羅 濤 綜述,王彤敏,李力燕審校
(昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究所,昆明650500)
細(xì)胞增殖是細(xì)胞在周期調(diào)控因子的作用下,通過DNA復(fù)制、RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄和蛋白質(zhì)合成等一系列復(fù)雜反應(yīng)而進(jìn)行的分裂過程,是生物體生長、發(fā)育、繁殖和遺傳的基礎(chǔ)[1]。細(xì)胞增殖檢測廣泛應(yīng)用于分子生物學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、腫瘤生物學(xué)、藥理學(xué)等研究領(lǐng)域,是評價細(xì)胞代謝、生理和病理狀況的重要方法[2]。目前,常用的方法包括胸腺嘧啶核苷滲入法、MTT檢測法、羥基熒光素二醋酸鹽琥珀酰亞胺脂(CFSE)檢測法等。但最直接精確的就是利用胸腺嘧啶核苷酸類似物檢測新合成的DNA,即5-乙炔基-2′脫氧尿嘧啶核苷(5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine,EdU)和5-溴-2′-脫氧尿嘧啶核苷(5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine,BrdU)標(biāo)記[3]。
EdU是一種胸腺嘧啶核苷的類似物,其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是脫氧胸腺嘧啶環(huán)上與5位C原子相連的甲基被乙炔基取代,在S期細(xì)胞增殖時可作為底物摻入到正在復(fù)制的DNA鏈中,通過與染料的共軛反應(yīng)可以進(jìn)行高效快速的細(xì)胞增殖檢測[4-5],其中,乙炔基能夠與一種熒光標(biāo)記的小分子疊氮化合物探針反應(yīng),形成穩(wěn)定的三唑環(huán),該反應(yīng)是一種被稱作“click”化學(xué)作用的Cu+催化的環(huán)加成作用[6-7]。EdU 的[3+2]環(huán)加成作用由Cu+催化完成,由于Cu+鹽的低溶解度,Cu+通常以配基的形式引入到[3+2]環(huán)加成作用之中[8]。與傳統(tǒng)的免疫熒光染色比較,EdU反應(yīng)非常快速,能在幾分鐘內(nèi)完成,且不需要進(jìn)行DNA變性處理,只需簡單的幾個步驟,使得組織成像更簡單易行[4],因此也適用于高通量篩選試驗(yàn),尤其適合進(jìn)行siRNA、miRNA、小分子化合物及其他藥物的篩選實(shí)驗(yàn)[9-10]。
近年來,EdU標(biāo)記技術(shù)在檢測細(xì)胞增殖的實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)揮了重要作用,使用范圍越來越廣泛。有學(xué)者[11]將EdU作為細(xì)胞增殖的分子探針,應(yīng)用于高含量的siRNA(high-content siRNA,HCS)篩選試驗(yàn),對細(xì)胞增殖進(jìn)行評估。Ohno等[12]首次并成功利用噬菌體熒光標(biāo)記與EdU來評估噬菌體的宿主范圍,并揭示EdU可能會應(yīng)用于各種類型的噬菌體。Guo等[13]通過腹腔注射EdU,檢測GK及Wistar大鼠導(dǎo)管球囊損傷后新生內(nèi)膜形成的DNA合成情況,驗(yàn)證了EdU摻入和染色是血管內(nèi)膜檢測DNA合成快速、有效的手段。Wiebusch等[14]使用EdU和流式細(xì)胞儀研究人巨細(xì)胞病毒細(xì)胞周期的基因表達(dá)。Sun等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),EdU陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)與EdU濃度,孵育時間,以及“click”反應(yīng)溶液的體積相關(guān),最佳的EdU濃度10~50 μmol/L,最佳孵育時間為8~12h。Hoshi等[16]通過把 EdU摻入到DNA中,產(chǎn)生復(fù)制帶,分析復(fù)制帶染色體結(jié)構(gòu),對染色體高級結(jié)構(gòu)的功能意義提出了新的見解。Zhao等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)EdU與DNA的結(jié)合會誘導(dǎo)DNA損傷,并通過細(xì)胞周期擾亂細(xì)胞的進(jìn)展,隨后誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,此外,在非小細(xì)胞肺腺癌A549細(xì) 胞 上 進(jìn) 行 了 測 試[18-19]。Andersen等[20]的 研 究 發(fā) 現(xiàn) ,EdU在體外和體內(nèi)都對細(xì)胞存活具有很高的沖擊,從體內(nèi)移植到再生肌肉,EDU標(biāo)記的干細(xì)胞難以存活,即使在低EdU濃度下,細(xì)胞存活和表型都大幅受損,肌分化潛能也受到抑制。Kohlmeier等[21]使用EdU標(biāo)記小鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞后得出結(jié)論,EdU的使用對DNA標(biāo)記是有限的,因?yàn)殚L時間的培養(yǎng)將發(fā)生一定程度的EdU依賴性細(xì)胞周期擾動和細(xì)胞死亡,不同細(xì)胞系中細(xì)胞死亡的程度與EdU的摻入量有關(guān),減少標(biāo)記過程中EdU使用濃度很可能會限制其對細(xì)胞增殖的影響。
BrdU是另一種嘧啶類似物,其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是溴替代了胸腺嘧啶環(huán)與5位C原子連接的甲基,可競爭性摻入到S期新合成的DNA中,利用免疫熒光技術(shù)標(biāo)記增殖細(xì)胞[22],如同時結(jié)合其他細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物進(jìn)行雙重染色,可判斷細(xì)胞種類及增值速度,對研究細(xì)胞動力學(xué)有重要意義。目前,BrdU標(biāo)記新合成DNA的方法在動物細(xì)胞組織的腫瘤生物學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)等領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用[23]。
