謝文劍(綜述),陳紹良(審校)
(南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南京醫(yī)院(南京市第一醫(yī)院)心內(nèi)科,南京 210006)
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吸煙對阿司匹林、氯吡格雷藥效的影響
謝文劍△(綜述),陳紹良※(審校)
(南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南京醫(yī)院(南京市第一醫(yī)院)心內(nèi)科,南京 210006)
摘要:抗血小板藥物阿司匹林和氯吡格雷可抑制血小板黏附和聚集;防止血栓形成;延緩動(dòng)脈阻塞性疾病的病情發(fā)展,是預(yù)防和治療冠心病的常用藥物。Framingham心臟研究結(jié)果顯示,每日吸煙10支,能使男性心血管病死率增加18%,女性心血管病死率增加31%。但是,最近幾個(gè)隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)亞組分析表明,吸煙者比非吸煙者更能顯著地從氯吡格雷中獲益。該文回顧了相關(guān)的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn),就吸煙對阿司匹林、氯吡格雷藥效的不同影響進(jìn)行綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:吸煙;阿司匹林;氯吡格雷
吸煙是已知的導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心病)死亡的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,戒煙是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化疾病患者二級預(yù)防的Ⅰ類推薦措施[1]。但是,早在1985 Kelly等[2]就觀察到吸煙者比非吸煙者更有可能在急性心肌梗死后存活。這一現(xiàn)象和常識不符,被稱為“吸煙者悖論”(smoker′s paradox)。2011年,Aune等[3]對相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了回顧和總結(jié),發(fā)現(xiàn)共有6個(gè)研究(1個(gè)觀察研究、3個(gè)注冊研究、2個(gè)隨機(jī)對照研究)證實(shí)了在急性心肌梗死患者中存在“吸煙者悖論”現(xiàn)象。這一現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的原因可能是:吸煙者通常較年輕,在初次急性心肌梗死發(fā)作時(shí)基礎(chǔ)疾病較少。最近,“吸煙者悖論”這一術(shù)語被用來描述非吸煙者和吸煙者對阿司匹林和氯吡格雷的不同反應(yīng)?,F(xiàn)就吸煙對阿司匹林、氯吡格雷藥效的影響進(jìn)行綜述。
1吸煙對阿司匹林藥效的影響
2009年,抗栓臨床試驗(yàn)協(xié)作組[4]對6項(xiàng)阿司匹林一級預(yù)防試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了Meta分析。這6項(xiàng)研究分別是:British Doctors′Study(英國醫(yī)師研究)[5]、US Physicians′Health Study(美國內(nèi)科醫(yī)師健康研究)[6]、Thrombosis Prevention Trial(血栓形成預(yù)防研究)[7]、Hypertension Optimal Treatment Trial(高血壓最適治療研究)[8]、Primary Prevention Project(一級預(yù)防研究)[9]和Women′s Health Study(女性健康研究)[10],總共納入95 000例。研究結(jié)果顯示,與當(dāng)前吸煙者相比,非吸煙者使用阿司匹林每年可降低17%(HR=0.83,95%CI0.75~0.93)的嚴(yán)重血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(心肌梗死、卒中及二者引起的死亡)。一級預(yù)防屬于“治未病”,是指減少或控制易患因素,降低發(fā)病率??顾ㄅR床試驗(yàn)協(xié)作組研究說明吸煙減弱了阿司匹林的一級預(yù)防作用。
2吸煙對氯吡格雷藥效的影響
2009年,兩個(gè)大型臨床試驗(yàn)清楚地表明了“吸煙者悖論”,即吸煙者比非吸煙者更能顯著地從氯吡格雷中獲益[11-12]。Berger等[11]從氯吡格雷用于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化血栓形成高?;颊呒皩θ毖录姆€(wěn)定、處理和規(guī)避試驗(yàn)(Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization,Management,and Avoidance,CHARISMA)中篩選出12 152例冠心病患者并將他們分為3組:當(dāng)前吸煙組(2419例)、以前吸煙組(6260例)和非吸煙組(3473例)?;颊吣挲g≥45歲;平均隨訪期是28個(gè)月;氯吡格雷劑量75 mg/d。與以前吸煙組和非吸煙組相比,當(dāng)前吸煙組服用氯吡格雷后減少了全因死亡的發(fā)生(HR=0.68,95%CI0.49~0.94)。
