宋 璠,楊少春,蘇妮娜,張瑞香,向 奎
(1.中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(華東) 地球科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院, 山東 青島 266580;2.勝利油田 新疆勘探項(xiàng)目管理部, 山東 東營(yíng) 257017)
超淺層油藏成巖特征及對(duì)油氣成藏的影響
——以準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地春風(fēng)油田為例
宋 璠1,楊少春1,蘇妮娜1,張瑞香1,向 奎2
(1.中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(華東) 地球科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院, 山東 青島 266580;2.勝利油田 新疆勘探項(xiàng)目管理部, 山東 東營(yíng) 257017)
春風(fēng)油田位于準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地車排子凸起東北部,其主力產(chǎn)層埋深平均500 m,屬于典型的超淺層油藏。通過巖心描述與薄片觀察,認(rèn)為該油藏自下而上可分為底礫巖、粗砂巖—含礫砂巖、頂部細(xì)砂巖3套結(jié)構(gòu)層。碳酸鹽膠結(jié)為最典型的成巖現(xiàn)象,壓實(shí)、溶解作用均較弱,膠結(jié)物主要在沉積初期形成,導(dǎo)致碎屑顆粒常呈漂浮狀或點(diǎn)接觸。3套結(jié)構(gòu)層中的頂、底層分別由于強(qiáng)膠結(jié)和差分選導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)油能力差;中部有利結(jié)構(gòu)單元內(nèi)油水分布特征復(fù)雜,全區(qū)油水倒置現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。通過對(duì)該油藏進(jìn)行成藏要素的解剖,認(rèn)為沙灣組底部不整合、紅車斷裂帶以及全區(qū)分布的厚砂層為油氣成藏提供了良好的運(yùn)移通道。但由于古構(gòu)造、油氣充注等因素的影響,北部、西北部以及西部地區(qū)早期發(fā)生了大規(guī)模碳酸鈣沉淀,對(duì)后期運(yùn)移的油氣形成遮擋,造成了該區(qū)大規(guī)模油水倒置現(xiàn)象。研究區(qū)特殊的成巖現(xiàn)象及油藏分布特征充分說明,淺埋藏地區(qū)并非僅發(fā)育地層油藏和巖性油藏,受膠結(jié)作用影響也可形成一定規(guī)模的成巖圈閉油氣藏,此類圈閉明顯有別于常規(guī)的深層溶解型成巖圈閉。
超淺層油藏;成巖作用;碳酸鹽膠結(jié);油氣成藏;春風(fēng)油田;準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地
通過對(duì)春風(fēng)油田25口取心井進(jìn)行巖心描述,結(jié)合薄片、粒度分析等實(shí)驗(yàn)手段,對(duì)該區(qū)主力油層開展巖石學(xué)特征研究。
1.1 巖性特征
春風(fēng)油田沙灣組一段1砂層組儲(chǔ)層巖性主要為粗砂巖、含礫砂巖,其次為細(xì)砂巖和礫巖,偶夾薄層粉砂巖。薄片鑒定表明砂巖主要為巖屑質(zhì)長(zhǎng)石砂巖(圖2)。碎屑組分中石英含量為25%~45%,成分成熟度較低,以單晶石英為主;長(zhǎng)石以鉀長(zhǎng)石為主,巖屑主要為凝灰質(zhì),其次為變質(zhì)巖巖屑。重礦物含量為1%~3%,填隙物含量較低,以黏土為主。巖石結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度中等—較差,分選性較差,磨圓度中等,多呈次棱角—次圓狀。
通過巖心精細(xì)描述,可將該地層自下而上分為3套結(jié)構(gòu)層,各層在巖性、結(jié)構(gòu)以及含油性方面存在明顯差異。
1.1.1 底部底礫巖層
底礫巖層位于沙灣組的底部,與下伏白堊系呈超覆不整合接觸。礫石平均粒徑為2~3 cm,最大粒徑可達(dá)8 cm,大小混雜,分選差,磨圓較好,大多屬次棱角—次圓狀,表明沉積時(shí)水動(dòng)力強(qiáng)且經(jīng)過較長(zhǎng)距離的搬運(yùn)。底礫巖被填充其間的中—粗砂巖以及泥質(zhì)砂巖膠結(jié),巖石疏松,巖心大多為分散狀礫石(圖3a)。該結(jié)構(gòu)層含油性較差。