80年代以來,國外對BrdU標(biāo)記方法進(jìn)行了大量研究,其作為DNA前體類似物替代摻入S期細(xì)胞,陽性結(jié)果表達(dá)了S期細(xì)胞新合成DNA的水平。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BrdU用于神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞的研究,克服了以往實(shí)驗(yàn)方法無法對原位標(biāo)記新生細(xì)胞的增殖及分化進(jìn)行觀察的缺點(diǎn),用于原位標(biāo)記齒狀回神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞可以準(zhǔn)確地反映成年腦組織神經(jīng)發(fā)生水平[24-26]。Tanaka等[27]用BrdU和Ki67抗體通過熒光雙標(biāo)染色和過氧化物酶免疫組化,準(zhǔn)確測定增殖細(xì)胞中S期分?jǐn)?shù)。Ogawa等[28]則通過對孕鼠進(jìn)行腹腔注射BrdU,清楚地觀察到新生鼠嗅覺系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的大腦區(qū)域c-Fos蛋白陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯增加。Schmuck等[29]通過用BrdU摻入標(biāo)記新生成的神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞,快速地追蹤到其最終位置,并量化BrdU陽性細(xì)胞的密度。Bonvicini等[30]利用BrdU標(biāo)記準(zhǔn)確定位微小病毒B19感染的細(xì)胞,并在增殖細(xì)胞體外感染的過程中測定DNA含量,發(fā)現(xiàn)BrdU劑量不受細(xì)胞和病毒復(fù)制的干擾,是研究病毒-宿主之間相互作用及不同疾病病因作用的有價值的工具。Vermeulen等[31]用BrdU標(biāo)記技術(shù)檢測和鑒定特異性貓T淋巴細(xì)胞病毒抗原體外增殖反應(yīng)。Ivashkina等[32]通過BrdU標(biāo)記技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),在訓(xùn)練的影響下,小鼠大腦中各種結(jié)構(gòu)的BrdU陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)增加,表明DNA合成增加。Portugal等[33]利用BrdU和綠色熒光蛋白表達(dá),隔離了非洲豬瘟病毒重組體,進(jìn)一步為野生型病毒基因組的處理提供了有效方法。然而,細(xì)胞的生長特性也會受到BrdU的影響,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)分化異常、毒性反應(yīng)、增殖抑制、DNA突變及細(xì)胞周期延長等變化[34-35]。值得注意的是,BrdU的標(biāo)記率不高且對標(biāo)記細(xì)胞具有一定的毒性,毒性作用將隨著標(biāo)記時間的延長而增強(qiáng),在體外應(yīng)用時毒性較大,而應(yīng)用于體內(nèi)時,毒性明顯減輕[34-36]。
首先,相比于BrdU檢測方法,EdU在DNA合成的過程中引入快速“click”化學(xué)反應(yīng),并且不需要苛刻的、化學(xué)性的或DNA結(jié)構(gòu)酶的破壞[37]。而BrdU抗體分子大,摻入雙鏈DNA內(nèi)的BrdU,以氫鏈與腺嘌呤結(jié)合,不能直接與BrdU抗體反應(yīng),需經(jīng)解鏈暴露出DNA雙鏈中的BrdU方能被染色。DNA內(nèi)部較難變性,如需在測定細(xì)胞增殖能力的同時檢測細(xì)胞的總DNA含量,變性條件下的DNA雙鏈結(jié)構(gòu)受到嚴(yán)重破壞,其他核酸標(biāo)記探針就不容易識別DNA,因而也無法準(zhǔn)確統(tǒng)計新合成DNA總量。DNA變性可能破壞細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白的抗原識別位點(diǎn),限制了BrdU檢測法中同時檢測其他蛋白的應(yīng)用[38-39]。其次,EdU只有BrdU抗體大小的1/500,在細(xì)胞內(nèi)更容易擴(kuò)散,不需要嚴(yán)格的樣品變性處理,有效地避免了樣品損傷,有助于在組織、器官的整體水平上觀測細(xì)胞增殖的真實(shí)情況,具有更高的靈敏度和更快的檢測速度[40]。但是,與BrdU一樣,EdU也有毒性,EdU的摻入會對裂殖的DNA產(chǎn)生損傷,影響細(xì)胞的連續(xù)繁殖[41]。同樣類似的毒害效應(yīng)也發(fā)生在EdU標(biāo)記動物細(xì)胞基因組DNA時,表明EdU只能用于短時期和單細(xì)胞周期的實(shí)驗(yàn)標(biāo)記,而BrdU則適用于連續(xù)標(biāo)記多個細(xì)胞周期[5]。
EdU與BrdU標(biāo)記作為兩種胸苷類似物摻入到新合成的DNA鏈中來檢測細(xì)胞增殖,是一種新型的非放射性同位素細(xì)胞增殖檢測方法,在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)、實(shí)體組織及臨床研究均得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。但兩種方法都各有長短,所以,在具體的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,應(yīng)結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康呐c實(shí)驗(yàn)要求,使用多種檢測手段,以便更加簡單、快速、準(zhǔn)確地反映實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,雙重或多重標(biāo)記往往會達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。在未來的科研進(jìn)程中,EdU和BrdU標(biāo)記肯定會繼續(xù)發(fā)揮其突出的作用,當(dāng)然,新的細(xì)胞增殖檢測手段也必然會隨之產(chǎn)生。
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