Desai等[12]從氯吡格雷作為輔助再灌注治療-TIMI 28 (Clopidogrel as adjunctive reperfusion therapy-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 28,CLARITY-TIMI 28)中篩選出3429例ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者并將他們分為5組:當(dāng)前不吸煙組(1732例)、每日1~9支組(206例)、每日10~19支組(354例)、每日20~29支組(715例)、每日≥30支組(422例)?;颊吣挲g18~75歲;氯吡格雷劑量:負(fù)荷量300 mg,維持量75 mg/d。結(jié)果顯示,每日吸煙≥10支的患者30 d內(nèi)氯吡格雷在減少心血管性死亡、再發(fā)心肌梗死和再次緊急血運(yùn)重建方面更有效(OR=0.54,95%CI0.38~0.76)。
新的證據(jù)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了上述發(fā)現(xiàn)。首先,Gagne等[13]對6個(gè)有關(guān)氯吡格雷的臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了Meta分析,總共納入74 489 例患者,其中吸煙者有21 717例(29%)。這6個(gè)試驗(yàn)是:CHARISMA[11]、CLARITY-TIMI 28[12]、氯吡格雷與阿司匹林預(yù)防缺血性事件比較 (clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events,CAPRIE)[14]、氯吡格雷用于不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者以預(yù)防缺血性事件再發(fā)的臨床研究(the clopidogrels in unstable angina to prevent recurrent events,CURE)[15]、氯吡格雷在觀察期中減少心血管事件的作用 (Clopidogrel for Reduction of Evets During Observation,CREDO)[16]、氯吡格雷優(yōu)化負(fù)荷量降低心血管事件再發(fā)/優(yōu)化介入治療的抗血小板策略(Clopidogrel Optimal Loading Dose Usage to Reduce Recurrent Events/Optimal Antiplatelet Strategy for Interventions,CURRENT-OASIS)[17]。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),對于吸煙者,氯吡格雷減少了25% (RR=0.75,95%CI0.67~0.83) 的主要血管事件的發(fā)生(心血管性死亡、心肌梗死、卒中);而對于非吸煙者,氯吡格雷減少了8%的主要血管事件的發(fā)生。與該文同時(shí)刊出的評論認(rèn)為,目前迫切需要前瞻性的臨床試驗(yàn)以進(jìn)一步評估吸煙對血小板抑制劑的影響[18]。
2013年,Gurbel等[19]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)前瞻性、隨機(jī)、雙盲、安慰劑對照研究。該研究包含了患有穩(wěn)定型冠心病并接受阿司匹林治療的56例不吸煙患者和54例吸煙患者,并將患者隨機(jī)分配到氯吡格雷組(氯吡格雷75 mg/d,持續(xù)10 d)和普拉格雷組(普拉格雷10 mg/d,持續(xù)10 d),經(jīng)過14 d的洗脫期后,組別交換。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),接受氯吡格雷的不吸煙患者的血小板聚集抑制率低于吸煙患者(P=0.062);普拉格雷組的患者比氯吡格雷組具有更好的抗血小板效果,且這和吸煙因素?zé)o關(guān)(P<0.001)。
2014年,F(xiàn)erreiro等[20]對CAPRIE試驗(yàn)[14]結(jié)果再次進(jìn)行分析。CAPRIE試驗(yàn)是一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模的二級預(yù)防研究,共納入了19 184例穩(wěn)定型動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化疾病患者。入選患者被隨機(jī)分為兩組,分別服用氯吡格雷75 mg/d或阿司匹林325 mg/d;平均隨訪期是1.91年;主要終點(diǎn)為缺血性腦血管病、心肌梗死或血管性死亡。對于非吸煙者,氯吡格雷(6726例)和阿司匹林(6726例)作用相似(HR=0.99,95%CI0.89~1.10)。對于當(dāng)前吸煙者,氯吡格雷(2808例)優(yōu)于阿司匹林(2860例)(HR=0.76,95%CI0.64~0.90),缺血事件(缺血性腦血管病、冠心病和周圍動(dòng)脈缺血性疾病)的發(fā)生減少了2.5% (8.3%比10.8%)。
