幽門螺桿菌鞭毛致病機制
葉麗娜谷海瀛
(寧波大學醫(yī)學院,浙江寧波315211)
關鍵詞〔〕幽門螺桿菌;鞭毛;動力;致病性
中圖分類號〔〕R378.99〔
基金項目:浙江省自然基金重點項目(LZ14H200001)
通訊作者:谷海瀛(1968-),男,博士,教授,博士生導師,主要從事臨床微生物學方面的研究。
第一作者:葉麗娜(1989-),女,在讀碩士,主要從事臨床微生物學方面的研究。
幽門螺桿菌(H.pylori)是微需氧、革蘭陰性、有鞭毛、螺旋桿菌,在全球可能有一半人胃腸道感染H.pylori〔1〕。盡管有人認為它是“共棲菌”〔2〕,但它不是正常菌群,因為H.pylori在胃腸部定植的所有感染者都呈現(xiàn)組織學胃腸炎〔3〕,這種感染可引起慢性胃炎、十二指腸炎、消化性潰瘍(胃與十二指腸潰瘍)、胃黏膜相關組織(MALT)淋巴瘤、萎縮性胃炎、胃腺癌等疾病。這個菌種具有廣泛的等位基因多樣化和遺傳變異性,且一個人的胃內(nèi)可以感染多個幽門螺桿菌菌株〔4〕,在感染高發(fā)區(qū),具有很高的混合感染率。H.pylori感染致病機制由定植因子和毒性因子決定的〔3〕,其鞭毛在胃腸黏膜定植中起重要作用〔5〕。
1H.pylori鞭毛形態(tài)和結構
H.pylori具有4~8根單端有鞘鞭毛〔6〕,但鞭毛分布位置單端或雙端存在爭議〔7〕,在電子顯微鏡下可觀察到H.pylori鞭毛有鞘及終端球狀物的存在為特征〔8〕。細菌鞭毛是一個復雜的、含多種蛋白質(zhì)的動力器官〔9〕。除蛋白外,聚糖如pseudaminic acid 在鞭毛裝配和動力中起重要作用〔10〕,也可能是特有的致病因子。每一根鞭毛由三部分組成,從細胞質(zhì)內(nèi)到細胞外分別為:鞭毛基體、鞭毛鉤、鞭毛絲。H.pylori鞭毛結構主要組成及其功能參見文獻〔10~28〕。
2H.pylori鞭毛功能及致病性
H.pylori 鞭毛主要功能體現(xiàn)其具有動力〔7〕,包括“泳動”、擴散動力和“爬動”。其致病性包括三方面:定植性、免疫炎癥性和免疫逃避。
2.1定植性、定植部位
2.1.1定植性H.pylori在胃腸黏膜表面存活能力就是定植性,這是由菌株的特殊產(chǎn)物決定的,稱為定植因子,包括脲酶、動力、趨化性、外膜蛋白和細菌特殊螺旋形態(tài)〔29~33〕等。H.pylori 最適生長pH為中性〔34,35〕,在肉湯中生長最適pH為8.5〔36〕,在胃內(nèi)酸性環(huán)境下不適合其生長,通常認為脲酶在定植中起重要作用是由于脲酶水解尿素產(chǎn)生NH3和CO2〔37〕,NH3對上皮細胞有損傷性,并且脲酶和胃上皮細胞CD74受體結合,參與炎癥反應,在黏附中起重要作用〔38〕。但脲酶作用被認為是產(chǎn)生的NH3中和胃酸,升高菌體周圍環(huán)境pH〔31〕,從而促進胃內(nèi)定植。但脲酶作為定植因子是有爭議的,原因是 Mine等〔39〕報道了分離于消化性潰瘍患者H.pylori 脲酶陰性突變菌株能在蒙古沙鼠胃內(nèi)定植并引起潰瘍。除脲酶外,H.pylori定植因子最主要的就是動力,其動力是由于鞭毛運動。確定動力是H.pylori 重要的定植因子最早由Eaton等〔40〕報道的H.pylori感染無菌小豬試驗,該試驗結果證實有動力菌株比無動力菌株感染率高,并且在無菌小豬胃內(nèi)定植時間長。很多研究都應用動力缺陷突變菌株在動物感染模型定植減少證明動力對定植有非常重要的影響,包括 H.pylori motB突變株〔41〕、FliD突變株〔25〕、putA突變株〔42〕和趨化作用突變菌株〔43,44〕,這些菌株動力減少,在小鼠胃內(nèi)或蒙古沙鼠胃內(nèi)定植就降低。最能證明動力在H.pylori定植起重要作用的是Osaki等〔45〕研究的H.pylori luxS 基因的報告,luxS 基因突變株鞭毛形態(tài)無變化,但菌株動力變小,在蒙古沙鼠胃內(nèi)定植顯著減少。 Asakura等〔46〕研究證實,改變鞭毛蛋白糖基化水平,會影響菌株動力,F(xiàn)laA蛋白糖基化增加,菌株動力也會增加,這樣定植載量就增大了。這些試驗充分說明鞭毛動力功能對定植性具有顯著影響。
