周 鑫,曹 博,洪 流
·綜 述·
食管癌預(yù)后相關(guān)微小RNAs分子研究進(jìn)展
周 鑫,曹 博,洪 流
食管癌的診斷和手術(shù)治療已較為成熟,但預(yù)后相關(guān)研究仍不足。許多微小RNAs(microRNAs,miRNAs)分子都與食管癌患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)。作者就目前食管癌預(yù)后相關(guān)miRNAs的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,分析miRNAs分子在臨床中的應(yīng)用,如癌組織中變化的miRNAs表達(dá)量用于預(yù)測食管癌患者的預(yù)后、個(gè)別循環(huán)miRNAs作為新型生物標(biāo)志物的潛能,應(yīng)開展更多的臨床試驗(yàn)來推進(jìn)與預(yù)后相關(guān)的miRNAs分子的應(yīng)用。
生物標(biāo)志物;食管癌;微小RNAs;預(yù)后;生存狀況
食管癌是世界第八大常見惡性腫瘤、第六大癌癥死因,目前全世界有45萬多食管癌患者,且其發(fā)病率仍在上升[1]。食管癌主要包括食管鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞癌(食管鱗癌)和食管腺癌兩大組織類型[2]。食管癌中,亞洲國家有超過90%為食管鱗癌,而腺癌在西方國家更為常見[3]。大部分患者首診時(shí)已屆進(jìn)展期,無法得到及時(shí)的治療,也導(dǎo)致了不良的后果。
微小RNAs(microRNAs,miRNAs)是一類高度保守的有18~25個(gè)核苷酸的單鏈非編碼小分子RNA,也是轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后基因沉默的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控者[4],與細(xì)胞分化、凋亡、增殖、腫瘤形成多種生物學(xué)過程密切相關(guān)[5]。miRNAs一般通過與動物細(xì)胞靶信使RNA的3′非翻譯區(qū)不完全互補(bǔ)結(jié)合來抑制其翻譯或介導(dǎo)其降解。人類miRNAs大多數(shù)位于癌癥脆性位點(diǎn)和基因組區(qū)域,在癌組織中明顯上調(diào)或下調(diào)的miRNAs可看作是一類新型原癌基因或抑癌基因。一些表觀遺傳學(xué)變化和遺傳學(xué)變化都可以對miRNAs初始轉(zhuǎn)錄本的含量、成熟miRNAs的加工以及miRNAs與靶基因的相互作用產(chǎn)生影響[6]。miRNAs具有高度的腫瘤特異性和組織特異性,一些miRNAs在多種血液學(xué)惡性腫瘤和實(shí)體瘤中異常表達(dá)或發(fā)生突變[7-8],且miRNAs在循環(huán)血漿、體液和尿液等多種條件下也較為穩(wěn)定[9],這預(yù)示著miRNAs可能是極為有益的診斷標(biāo)志物與治療靶點(diǎn)[10]。作者對近10年與食管癌患者預(yù)后相關(guān)的特異miRNAs的研究作一綜述,并對這些特異miRNAs的功能進(jìn)行總結(jié)。
miRNAs最突出的特點(diǎn)就是它的組織特異性。miRNAs表達(dá)譜不僅具有成為新型腫瘤診斷生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物和藥物靶標(biāo)的潛能,還可以有效預(yù)測腫瘤的預(yù)后。多年來的研究表明,組織來源的miRNAs在腫瘤預(yù)后預(yù)測中具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義[11-13]。
1.1 miRNA-21與miRNA-375 miRNA-21在乳腺癌、食管癌、頭頸部鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞癌等幾乎各類癌癥中都高度表達(dá),它的過表達(dá)在促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、侵襲和生存過程中起到了重要作用[14]。miRNA-375也是當(dāng)前食管癌預(yù)后標(biāo)志物的研究熱點(diǎn)。miRNA-375表現(xiàn)出抑制腫瘤增殖、生長和轉(zhuǎn)移的特性,而在食管癌中大多是下調(diào)的。在喉部鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞中,miRNA-21/miRNA-375表達(dá)比對于疾病的預(yù)測具有高度敏感性與特異性,癌組織中的高 miRNA-21/ miRNA-375表達(dá)比與不良預(yù)后之間顯著相關(guān),并且在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的腫瘤中其值更高[15]。
