潘黎明、盛夢(mèng)婷、黃子芮綜述, 李俊明審校
蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶的生物學(xué)功能研究進(jìn)展*
潘黎明、盛夢(mèng)婷、黃子芮綜述, 李俊明審校
蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶由多種細(xì)胞分泌,在生物學(xué)代謝過程中具有重要作用,其與糖尿病缺血性心臟病、腦缺血性疾病、血栓性疾病、阿爾茨海默病、白血病、腫瘤等多種疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制密切相關(guān),現(xiàn)針對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶的定義、功能及與相關(guān)疾病的關(guān)系做一論述。
蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶;糖尿病缺血性心臟?。荒X缺血性疾??;血栓性疾?。话柎暮D?;腫瘤
近年來,醫(yī)學(xué)各方面技術(shù)不斷進(jìn)步,越來越多的疾病能被及早的發(fā)現(xiàn),但因其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜而沒能找到很好的治療策略。隨著國(guó)內(nèi)外研究的不斷深入,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種酶——蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶(protein disulfide isomerase,PDI)在許多復(fù)雜機(jī)制的疾病中共同存在,并扮演了一個(gè)重要的角色,例如:糖尿病缺血性心臟病、腦缺血性疾病、血栓性疾病、阿爾茨海默病、白血病、肌萎縮性側(cè)索硬化癥、病毒感染和腫瘤等,而成為了近年來的研究熱點(diǎn)。
PDI于50年前由Goldberger及Venetainer等學(xué)者同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),后來由Anfinsen等學(xué)者分離、純化,并測(cè)定了其結(jié)構(gòu)[1]。PDI分子大小為57-kDa[1,2],由517個(gè)氨基酸組成,具有abb'xa'c結(jié)構(gòu)域的一種氧化還原酶,其中a和a'結(jié)構(gòu)域具有催化功能,它們被b與b'結(jié)構(gòu)域和一個(gè)X連接體隔開,同時(shí)連接著一個(gè)C-酸性末端。PDI主要由內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、血小板、角蛋白細(xì)胞以及單核巨噬細(xì)胞、纖維細(xì)胞等分泌[3-6],并濃縮駐留于內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)腔內(nèi)的一種氧化還原酶,其催化許多新生蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵的形成,并充當(dāng)分子伴侶[7],也參與了蛋白質(zhì)折疊[8],幫助新生蛋白質(zhì)正確折疊,使錯(cuò)誤折疊與未折疊蛋白質(zhì)恢復(fù)[9]。
2.1 蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶與糖尿病缺血性心臟病
缺血性心臟病是導(dǎo)致人類死亡的主要病因之一[10],合并糖尿病患者死亡率明顯增加[11]。近期研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),PDI的表達(dá)上調(diào)能降低心肌梗死面積,減少心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[12,13]。糖尿病的并發(fā)癥缺血性心臟病,可以產(chǎn)生缺血缺氧、炎癥反應(yīng)、高糖環(huán)境等因素激活內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(ERS)并持續(xù)存在,進(jìn)而干擾蛋白質(zhì)的折疊、復(fù)折疊[8],也有研究表明ERS可以誘導(dǎo)PDI表達(dá)。而且,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在糖尿病急性缺血心肌中,PDI氧化還原態(tài)的改變,可以使未折疊及錯(cuò)誤折疊蛋白堆積,從而心肌損傷加重[12]。從以上表明,在糖尿病缺血性心臟病中PDI通過ERS扮演了一個(gè)重要的角色。
2.2 蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶與腦缺血性疾病
人們發(fā)現(xiàn),PDI的表達(dá)可以抵抗腦缺血帶來的損傷[14]。例如,原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的PDI過表達(dá)后,腦血管缺血耐受明顯增加[15];神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤SK-N-MC 細(xì)胞中的PDI表達(dá)上
調(diào)同樣可以明顯降低低氧導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞死亡[16]。
同樣,在腦缺血性疾病中,氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)也是其損傷的關(guān)鍵病理環(huán)節(jié),是引起中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(CNS)細(xì)胞死亡與功能障礙的一個(gè)主要途徑[17]。在腦缺血時(shí),線粒體損傷,產(chǎn)生過多氧自由基聚集,出現(xiàn)ERS,誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元的死亡。因此,PDI與腦缺血疾病密切相關(guān)。