H.pylori定植性用定植密度或載量表示,通過定量培養(yǎng)獲得每克胃黏膜組織所含的菌落數(shù)(CFU/g)〔44,47〕,也有PCR方法定量檢測胃黏膜H.pylori DNA〔48〕。測定不同動力大小有3種方法,分別為測定H.pylori泳動動力大小直接方法是使用相差顯微鏡測定菌體在胃黏液層中平均運動速度〔49〕,測定擴散動力大小應用半固體瓊脂穿刺接種菌落方法,準確量取生長圓環(huán)直徑〔41,44,45〕,另外就是爬動動力大小測定方法〔42,50〕,在半固體培養(yǎng)基表面定量接種菌液,準確量取瓊脂表面生長的圓環(huán)直徑,通過這些報告結果可以得出動物感染模型H.pylori胃黏膜定植載量和動力大小呈正相關的推論。
2.1.2定植部位H.pylori定植不是均勻分布,胃部定植主要在胃竇部位定植載量大〔51〕,但胃體等其他部位也能定植,可以在十二指腸球部定植,是引起十二指腸球部潰瘍的主要原因〔52〕,這些在不同部位定植菌株是否都具有同源性,是否因為菌株有動力由胃竇部位擴散至其他部位定植,還沒有定論。但H.pylori可以直接在十二指腸定植,引起原發(fā)性十二指腸潰瘍〔53〕,雖然是小概率事件,但可以推定胃腸內(nèi)在不同部位定植的菌株其來源可能不同,因為H.pylori胃部感染可以有異質(zhì)性〔4〕。 H.pylori也可以在結腸定植〔54~56〕,其定植意義存在爭議,其來源也不清楚。
2.2免疫炎癥性和免疫逃避H.pylori定植不同于雙歧桿菌在腸道定植,因為雙歧桿菌是人類腸道正常菌群,不會出現(xiàn)炎癥反應。H.pylori動力、定植載量和中性粒細胞侵染程度呈正相關〔44,57,58〕,定植性是H.pylori引起炎癥反應的基礎,而動力就是定植性決定因子,并且影響著感染結果,除此之外,鞭毛作用還體現(xiàn)在免疫炎癥性和免疫逃避。
2.2.1免疫炎癥性H.pylori鞭毛的主要結構蛋白質(zhì)包括HpaA,F(xiàn)laA,F(xiàn)laB,F(xiàn)liD,F(xiàn)lgK等,胃病患者的活組織標本中分離出的H.pylori菌株均表達HpaA,F(xiàn)laA,F(xiàn)laB〔59〕,這些鞭毛蛋白作為細菌鞭毛最主要的成分,也是感染后體液免疫的主要靶點〔60〕,同時鞭毛蛋白能激活Th1與Tp反應,引起細胞免疫的活化,產(chǎn)生很強的抗體反應,flaA與flaB在胃特定環(huán)境中給菌株提供了動力,促進了胃組織的炎癥反應。
2.2.2免疫逃避H.pylori感染通常從孩提時起,如果不用抗生素治療,可以持續(xù)感染終身〔61〕。人體免疫系統(tǒng)無法清除該細菌;最主要原因是免疫逃避。鞭毛蛋白雖然能在感染患者中產(chǎn)生抗鞭毛蛋白的抗體,但是它逃避了TLR5受體識別〔61,62〕。可能原因是鞭毛蛋白特別是FlaA沒有“裸露”出來,在感染的胃上皮細胞中檢測不到〔63〕,并且其他細菌鞭毛誘導IL-8分泌,促炎癥反應發(fā)生,但H.pylori鞭毛蛋白似乎不能在胃上皮細胞誘導IL-8分泌,但高動力菌株可以促進產(chǎn)生更多的IL-8〔64〕,最有可能是鞭毛鞘HpaA可以“掩護”鞭毛蛋白,避免被TLR5所識別〔65〕。
3H.pylori鞭毛結構、動力、趨化性和定植性的關系