Winther等[16]通過基因芯片技術(shù)對取自195例食管癌患者的治療前樣本進(jìn)行分析,miRNA-21的高水平與食管鱗癌患者短期的疾病特異生存期顯著相關(guān)(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比=1.76、95%置信區(qū)間1.05~2.97);而在食管腺癌中,高于中位值水平miRNA-21表達(dá)量不僅與疾病特異生存期顯著相關(guān)(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比=3.37、95%置信區(qū)間1.41~8.05),并且此類患者還表現(xiàn)出一種總體生存期更低的趨勢。Zhao等[17]對miRNA-21、miRNA-146b、miRNA-181b的表達(dá)水平與存活食管癌患者之間的關(guān)系展開了研究,采用定量反轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技術(shù),分析178例食管鱗癌患者的腫瘤組織與癌旁組織樣本,發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-21、miRNA-146b、miRNA-181b、miRNA-155和miRNA-223在食管鱗癌患者的腫瘤組織中高表達(dá),miRNA-21(P=0.027)、miRNA-146b (P=0.021)、miRNA-181b(P=0.002)的高表達(dá)及癌旁組織中miRNA-21(P=0.003)的高表達(dá)與患者的不良預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。
Mathé等[18]對取自100例食管腺癌患者和70例食管鱗癌患者的癌組織與癌旁組織配對樣本中的miRNAs表達(dá)量進(jìn)行了檢測:在食管腺癌患者中miRNA-21、miRNA-192、miRNA-194和 miRNA-223表達(dá)量上升;而在食管鱗癌患者中miRNA-21表達(dá)升高,miRNA-375表達(dá)減少。miRNA-21的過表達(dá)是與腫瘤狀態(tài)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況以及臨床分期相關(guān)[19]。乘積極限法(Kaplan-Meier)分析也顯示食管鱗癌患者非癌組織樣本中miRNA-21的高表達(dá)與患者不良預(yù)后相關(guān),且具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比=4.23、95%置信區(qū)間1.68~10.61)[18]。而伴有Barrett食管的食管腺癌患者癌組織中miRNA-375水平的減少也同患者的不良預(yù)后有著密切聯(lián)系(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比=0.31、95%置信區(qū)間0.15~0.67)[18]。
Li等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-375的下調(diào)與食管鱗癌患者的不良存活率密切相關(guān),miRNAs原位雜交的結(jié)果顯示miRNA-375在食管鱗癌中下調(diào),并且miRNA-375的低表達(dá)也與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.04)和臨床晚期(P=0.003)呈顯著相關(guān)。在一個(gè)獨(dú)立的組群中,通過炎癥因子(γ-干擾素、白介素-1a、白介素-8、白介素-21、白介素-23)高表達(dá)和miRNA-375低表達(dá)的特點(diǎn),可以預(yù)測患者在臨床病情表現(xiàn)上會有不良結(jié)果[21]。
1.2 miRNA-198 miRNA-198的表達(dá)量在視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤、舌鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞癌、胰腺癌及壺腹部癌、肝細(xì)胞癌多種癌癥中都明顯升高[22]。在多種癌癥中,miRNA-198都能夠負(fù)調(diào)控與各類癌癥相關(guān)的凋亡抑制蛋白Livin[23]。Qi等[23]通過對46例食管鱗癌患者樣本中miRNA-198的檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)相比于有著良好預(yù)后患者的樣本,取自不良預(yù)后患者樣本中hasmiRNA-198的表達(dá)水平上升了5.905倍。Kaplan-Meier分析結(jié)果也顯示,患者的miRNA-198表達(dá)水平越高,其生存期就越短。