2.3 蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶與血栓性疾病
血栓性疾病存在于各個(gè)臨床科室,外傷、手術(shù)等原因使其發(fā)病率逐年增高。在血栓的形成過程中,PDI是一個(gè)不可缺少的成員[18,19]。研究證實(shí)了組織因子是凝血的主要啟動(dòng)因子[20]。但是只有組織因子暴露的二硫鍵轉(zhuǎn)變成為巰基了才具有活性來發(fā)揮凝血作用[21]。而PDI具有促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵的形成及異構(gòu)化的作用,還具有氧化還原、分子伴侶等作用。
血栓形成的初始過程是血管損傷,首先激活了血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞與血小板分泌PDI;損傷后,一旦PDI減少,就會(huì)減少血小板血栓形成和纖維蛋白的產(chǎn)生,說明了PDI在血栓性疾病中的關(guān)鍵性和重要性[22]。
2.4 蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶與阿爾茨海默病
我們都知道阿爾茨海默病是神經(jīng)退行性變疾病,主要表現(xiàn)為認(rèn)知和記憶能力下降。阿爾茨海默病的特點(diǎn)之一是產(chǎn)生過多的一氧化氮(NO),誘導(dǎo)PDI的S-亞硝基化(S-nitrosated PDI,SNO-PDI)抑制其活性,導(dǎo)致多聚泛素的堆積,并激活未折疊蛋白應(yīng)答[23]。
另有研究報(bào)告,在阿爾茨海默病病理改變-老年斑中Aβ(amyloid β-peptide)是其重要成員,是阿爾茨海默病發(fā)病的重要機(jī)制之一[24,25]。在阿爾茨海默病時(shí),Aβ對(duì)腦細(xì)胞有毒性,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)氧化損傷、NO增加,進(jìn)一步引起SNO-PDI的增加,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡,引起阿爾茨海默病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
2.5 蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶與白血病
急性髓性白血?。ˋML)中有一個(gè)亮氨酸拉鏈轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CEBPA,對(duì)中性粒細(xì)胞的分化至關(guān)重要[26],在急性髓性白血病發(fā)生和骨髓的正常分化過程中起到重要作用[27]。而PDI是CEBPA翻譯的關(guān)鍵,研究也證實(shí)了CEBPA的表達(dá)依賴于PDI的表達(dá)[27]。可見,PDI也參與了急性髓性白血病的發(fā)生。
2.6 蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶與腫瘤
PDI具有通過介導(dǎo)氧化蛋白的折疊來維持細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)的作用,越來越多的證據(jù)表明PDI支持多種癌癥的生存和發(fā)展[28]。目前已經(jīng)有許多有關(guān)癌癥PDI表達(dá)增強(qiáng)的報(bào)道,包括卵巢癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、淋巴瘤、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤、黑色素瘤等[29]。PDI活性的抑制可以引起癌癥細(xì)胞凋亡[30]。可見PDI在癌癥領(lǐng)域是一個(gè)很有前途的研究目標(biāo)。
2.7 蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶與其他疾病
此外,還有報(bào)道小分子PDI抑制劑能進(jìn)入細(xì)胞抑制HIV-1病毒[31],以及與其他病毒感染、霍亂毒素、微生物感染(如弓形蟲、杜氏利什曼原蟲等)、生育能力等相關(guān)的研究[32-35]。
PDI具有氧化還原、促進(jìn)二硫鍵的形成與異構(gòu)化、促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)正常折疊與恢復(fù)未折疊和錯(cuò)誤折疊等多功能來指導(dǎo)眾多蛋白的合成、成熟,在人體健康與疾病中起到了很重要的作用。雖然很多機(jī)制還不完善,但這正是說明了針對(duì)PDI研究的巨大潛力。比如PDI與糖尿病缺血性心臟病、急性心肌梗死、1型糖尿病等疾病的關(guān)系有待進(jìn)一步研究,該研究的進(jìn)行直接關(guān)系到PDI能否應(yīng)用到糖尿病缺血性心臟病等疾病的診斷,以及能否盡早為篩查相關(guān)疾病高危人群提供幫助。又比如目前PDI對(duì)眾多疾病影響的下游機(jī)制還知之甚少,這關(guān)系到PDI增敏劑或者PDI受體激動(dòng)劑能否應(yīng)用到例如糖尿病缺血性心臟病等疾病中的預(yù)防和治療。可以肯定的是,PDI的研究為以上疾病將來的診療提供了新的思考方向。
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2014-05-03)
(編輯:漆利萍)
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81270280 )
443002 湖北省宜昌市,三峽大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院 心內(nèi)科
潘黎明 住院醫(yī)師 碩士研究生 主要從事心血管臨床研究 Email: plmok_8249.student@sina.com 通訊作者:李俊明
Email:lijunming@medmail.com.cn
R541
A
1000-3614(2015)01-0092-03
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2015.01.026