圖1 準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地春風(fēng)油田構(gòu)造位置
圖2 準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地春風(fēng)地區(qū)沙灣組一段1砂組巖石組分三角圖
1.1.2 中部粗砂巖、含礫砂巖層
該層位于底礫巖上部,巖心含油級(jí)別高,是產(chǎn)油的主要來源。砂巖顆粒粒徑為0.6~1 mm,分選、磨圓均較好,大多屬次圓狀。由于該結(jié)構(gòu)層含油性好,導(dǎo)致巖心松軟,部分巖心呈散砂狀(圖3b)。從含油性中等巖心上可發(fā)現(xiàn)該層鈣質(zhì)膠結(jié)強(qiáng),泥質(zhì)膠結(jié)較弱,砂巖顆粒之間主要為點(diǎn)接觸。該層段還包括部分含礫砂巖,不同地區(qū)礫石含量不同,平均約占15%(圖3c)。礫石相對(duì)較小,平均粒徑為5~10 mm,個(gè)別礫石直徑可達(dá)2 cm,具有一定的定向排列,分選、磨圓均較好。
1.1.3 頂部細(xì)砂巖、泥質(zhì)粉砂巖層
該層位于沙灣組一段1砂組頂部,巖石顆粒細(xì)小,砂巖粒徑平均約為0.2 mm,分選好,磨圓度高,常夾有泥質(zhì)條帶。鈣質(zhì)膠結(jié)作用強(qiáng)烈導(dǎo)致該結(jié)構(gòu)層致密堅(jiān)硬,滴酸強(qiáng)烈反應(yīng),對(duì)下部油層段起一定封堵作用(圖3d)。該結(jié)構(gòu)層基本不含油。
1.2 超淺層成巖特征
對(duì)巖心系統(tǒng)取樣磨制薄片100余張,進(jìn)行儲(chǔ)集空間及成巖作用研究,結(jié)果表明:春風(fēng)油田沙灣組一段1砂層組儲(chǔ)集空間類型主要為原生粒間孔(圖4a),其中大多數(shù)為剩余原生粒間孔(圖4b),基本未見溶蝕孔隙。碳酸鹽膠結(jié)作用是該區(qū)最主要的成巖作用類型,膠結(jié)物主要為方解石,填隙物中鈣質(zhì)膠結(jié)物占90%以上,雜基含量一般小于5%。顆粒呈漂浮狀或點(diǎn)接觸,膠結(jié)類型以基底式和孔隙式為主(圖4c,d)。除膠結(jié)作用外,其余成巖作用均較弱,壓實(shí)程度低,顆粒及膠結(jié)物的溶解現(xiàn)象不明顯。上述特征表明該區(qū)沙灣組沉積物尚處于準(zhǔn)同生作用階段時(shí),就被大量碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物固結(jié)成巖。由于埋藏較淺,壓實(shí)、溶解作用均較弱,儲(chǔ)層特征與深部早期膠結(jié)、晚期溶蝕型的儲(chǔ)層相比[13-14],有著明顯區(qū)別。
圖3 準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地春風(fēng)地區(qū)沙灣組一段1砂組巖心特征
圖4 準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地春風(fēng)地區(qū)沙灣組一段1砂組孔隙類型及成巖特征
利用顯微圖像分析系統(tǒng)對(duì)碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物含量進(jìn)行定量計(jì)算,經(jīng)與巖心實(shí)測(cè)物性數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比(表1),發(fā)現(xiàn)碳酸鹽含量與孔隙度存在良好的反比關(guān)系(圖5),表明儲(chǔ)層物性主要受碳酸鹽膠結(jié)程度制約。從巖心的含油級(jí)別以及電測(cè)曲線特征來看,膠結(jié)作用同樣制約著儲(chǔ)層的含油性。儲(chǔ)層內(nèi)3套結(jié)構(gòu)層的膠結(jié)作用有一定差別,巖性越細(xì)膠結(jié)程度越高。最頂部的細(xì)砂巖段CaCO3含量最大可達(dá)40%,該層段基本不含油;中部粗砂巖、含礫砂巖段總體膠結(jié)程度較弱,但不同井區(qū)情況有所不同,膠結(jié)越強(qiáng),儲(chǔ)層含油性越差;底部底礫巖段膠結(jié)作用較弱,但由于分選差導(dǎo)致有效儲(chǔ)集空間很小,含油性也較差。
