2012BAI23B08)