1.3 miRNA-296 miRNA-296的表達(dá)降低能夠?qū)㈤L存活時(shí)間的淋巴結(jié)陽性食管鱗癌患者從那些存活時(shí)間只有不到20個(gè)月的患者中區(qū)分出來[24]。相比于腫瘤中miRNA-296低表達(dá)的具有23.7個(gè)月生存期的患者,miRNA-296高表達(dá)患者的中位生存期只有12.9個(gè)月。miRNA-296的下調(diào)可以通過調(diào)節(jié)P-糖蛋白而減少藥物的釋放量,使得食管癌細(xì)胞具有藥物敏感性,也可能會通過調(diào)節(jié)B淋巴細(xì)胞瘤-2基因和凋亡基因來促進(jìn)藥物誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡。
1.4 miRNA-214和 miRNA-483 miRNA-214和miRNA-483在多種癌組織中廣泛表達(dá)。現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-483在腎上腺皮質(zhì)癌、結(jié)腸癌、乳腺癌、肝癌和Wilms瘤中過表達(dá)[25];而miRNA-214在宮頸癌、肝癌中下調(diào),其表達(dá)量也被作為乳腺癌局部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的標(biāo)志物,具有診斷意義[26]。Zhou和Hong[27]采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù),檢測104例食管鱗癌和鄰近良性食管組織配對樣本中miRNA-214和miRNA-483的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-214和miRNA-483的高表達(dá)可以預(yù)測更低的化療敏感性和不良預(yù)后。3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴鹽實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果也顯示,miRNA-214和miRNA-483的下調(diào)也使得食管癌細(xì)胞具有藥物敏感性[27]。
1.5 miRNA-150 Yokobori等[28]在對108例手術(shù)切除的食管鱗癌樣本的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),通過靶向調(diào)節(jié)ZEB1、miRNA-150的表達(dá)與患者的不良預(yù)后呈現(xiàn)相關(guān)性。ZEB1是一種關(guān)鍵的上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的誘導(dǎo)者,可以通過癌組織中E-鈣黏蛋白基因的沉默來促進(jìn)腫瘤侵襲與遷移[29]。相比于正常的食管黏膜層,食管鱗癌中miRNA-150的表達(dá)更低。這種低表達(dá)在病變深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、淋巴侵襲、靜脈侵襲、臨床分期和不良預(yù)后諸多方面增加了惡變的潛能。
1.6 miRNA-142-3p Lin等[30]通過采用基因芯片技術(shù)與實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-142-3p的表達(dá)與食管鱗癌的組織分化相關(guān);Kaplan-Meier分析和對數(shù)秩檢驗(yàn)的結(jié)果顯示,miRNA-142-3p的高表達(dá)與91例食管鱗癌患者中的不良預(yù)后相關(guān),而Cox回歸分析結(jié)果更進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了miRNA-142-3p的高表達(dá)能夠作為食管鱗癌中的一種獨(dú)立預(yù)后因子。此外,腫瘤體積較小、處于Ⅰ/Ⅱ期或淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性的miRNA-142-3p高表達(dá)食管鱗癌患者3年生存率與腫瘤體積較大、已處于Ⅲ期或已發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者3年生存率大致相同。