前人研究認(rèn)為車排子地區(qū)新近系的油氣主要來自昌吉凹陷侏羅系烴源巖[15],而區(qū)域斷裂、不整合以及厚砂層組成了源外成藏的輸導(dǎo)體系[16-18],其縱橫向運(yùn)移能力是其成藏和形成規(guī)模富集的關(guān)鍵。通過對(duì)春風(fēng)油田沙灣組成藏要素的解剖,發(fā)現(xiàn)區(qū)域不整合以及斷層封閉性是該區(qū)油氣大規(guī)模富集的主控因素,但受巖石學(xué)特征影響形成的有效遮擋條件也是油氣成藏的重要條件。所謂油氣運(yùn)聚成藏,“運(yùn)”與“聚”2個(gè)因素必須有效匹配,才能形成有價(jià)值的油氣藏。
表1 準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地春風(fēng)地區(qū)沙灣組一段1砂組巖石物性與膠結(jié)物含量
圖5 準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地春風(fēng)地區(qū)沙灣組一段1砂組儲(chǔ)層碳酸鹽含量與孔隙度關(guān)系
2.1 運(yùn)移條件
車排子地區(qū)沙灣組成藏期的構(gòu)造背景與油源方向配置有利,控制了油氣運(yùn)移趨勢(shì)。白堊系底部和新近系地層分別呈東偏南和南東方向傾斜,與昌吉凹陷油源配置良好。白堊系與新近系底部沙灣組之間的區(qū)域不整合是溝通油源區(qū)并進(jìn)行區(qū)域性運(yùn)移的重要通道[19],而位于車排子凸起東部的紅車斷裂長(zhǎng)期活動(dòng),為該區(qū)主要的油源斷裂,是油氣大規(guī)模向上運(yùn)移的優(yōu)勢(shì)通道[20]。新近紀(jì)以來,紅車斷裂帶附近的油氣藏進(jìn)一步調(diào)整改造,先通過新近紀(jì)以來形成的層間斷層垂向運(yùn)移,再沿沙灣組底部的不整合面運(yùn)移至沙灣組底部厚砂層中。
春風(fēng)油田范圍內(nèi)主要發(fā)育2條三級(jí)斷層,即位于工區(qū)中部呈近南北向展布的排6斷層和東南部呈北東—南西向展布的排7斷層(圖1),其他四級(jí)斷層對(duì)油氣成藏不起控制作用。通過斷層垂向、側(cè)向封閉性研究,認(rèn)為排6斷層對(duì)該區(qū)沙灣組一段1砂組的油水分布起重要控制作用。該斷層受兩盤地層結(jié)構(gòu)及斷距的影響,致使垂向及側(cè)向上的封閉性存在著差異。斷層由北向南斷距逐漸增大,垂向開啟,但側(cè)向封堵性較好,導(dǎo)致斷層下降盤油氣明顯比上升盤更富集。
2.2 聚集成藏條件
表2 準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地春風(fēng)地區(qū)沙灣組一段1砂組地層水性質(zhì)
通過對(duì)油水倒置區(qū)系統(tǒng)取樣進(jìn)行儲(chǔ)層物性及巖礦特征實(shí)驗(yàn),表明水層井樣品的碳酸鹽膠結(jié)作用明顯強(qiáng)于油層井。膠結(jié)物在砂體沉積初期大量形成,致使顆粒多呈懸浮狀孤立存在,顆粒間呈點(diǎn)接觸甚至不接觸,孔隙喉道被嚴(yán)重破壞,連通孔隙數(shù)量大大減少,儲(chǔ)層孔隙度、滲透率明顯受碳酸鹽含量制約。車排子地區(qū)緊鄰昌吉凹陷,凹陷內(nèi)侏羅系的烴源巖在有機(jī)質(zhì)熱演化過程中產(chǎn)生有機(jī)酸,富含有機(jī)酸的地層水沿區(qū)域不整合以及紅車斷裂帶等優(yōu)勢(shì)運(yùn)移通道向西北方向運(yùn)動(dòng)。該過程中含有機(jī)酸的地層水會(huì)對(duì)儲(chǔ)層中的一些組分進(jìn)行溶解,常見的有鋁硅酸鹽及碳酸鹽組分[26]。隨著溶解作用不斷進(jìn)行,溶解物質(zhì)的濃度不斷增大,當(dāng)介質(zhì)物理化學(xué)條件發(fā)生變化時(shí),這種高濃度地層水將會(huì)發(fā)生碳酸鈣大量沉淀[27]。春風(fēng)地區(qū)超淺層油藏中地層水型為CaCl2型(表2),Ca2+含量明顯較高,可作為碳酸鈣沉淀的有力證據(jù)。碳酸鈣沉淀還與儲(chǔ)層孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)有密切關(guān)系[28],巖性越細(xì)、孔隙喉道越小、孔喉分選越好,越有利于膠結(jié)物的形成。因此,在沙灣組典型的3套結(jié)構(gòu)層中,最下部的底礫巖層膠結(jié)作用最弱,頂部細(xì)砂巖層膠結(jié)程度最高,基本無儲(chǔ)集能力。
