潘 龍,卜登攀*,王加啟,程建波,孫先枝,王秀敏,秦俊杰,袁耀明,張幸開(kāi)
(1.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京100193;2.北京生泰爾生物科技有限公司,北京102206;3.上海光明荷斯坦牧業(yè)有限公司,上海200436)
柴胡中草藥對(duì)奶牛瘤胃菌群多樣性及纖維分解菌的影響
潘 龍1,卜登攀1*,王加啟1,程建波1,孫先枝1,王秀敏2,秦俊杰2,袁耀明3,張幸開(kāi)3
(1.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京100193;2.北京生泰爾生物科技有限公司,北京102206;3.上海光明荷斯坦牧業(yè)有限公司,上海200436)
通過(guò)DGGE和RT—PCR技術(shù)研究日糧中添加不同劑量的柴胡中草藥對(duì)奶牛瘤胃細(xì)菌多樣性和主要纖維分解菌(琥珀酸絲狀桿菌、黃色瘤胃球菌和白色瘤胃球菌)的影響。根據(jù)產(chǎn)奶量(37.5±1.8)kg/d、泌乳天數(shù)(75±15)d以及胎次(1.7±0.4)等相近的原則,將40頭健康的中國(guó)荷斯坦泌乳奶牛隨機(jī)分為4組(n=10),分別飼喂4種不同的處理日糧,即在基礎(chǔ)日糧中分別添加0,0.25,0.50和1.00 g/kg的柴胡中草藥(DM基礎(chǔ))。試驗(yàn)持續(xù)10周,并在第6周口腔采集瘤胃液,通過(guò)變性梯度凝膠電泳(DGGE)和實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR(RT—PCR)對(duì)瘤胃細(xì)菌進(jìn)行分析。DGGE圖譜顯示,中草藥添加組和空白對(duì)照組并沒(méi)有顯著的差異條帶,但其指紋圖譜相似性并不高,均低于0.54,且1.00 g/kg的添加量顯著降低了瘤胃液細(xì)菌香農(nóng)多樣性指數(shù),而0.50和1.00 g/kg的添加量則提高了菌群優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)(P<0.05);RT—PCR結(jié)果顯示,柴胡中草藥對(duì)奶牛瘤胃主要纖維分解菌并沒(méi)有顯著的影響。因此,柴胡中草藥在一定程度上影響了瘤胃細(xì)菌的多樣性,但差異并不顯著,可能由于瘤胃微生物適應(yīng)了柴胡中草藥的添加。
柴胡中草藥;奶牛;細(xì)菌多樣性;纖維分解菌
日糧或營(yíng)養(yǎng)因素是調(diào)控奶牛瘤胃發(fā)酵的有效措施[1]。然而,中草藥及其提取物調(diào)節(jié)瘤胃發(fā)酵越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注[2]。黃芪(Leguminosae)根和多糖的添加可以提高瘤胃丙酸含量,改變瘤胃發(fā)酵模式[3];山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida)和黃芩(Scutellaria prostrata)等復(fù)方中草藥可以改善瘤胃發(fā)酵功能,并促進(jìn)乳酸桿菌和淀粉分解菌數(shù)量增加[4];藍(lán)薊(Echium vulgare)屬提取物可以提高瘤胃微生物蛋白合成及降低原蟲(chóng)數(shù)量,從而調(diào)控瘤胃發(fā)酵[5];鳳仙花(l mpatiens divaricata)明顯降低甲烷生成,促進(jìn)氨態(tài)氮(NH3-N)向微生物蛋白(MCP)轉(zhuǎn)化,改變了瘤胃代謝模式[6]等。目前,雖然中草藥及其提取物逐漸被開(kāi)發(fā)利用于調(diào)控奶牛的瘤胃發(fā)酵,但是可以代替飼料添加劑利用的中草藥并不是很多[7];因此,尋求有效調(diào)節(jié)瘤胃微生態(tài)的新型中草藥備受期待[8]。
柴胡(Bupleurum chinensis)是傳統(tǒng)中藥,含有豐富的化學(xué)成分,包括柴胡皂苷、揮發(fā)油和多糖等[9-11],具有解熱退燒、鎮(zhèn)靜安神、抗炎抗病毒、提高免疫力等多種生物活性[12-13],因此,具有很高的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和藥用雙重價(jià)值[14]?,F(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)證明,柴胡對(duì)人工發(fā)熱的家兔有顯著的解熱作用[15],其有效成分為揮發(fā)油和皂苷[16],且柴胡皂苷不僅能使發(fā)燒的動(dòng)物降溫,而且口服大劑量皂苷(200~800 mg/kg),也能使大鼠正常體溫下降[17];此外,柴胡皂苷和揮發(fā)油也有顯著的抗炎作用和免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能[18]。臨床上,柴胡具有良好的降溫退燒效果,常用于治療感冒和發(fā)燒導(dǎo)致的體溫升高[19]。柴胡解熱是多方面綜合的原因,包括抗菌抗病毒,增強(qiáng)抵抗力;擴(kuò)張皮膚血管增加散熱、促使血液流向體表加強(qiáng)蒸發(fā)散熱等[20]。目前,柴胡中草藥應(yīng)用于畜牧生產(chǎn)不是很多,但從其藥用和營(yíng)養(yǎng)的雙重作用來(lái)看,其應(yīng)用于緩解畜禽熱應(yīng)激和提高機(jī)體免疫力有著廣泛的應(yīng)用前景[21]。