1.7 miRNA-200 miRNA-200家族包括5個(gè)高度同源的成員(miRNA-141、miRNA-200a、miRNA-200b、miRNA-200c、miRNA-429),近來被認(rèn)為是預(yù)測腫瘤預(yù)后和進(jìn)展的標(biāo)志物,并且還是多種癌組織中調(diào)控上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的關(guān)鍵[31]。Hu等[32]對158例食管癌組織樣本中的miRNA-16-2、miRNA-30e和miRNA-200a的表達(dá)量展開了檢測,Kaplan-Meier分析結(jié)果顯示miRNA-16-2、miRNA-30e、miRNA-126和miRNA-200a的表達(dá)量與119例食管腺癌患者中的短期總體生存期和無病生存期呈顯著相關(guān)。Hamano等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),miRNA-145的低表達(dá)和miRNA-200c的過表達(dá)與接受外科術(shù)前化療的食管癌患者短期生存時(shí)間呈顯著相關(guān),特別是miRNA-200c的表達(dá)量同患者的化療反應(yīng)性呈顯著相關(guān)(臨床效應(yīng)P=0.009、病理反應(yīng)P=0.007),在食管癌細(xì)胞中的下調(diào)可以通過調(diào)節(jié)蛋白質(zhì)磷酸酶2調(diào)節(jié)亞基1B而增加癌細(xì)胞對順鉑的化療敏感性。
此外,Guo等[34]通過對31例食管癌和癌旁組織樣本中miRNA-103/miRNA-107表達(dá)量的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-103/miRNA-107的高表達(dá)與患者的不良生存期有著密切的聯(lián)系。在45例原發(fā)食管癌中,miRNA-199a-3p、miRNA-199a-5p和miRNA-99b的表達(dá)也與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移與否有著聯(lián)系[35]。在排除淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和治療的影響后,食管腺癌患者癌組織中miRNA-223的低表達(dá)與食管鱗癌患者非癌組織中miRNA-155、miRNA-146b和miRNA-181b的高表達(dá)同患者不良預(yù)后也密切相關(guān)[19]。
盡管絕大多數(shù)miRNAs存在于細(xì)胞內(nèi),細(xì)胞外尤其是體液中仍然存在一定數(shù)量的miRNAs,這些循環(huán)miRNAs在不同體液中表達(dá)譜不同,但其種類與含量卻相對穩(wěn)定。理想的腫瘤生物標(biāo)志物提倡獲取方式的非侵入性和簡便性,對活檢樣本中miRNAs表達(dá)量的分析可能會受到選擇偏倚以及侵入性的影響,而血漿或血清中的miRNAs分子不僅非常穩(wěn)定,而且其表達(dá)水平的定量化具有較低的侵入性,也更為簡單,還能監(jiān)視腫瘤血流動力學(xué)的變化[36],故近來是腫瘤形成和演進(jìn)相關(guān)標(biāo)志物的研究熱點(diǎn)。
2.1 血清miRNA-200c Tanaka等[37]通過實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù),對64例接受輔助化療的食管鱗癌患者和27名健康志愿者的血清中miRNA-21、miRNA-145、miRNA-200c和let-7c水平進(jìn)行檢測,食管癌患者血清中這5種miRNAs的水平要明顯高于健康志愿者。miRNA-200c的高表達(dá)與患者的短期無進(jìn)展生存期和對化療的不良反應(yīng)呈顯著相關(guān),在32例具有高水平血清miRNA-200c的患者中有15例(46.9%)顯示出對化療的良好反應(yīng),而在32例具有低水平血清miRNA-200c的患者中有24例(占75.0%)表達(dá)出了對化療的良好反應(yīng);miRNA-21、miRNA-145和let-7c的表達(dá)與患者的預(yù)后之間沒有顯著關(guān)系。