粗砂巖、含礫砂巖結(jié)構(gòu)層與頂?shù)捉Y(jié)構(gòu)層不同,其碳酸鹽膠結(jié)程度在平面上具有明顯的非均質(zhì)性,北部、西北部以及西部排610井區(qū)碳酸鈣含量明顯高于其他地區(qū),最高可達(dá)38%(圖6)。研究認(rèn)為,該特征主要由2方面因素造成:(1)該結(jié)構(gòu)層巖性粗、孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)好,利于富含碳酸鈣的地層水在其中運(yùn)移,但該區(qū)沙灣組由北西至西部屬于古構(gòu)造高部位,地層水運(yùn)動(dòng)至此能量大幅減弱,碳酸鈣開始大量沉淀;(2)稍晚期的油氣充注對(duì)膠結(jié)作用具有一定抑制作用[29],直至油氣到達(dá)已經(jīng)致密膠結(jié)的地區(qū),無法克服毛細(xì)管阻力繼續(xù)運(yùn)移,從而原地停留聚集成藏,因此造成了該區(qū)油水大規(guī)模倒置的現(xiàn)象(圖6)。
圖6 準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地春風(fēng)地區(qū)沙灣組一段1砂組碳酸鹽含量及油水分布特征
綜上所述,春風(fēng)地區(qū)沙灣組具有良好的油氣運(yùn)移條件,但由于碳酸鹽膠結(jié)程度的平面差異,在北部、西北部等地區(qū)形成了膠結(jié)遮擋條件,造成了該區(qū)油水倒置的現(xiàn)象。因此,該區(qū)并非沉積相變或砂體尖滅形成的巖性圈閉,而屬于超淺層膠結(jié)遮擋型的成巖圈閉,膠結(jié)作用對(duì)于油氣聚集成藏起著重要的控制作用。春風(fēng)油田2011年滾動(dòng)勘探過程中在排609井以北部署2口井均鉆遇砂體,未見油氣顯示,取心表明碳酸鹽膠結(jié)強(qiáng)烈,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了該區(qū)屬成巖圈閉的觀點(diǎn)。
(1)超淺層油藏與深部以溶蝕次生孔隙為主要儲(chǔ)集空間的儲(chǔ)層有明顯區(qū)別,其成巖遮擋條件對(duì)于油氣成藏有重要影響。
(2)區(qū)域不整合、三級(jí)斷裂以及厚砂層為該區(qū)油氣成藏提供了良好的運(yùn)移路徑,但強(qiáng)烈的碳酸鹽膠結(jié)作用導(dǎo)致油氣無法進(jìn)一步向北富集。古構(gòu)造、油氣充注是影響碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物分布差異性的主要因素,造成了該區(qū)大規(guī)模油水倒置。因此,該區(qū)并非屬于砂體尖滅形成的巖性圈閉,而是由膠結(jié)遮擋形成的超淺層成巖圈閉。
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(編輯 黃 娟)
Diagenetic characteristics of ultra-shallow reservoirs and influences on hydrocarbon accumulations:A case study of Chunfeng Oilfield, Junggar Basin
Song Fan1, Yang Shaochun1, Su Nina1, Zhang Ruixiang1, Xiang Kui2
(1.CollegeofGeosciencesandTechnology,ChinaUniversityofPetroleum,Qingdao,Shandong266580,China;2.DepartmentofXinjiangExplorationProjectManagement,SINOPECShengliOilfield,Dongying,Shandong257017,China)