本課題已研究表明柴胡中草藥可以緩解奶牛熱應(yīng)激,提高夏季奶牛的產(chǎn)奶量[22];但柴胡中草藥能否通過(guò)影響瘤胃菌群的變化而調(diào)控瘤胃發(fā)酵,目前暫沒(méi)有報(bào)道。因此,該試驗(yàn)研究柴胡中草藥對(duì)奶牛瘤胃細(xì)菌多樣性及纖維分解菌的影響,為柴胡中草藥進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用于緩解奶牛熱應(yīng)激提供參考依據(jù)。
1.1 試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)與材料
2012年6—9月在上海光明荷斯坦牧業(yè)有限公司—胡橋奶牛場(chǎng)進(jìn)行飼養(yǎng)試驗(yàn);2013年5—8月在實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行樣品分析。柴胡中草藥為柴胡根,主要成分為皂苷和揮發(fā)油等,來(lái)源于北京生態(tài)爾生物科技有限公司。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與管理
根據(jù)產(chǎn)奶量(37.5±1.8)kg/d、泌乳天數(shù)(75±15)d以及胎次(1.7±0.4)等相近的原則將40頭健康的荷斯坦奶牛隨機(jī)分為4組(n=10),分別飼喂4種不同處理日糧,即在基礎(chǔ)日糧中分別添加0,0.25,0.50,1.00 g/kg的柴胡中草藥(DM基礎(chǔ)),試驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)日糧的組成參照奶牛營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要(2001)推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn),滿足奶牛營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要(表1)。試驗(yàn)牛只飼喂基礎(chǔ)日糧1周(預(yù)飼期),然后飼喂相應(yīng)處理日糧9周(正飼期),共持續(xù)10周。試驗(yàn)牛群采用傳統(tǒng)的先粗料后精料的栓系式飼養(yǎng),每天飼喂3次,自由飲水,擠奶3次。
1.3 樣品采集與制備
1.3.1 瘤胃液樣品采集與制備 在試驗(yàn)第6周奶牛飼喂后2 h左右,通過(guò)口腔采樣器采集瘤胃液200 m L,采集時(shí)棄掉最先采集的200 m L瘤胃液,采集樣品后用4層紗布過(guò)濾,然后分裝至10 m L離心管,—20℃凍存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.3.2 DNA提取與16S r DNA V3區(qū)域PCR擴(kuò)增 采用十六烷基三甲基溴化銨(CTAB)結(jié)合珠磨法提取DNA[23];16S r DNA V3區(qū)域PCR擴(kuò)增體系50μL:1μL模板DNA,25μL 2×HiFi Taq Star Mix(GenStar),1μL 533r/GC-338f(GC-338f:CGCCCGCCGCGCGCGGCGGGCGGGGCGGGGGCACGGGGGGACTCCTACGGGAG GCAGCA;533r:TTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCAC),剩余體積用dd H2O補(bǔ)齊。
1.3.3 變性梯度凝膠電泳(DGGE) DGGE采用Dcode突變檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)(Bio-Rad)進(jìn)行[24],其中聚丙烯酰胺濃度為8%,尿素濃度范圍為50%~65%;恒定電壓85 V,60℃條件下電泳14 h;采用銀染法染色,用Umax掃描儀(GS-800,Bio-Rad)掃描凝膠;掃描圖譜用Quantity-One(Bio-Rad)軟件進(jìn)行聚類(lèi)分析。
1.3.4 RT—PCR引物與擴(kuò)增程序 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品與引物均為本實(shí)驗(yàn)室課題組先前制備的凍存樣品[25];利用引物和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品在ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR System上進(jìn)行qPCR絕對(duì)定量。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理與統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
基于DGGE圖譜分析結(jié)果[26],根據(jù)公式H=—∑[Piln(Pi)];C=∑(Pi)2。其中,H代表香濃指數(shù)(Shannon—Weiner Index),Pi=ni/n,ni代表第i個(gè)條帶的光密度峰值,n代表泳道中所有條帶的光密度峰值之和,C代表優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)。分別計(jì)算處理組樣品的香濃多樣性指數(shù)和優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù);絕對(duì)定量的數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換后,采用廣義線性(GLM)模型(SAS 9.2)進(jìn)行方差分析。