鞭毛組成結構中,C環(huán)復合體由FliM、FliN、FliY、FliG組成,基因FliM、 FliN、 FliY 、FliG菌株幾乎不形成鞭毛(只有FliN突變株形成少量鞭毛),即使有鞭毛,也是“癱瘓”鞭毛,這種菌株無動力〔9〕。馬達對細菌動力起重要作用,motB基因缺陷菌株存在鞭毛結構,但無動力,motB基因缺陷菌株感染小鼠定植載量顯著低于對照組〔41〕。其他鞭毛基因FliF、FliS、FlhB、FliQ、FliG、FliI突變,都不形成鞭毛也無動力,但flhA 突變形成短鞭毛結構〔13〕。FlgE是鞭毛鉤主要蛋白,F(xiàn)lgE突變株失去動力〔23〕。鞭毛絲FlaA和FlaB是菌株動力是重要鞭毛蛋白,F(xiàn)laA、FlaB突變株鞭毛數(shù)減少,形態(tài)不完整,動力變?nèi)?,F(xiàn)laA和FlaB雙突變株完全失去動力,F(xiàn)laA、FlaB突變株定植弱〔24,66〕,且在動物模型體內(nèi)不能長時間定植〔66〕。鞭毛絲FliD基因突變,致使鞭毛變短,細胞鞭毛數(shù)量變少,不能形成動力,小鼠感染模型定植載量減少到零〔25〕。 FaaA蛋白定位于鞭毛鞘,F(xiàn)aaA基因突變,每個菌體細胞鞭毛數(shù)量減少,動力和定植載量都會減少〔27,8〕。
另外值得關注的是趨化性,因為趨化性信號蛋白CheY和鞭毛轉(zhuǎn)子蛋白FliN結合控制鞭毛旋轉(zhuǎn)方向〔29〕,趨化性突變菌株減少了動力,如趨化性CheW、CheV基因突變〔67〕,CheY、CheA基因突變〔50〕及TlpB基因突變〔44〕,這些基因突變菌株定植載量減少〔44,68〕,但Williams等〔69〕的研究正好相反,他們的研究結果證實趨化性基因突變(△CheY、△CheW)菌株定植載量沒有減少,只是降低了炎癥反應。Howitt等〔70〕研究了一種新蛋白ChePep,這種蛋白定位于鞭毛桿部位,具有調(diào)節(jié)鞭毛旋轉(zhuǎn)功能,能控制H.pylori趨化性,其基因突變菌株鞭毛動力減少,單獨感染雖然不會影響定植載量,但在胃腺體定植載量顯著減少。Rolig等〔43〕也證明,TlpD控制的趨化性基因突變菌株和定植部位有關,在胃竇部位定植載量顯著減少。也有人證實趨化性基因突變(△CheY)和動力基因突變(△motB)都會使定植載量減少,但動力基因突變使定植載量減少更為顯著〔58〕。因此,趨化性和定植性的關系還不明確,有待進一步研究。
4結語
H.pylori鞭毛無論是結構還是動力功能都和定植載量密切相關,其實動力是通過鞭毛形態(tài)結構體現(xiàn)的,形態(tài)結構發(fā)生改變,就會影響菌株動力。在具體研究中,測定的是擴散動力或者爬動動力,鞭毛形態(tài)結構對兩種動力分別有怎樣的影響,還不清楚。
除了動力以外,細菌鞭毛致病作用就是黏附性〔71,72〕,但H.pylori不同于其他細菌,細菌對胃上皮細胞的黏附性并不取決于鞭毛蛋白〔73〕,即使細菌鞭毛減少了,而黏附性可以無變化,但和鞭毛基因突變類型有關,無鞭毛的FlaA::cat/Flab::Km基因突變菌株黏附性減少并不顯著,F(xiàn)lbA基因突變黏附性顯著減少研究H.pylori鞭毛動力和胃腸黏膜定植性的關系有重要意義,可以更深入理解其致病機制,尤其是動力異質(zhì)性,最早由Eaton等報道〔40〕定植感染的菌株動力有差異性,但沒有引起重視,H.pylori動力定量異質(zhì)性和胃腸黏膜定植性的關系深入研究,會使其致病性之謎得到進一步揭示。
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〔2015-02-06修回〕
(編輯李相軍/滕欣航)