Located in the northeast of the Chepaizi Uplift of the Junggar Basin, the Chunfeng Oilfield is regarded as a typical ultra-shallow reservoir since the main producing strata are about 500 m deep. Core and thin section observations show that the reservoir can be divided into three structural layers: basal conglomerates, gritstones and gravel sandstones in the middle, and fine sandstones on the top. Carbonate cementation is the most typical diagenetic effect, which took place mainly early during deposition, so that clastic grains are usually floating or have point contacting. Accordingly, compaction and dissolution are weak. The oil storage ability of the top and the bottom layers is poor due to strong cementation and poor sorting respectively. The oil and water distribution of the middle reservoir is complex that oil/water inversion phenomenon is a serious concern. The studies of hydrocarbon accumulation show that the unconformities at the bottom of the Shawan Formation, the Hongche Fault Zone and the thick sandstones widespread in the study area provide good pathways for hydrocarbon migration. Influenced by paleo tectonics and hydrocarbon filling, large-scale calcium carbonate deposition took place in the north, northwest and west of the Chunfeng area during the early stage, which blocked later oil migration and resulted in the oil/water inversion phenomenon. The special diage-nesis and reservoir distribution made it clear that there is not only stratigraphic or lithologic reservoirs developed in the shallow region, but also a certain size of diagenetic traps developed under the influence of carbonate cementation. This special trap, different from the conventional dissolution diagenetic traps, provides for useful exploration potential in the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin.
ultra-shallow reservoir; diagenesis; carbonate cementation; hydrocarbon accumulation; Chunfeng Oilfield; Junggar Basin
1001-6112(2015)03-0307-07
10.11781/sysydz201503307
2014-02-09;
2015-03-20。
宋璠(1982—),男,博士,講師,從事沉積儲(chǔ)層、油藏描述研究。E-mail: songfan0026@163.com。
國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng)(2011ZX05009)和高等學(xué)校博士學(xué)科點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)科研基金(20120133120013)聯(lián)合資助。
TE122.2
A