3吸煙增強(qiáng)氯吡格雷藥效的可能機(jī)制
氯吡格雷屬于一種前體藥,其自身沒有活性,而抗血小板效應(yīng)依賴于肝臟細(xì)胞色素酶P450(cytochrome P450,CYP450)的活性。人體吸收后,85%的藥物在被腸酯酶水解為無活性的羧酸衍生物,剩下15%的藥物則通過肝臟CYP450酶再經(jīng)過兩步連鎖氧化反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榛钚源x產(chǎn)物,并不可逆地與血小板P2Y12受體相結(jié)合而發(fā)揮抗血小板作用。肝臟第一步氧化反應(yīng)主要涉及的酶有CYP2C19(44.9%)、CYP1A2(35.8%)、CYP2B6(19.4%);第二步氧化主要涉及的酶包括CYP3A4(39.8%)、CYP2B6(32.9%)、CYP2C19(20.6%)、CYP2C9(6.76%)[21]。
香煙中的多環(huán)芳香烴可以誘導(dǎo)CYP1A2[22],因而促進(jìn)氯吡格雷轉(zhuǎn)化成活性代謝產(chǎn)物。前已述及,PARADOX研究[19]表明,吸煙可增強(qiáng)氯吡格雷的抗血小板效應(yīng),但并不影響普拉格雷的療效,而后者主要經(jīng)CYP3A4代謝。因此,可以設(shè)想吸煙對氯吡格雷和普拉格雷的不同影響可能源于吸煙對CYP450酶活性的作用。
4小結(jié)
吸煙削弱了阿司匹林的藥效,但增強(qiáng)了氯吡格雷的藥效,這一現(xiàn)象被稱為“吸煙者悖論”。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,本研究的底線不是想讓患者在接受氯吡格雷時(shí)開始或繼續(xù)吸煙,也不是對于繼續(xù)吸煙的心血管病患者使用氯吡格雷替代阿司匹林進(jìn)行抗血小板治療,而是要根據(jù)每個(gè)患者的個(gè)體情況、心血管事件復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)性,以及患者對這些藥物的抵抗性等情況而定。畢竟,就目前的價(jià)格而言,氯吡格雷的價(jià)格偏高,不可能在全世界范圍內(nèi)應(yīng)用于所有的患者。而且,戒煙是有效的防治心血管疾病的措施,也是效價(jià)比較高的措施。
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The Impacts of Smoking on Pharmacodynamic Effects of Aspirin and ClopidogrelXIEWeng-jian,CHENShao-liang.(DepartmentofCardiology,NanjingFirstHospitalAffiliatedtoNanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing210006,China)
Abstract:Aspirin and clopidogrel can inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation,prevent thrombosis and arterial occlusion progression.They are common antiplatelet drugs that prevent as well as treat cardiovascular disease(CVD).The Framingham Heart Study have showed that smoking 10 cigarettes per day made the male cardiovascular mortality increased 18%,31% increase in women.Subgroup analysis of randomized controlled trials,however,have recently found that significantly greater benefit from clopidogrel were seen in smokers than in nonsmokers.This study sought to review the medical literature to evaluate the different roles of smoking in pharmacodynamic response to aspirin and clopidogrel.
Key words:Smoking; Aspirin; Clopidogrel
收稿日期:2014-08-21修回日期:2014-10-27編輯:樓立理
基金項(xiàng)目:江蘇省臨床醫(yī)學(xué)科技專項(xiàng)(BL2013001)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.14.040
中圖分類號:R541
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)14-2604-03