2.1 細(xì)菌多樣性研究
2.1.1 DGGE指紋圖譜 DGGE圖譜中每一個(gè)條帶代表一種細(xì)菌且各泳道相同位置的條帶代表同一種細(xì)菌,條帶的亮度越大反應(yīng)該細(xì)菌的數(shù)量越多。從DGGE圖譜(圖1)可以看出每個(gè)處理組均含有豐富的電泳條帶,直觀反映了瘤胃細(xì)菌的多樣性;條帶數(shù)量雖然沒(méi)有顯著的變化,但是顏色深淺卻稍有差異,如:條帶a和b在空白對(duì)照組清晰明顯,但在柴胡添加組卻模糊不清;條帶c和d在空白對(duì)照組顏色暗淡,但在柴胡添加組,尤其是0.5和1.0 g/kg的劑量組卻清晰明顯。因此,柴胡中草藥沒(méi)有顯著導(dǎo)致條帶的差異,但是在某種程度上卻引起了菌群的變化。
2.1.2 聚類(lèi)分析 將DGGE電泳圖譜通過(guò)Quantity-One軟件進(jìn)行處理并比較各個(gè)泳道之間的相似性,進(jìn)行非加權(quán)組平均法(UPGAMA)聚類(lèi)分析。每個(gè)處理組內(nèi)相似性較高,均達(dá)到50%以上;而柴胡添加組,尤其是0.5和1.0 g/kg的劑量組與對(duì)照組相似性較差,相似性低于42%(圖2)。因此,聚類(lèi)分析進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明柴胡中草藥對(duì)瘤胃微生物具有一定的影響。
2.1.3 瘤胃細(xì)菌多樣性分析 通過(guò)Quantity One軟件輸出的光強(qiáng)度數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算細(xì)菌多樣性指數(shù)和優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù),并通過(guò)SAS 9.2進(jìn)行單因素方差統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。柴胡的添加有降低細(xì)菌多樣性指數(shù)的趨勢(shì),且1.00 g/kg的添加量顯著降低了細(xì)菌多樣性指數(shù)(P<0.05);但是0.5和1.0 g/kg的添加量顯著提高了菌群優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)(P<0.05)。因此,1.0 g/kg的柴胡中草藥降低了細(xì)菌多樣性指數(shù),卻增加菌群優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù),即細(xì)菌的種類(lèi)可能減少,但是優(yōu)勢(shì)菌的數(shù)量卻增加(圖3)。
2.2 纖維分解菌分析
柴胡中草藥并沒(méi)有顯著增加(P>0.05)單位瘤胃液中主要纖維降解菌的拷貝數(shù)(表2)。因此,柴胡中草藥對(duì)瘤胃液中主要的3種纖維降解菌沒(méi)有顯著的影響。
植物次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物可以通過(guò)改變細(xì)胞膜的通透性,從而引起細(xì)胞質(zhì)中離子流失,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡[27];這主要取決于植物的種類(lèi)及其主要的活性次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物[2]。柴胡根含有豐富的次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物,其中最主要的就是皂苷,約占干物質(zhì)的7%[18]。皂苷在瘤胃中被水解成皂苷元,氧化后,在十二指腸和空腸等被吸收,然后通過(guò)膽汁以結(jié)合或者游離的皂苷元分泌出去[28]。然而,由于皂苷在瘤胃中與微生物相互作用,因此皂苷作用較為復(fù)雜[6]。一方面,皂苷可以選擇性影響瘤胃微生物[29];另一方面,皂苷可以被微生物降解成皂苷元[30]。研究表明,瘤胃中的皂苷生物活性比皂苷元高,因此瘤胃微生物將皂苷去糖基化將降低皂苷的抗微生物活性[31]。
低劑量皂苷(0.2 g/L)可以選擇性刺激細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng),可能由于增加了細(xì)胞膜的通透性,從而增加了細(xì)菌細(xì)胞的營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸收;而高劑量皂苷(0.6 g/L)可以抑制細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng),這可能與抑制原蟲(chóng)的數(shù)量與活力有關(guān)[32]。關(guān)于皂苷對(duì)瘤胃微生物的研究效果也報(bào)道各異,茶皂苷(0.4 g/L)顯著降低了瘤胃真菌的數(shù)量,但并沒(méi)有影響黃色瘤胃球菌[33];皂樹(shù)苷和絲蘭皂苷(0~0.6 g/L)對(duì)白色瘤胃球菌的豐富度沒(méi)有顯著影響,但皂樹(shù)苷降低了黃色瘤胃球菌,而絲蘭皂苷卻增加了黃色瘤胃球菌的豐富度[31];無(wú)患子皂苷對(duì)瘤胃纖維降解菌的影響卻不相一致,或降低[34]、或升高[35]、或沒(méi)有顯著影響[36]。然而,該試驗(yàn)中,柴胡中草藥的添加并沒(méi)有顯著改變瘤胃微生物的種類(lèi),對(duì)主要的纖維分解菌也沒(méi)有顯著影響,但是較高劑量(0.5和1.0 g/kg)的中草藥提高了優(yōu)勢(shì)菌的數(shù)量,這與其他研究結(jié)果不甚一致,可能與皂苷的種類(lèi)及其微生物降解有關(guān)。進(jìn)一步研究表明,無(wú)患子皂苷對(duì)綿羊和山羊瘤胃中白色瘤胃球菌和黃色瘤胃球菌的負(fù)面效應(yīng)并不是長(zhǎng)久有效,當(dāng)飼喂到105 d時(shí)抑制效應(yīng)消失,也許由于微生物適應(yīng)了皂苷的添加[35]。因此,這也從側(cè)面反映了為什么皂苷對(duì)微生物的影響結(jié)論不盡一致。
體外研究苜蓿皂苷對(duì)纖維菌的影響,持續(xù)作用14 h后白色瘤胃球菌和黃色瘤胃球菌的數(shù)量并沒(méi)有減少,但是活性顯著降低[37];因此,并不能根據(jù)某些纖維菌的數(shù)量簡(jiǎn)單判斷皂苷對(duì)微生物的影響,因?yàn)槔w維菌的活性與數(shù)量相關(guān)性并不是很高[38]。因而,本試驗(yàn)只能表明柴胡對(duì)3種主要纖維降解菌的數(shù)量沒(méi)有顯著影響,但是否影響其活性仍有待進(jìn)一步研究。
揮發(fā)油可以短時(shí)間抑制原蟲(chóng)和真菌的生長(zhǎng)[8],也可以通過(guò)選擇性作用于特定瘤胃微生物,尤其是蛋白質(zhì)和淀粉分解菌[7],從而調(diào)控瘤胃發(fā)酵。揮發(fā)油可以短期抑制細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng)[27],改變瘤胃菌群的多樣性[39],但對(duì)總菌活性沒(méi)有顯著影響[40]。然而,揮發(fā)油作用時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)也容易導(dǎo)致微生物的適用,降低應(yīng)用效果[7]。因此,不管是揮發(fā)油還是皂苷作用時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng),均會(huì)引起瘤胃微生物的適應(yīng),從而導(dǎo)致試驗(yàn)效果不盡一致,從而也增加了提取物開(kāi)發(fā)利用的難度。
本試驗(yàn)中的結(jié)果與研究報(bào)道不完全相同,這種差異可能由于皂苷在瘤胃中被微生物降解產(chǎn)生的皂苷元類(lèi)型和劑量等不同導(dǎo)致,同時(shí)發(fā)揮生物活性的有效成分也仍不確定,是否具有皂苷和皂苷元協(xié)同作用仍舊是個(gè)未知數(shù)[32]。然而,這些因素在瘤胃灰箱中無(wú)法控制,這也許就是中草藥及提取物的一大綜合治理的特色。當(dāng)然,中草藥及其提取物的藥效也與植物自身生長(zhǎng)因素有關(guān),比如光周期、植物生理、環(huán)境因素以及加工等過(guò)程有關(guān);另一方面也可能是試驗(yàn)周期過(guò)長(zhǎng),瘤胃微生物已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了皂苷和揮發(fā)油等次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物的環(huán)境,從而使應(yīng)用效果不顯著[41]。因此,中草藥調(diào)節(jié)瘤胃微生態(tài)環(huán)境是多種因素的結(jié)果,不但與中草藥的植物化學(xué)有關(guān),而且與瘤胃中微生物有關(guān),并且它們之間也存在著復(fù)雜的相互關(guān)系;這也就是為什么中草藥調(diào)節(jié)瘤胃微生物代謝的結(jié)果不盡一致,同時(shí)也因此增加了中草藥的研究難度。
柴胡中草藥并沒(méi)有影響主要纖維分解菌的數(shù)量,也沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致條帶的差異性變化,但是其指紋圖譜與對(duì)照組相似性并不高,且1.0 g/kg的添加量顯著降低了瘤胃液香農(nóng)多樣性指數(shù),而0.5和1.0 g/kg的添加量則提高了菌群優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)。因此,柴胡中草藥在一定程度上影響了瘤胃細(xì)菌的多樣性,但差異并不十分顯著,可能由于瘤胃微生物適應(yīng)了外源性柴胡中草藥的添加。
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Effects of radix bupleuri herbal supplementation on bacterial community diversity in the rumen of lactating dairy cows
PAN Long1,BU Dengpan1*,WANG Jiaqi1,CHENG Jianbo1,SUN Xianzhi1,WANG Xiumin2,QIN Junjie2,YUAN Yaoming3,ZHANG Xingkai3
1.State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition,lnstitute of Animal Science,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193,China;2.Beijing Centre Biology Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 102206,China;3.Shanghai Bright Hostan Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 200436,China
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of radix bupleuri(Bupleurum chinensis)herbal supplementation(RBH)on the diversity of cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter fuccinogene,Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens in the rumen of lactating dairy cows.Forty Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 4 diet groups(n=10)according to milk yield(37.5±1.8)kg/d and lactation length(75±15)days.Four treatment diets consisted of 0,0.25,0.50 or 1.00 g/kg of RHB dry matter,respectively.The experiment lasted for 10 weeks;rumen fluid samples were collected using a stomach-tube during week 6 ofthe trial.The diversity of the bacterial community in the rumen was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT—PCR)analysis.The DGGE analysis indicated that there were no differences among the treatment groups.Compared with the control group,the Shannon—Weiner index was significantly reduced(P<0.05)in the 1.0 g/kg RBH group,while the dominance index was significantly increased(P<0.05)in the 0.50 and 1.00 g/kg treatments.RT—PCR analysis also showed that RBH had no effect on cellulolytic bacteria.It was concluded that RBH supplementation had little effect on diversity of the bacterial community in the rumen of lactating dairy cows,possibly due to gradual adaptation to the RBH supplementation by rumen bacteria.
radix bupleuri(Bupleurum chinensis)herbal;dairy cow;bacterial diversity;cellulolytic bacteria
10.11686/cyxb20150323 http://cyxb.lzu.edu.cn
潘龍,卜登攀,王加啟,程建波,孫先枝,王秀敏,秦俊杰,袁耀明,張幸開(kāi).柴胡中草藥對(duì)奶牛瘤胃菌群多樣性及纖維分解菌的影響.草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2015,24(3):219-225.
Pan L,Bu D P,Wang J Q,Cheng J B,Sun X Z,Wang X M,Qiu J J,Yuan Y M,Zhang X K.Effects of radix bupleuri herbal supplementation on bacterial community diversity in the rumen of lactating dairy cows.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(3):219-225.
2014-02-28;改回日期:2014-04-21
“十二五”科技支撐計(jì)劃(2012BAD12B02-5)和中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(ASTIP-IAS07)資助。
潘龍(1988-),男,江蘇邳州人,在讀碩士。E-mail:panlong8809@163.com
*通訊作者Corresponding author.E-mail:burdenpan@gmail.com