2.2 血清miRNA-1246 體外研究表明,循環(huán)miRNA-1246與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖、遷移以及管腔形成相關(guān),可能于腫瘤血管形成有關(guān),還可能通過下調(diào)細(xì)胞黏附分子而調(diào)控瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[38]。Takeshita等[39]對101例食管鱗癌患者和46名對照組的健康人血清miRNA-1246水平進(jìn)行檢測,T1、T2期患者的血清miRNA-1246的表達(dá)水平明顯低于T3、T4期患者,而且血清miRNA-1246與患者的腫瘤臨床分期顯著相關(guān),也能夠作為患者不良生存期的強(qiáng)獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比=4.032、P=0.017);血清miRNA-1246較低表達(dá)患者的2年總體生存率為77.3%,而高表達(dá)患者則為21.7%。
2.3 血清miRNA-31 Zhang等[40]采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù),對45例食管鱗癌樣本和523例血清樣本中miRNA-31表達(dá)量進(jìn)行研究,77.8%的食管鱗癌組織樣本中miRNA-31表達(dá)上調(diào),而具有高水平血清miRNA-31的食管鱗癌患者在無復(fù)發(fā)生存期和腫瘤相關(guān)生存期方面都表現(xiàn)出一種更為惡性的預(yù)后。且體外實(shí)驗(yàn)也表明,miRNA-31能夠促進(jìn)食管鱗癌細(xì)胞集落形成、遷移和侵襲,還能靶向調(diào)節(jié)上皮膜蛋白1、凋亡相關(guān)因子激酶抑制因子2和G蛋白信號調(diào)節(jié)蛋白4等抑癌基因[40]。這些都表明了miRNA-31作為診斷和預(yù)后標(biāo)志物的潛能。
2.4 血漿miRNA-21和miRNA-375 miRNA-21和miRNA-375在食管鱗癌組織中高表達(dá)或低表達(dá)[41-42]。血漿中具有高miRNA-21濃聚物和低miRNA-375濃聚物的患者較其他患者有著更加不良的預(yù)后[43]。有著高血漿miRNA-21濃聚物的食管鱗癌患者顯示出一種侵襲血管的趨勢[44]。Li等[36]通過實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)38例食管鱗癌患者中miRNA-16、miRNA-21、miRNA-185和miRNA-375的表達(dá)量明顯高于對照組的19名健康者樣本,Kaplan-Meier分析顯示,食管鱗癌患者血漿中miRNA-16與miRNA-21的高表達(dá)與短期的無病生存期(分別為P=0.031和P=0.038)和總體生存期(分別為P=0.022和P=0.041)顯著相關(guān)。miRNA-16與miRNA-21不僅有作為食管鱗癌特異診斷標(biāo)志物的潛能,還可以對患者的不良生存狀況進(jìn)行預(yù)測。
目前食管癌總的5年生存率僅為15%~25%,所以對能判斷預(yù)后的新型標(biāo)志物的需要也就顯得極為迫切。因?yàn)閙iRNAs具有較小的相對分子質(zhì)量和多靶點(diǎn)調(diào)節(jié)的能力,所以它在癌癥預(yù)后的臨床應(yīng)用方面明顯優(yōu)于蛋白質(zhì)[45]。癌組織中異常表達(dá)的miRNAs將非常有助于預(yù)測食管癌患者的預(yù)后。因?yàn)檠寤蜓獫{中miRNAs水平與年齡、性別無關(guān),所以循環(huán)miRNAs也可以作為有價(jià)值的生物標(biāo)志物[46]。
miRNAs的研究是癌癥領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)熱門,今后研究應(yīng)在2個(gè)方面開展。第一,對新型食管癌預(yù)后相關(guān)miRNAs的鑒別。miRNAs表達(dá)譜以及miRNAs的單核苷酸多態(tài)性和突變特點(diǎn)有助于候選miRNAs標(biāo)志物的鑒別,比較基因組學(xué)的發(fā)展也會有助于循環(huán)miRNAs的定量化,未來的臨床試驗(yàn)和轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)研究應(yīng)當(dāng)來評估血液中的預(yù)后相關(guān)miRNAs能否預(yù)測患者對傳統(tǒng)化療的反應(yīng)。第二,對食管癌候選標(biāo)志物miRNAs功能與作用機(jī)制的鑒別。miRNAs對癌癥發(fā)展的調(diào)節(jié)牽涉到多種復(fù)雜機(jī)制,預(yù)后相關(guān)miRNAs的靶基因可能也會是多種多樣的。迄今,人們對食管癌中miRNAs功能、機(jī)制和循環(huán)miRNAs影響腫瘤演進(jìn)、化療敏感性的理解仍處于早期階段。相信有關(guān)miRNAs正常表達(dá)量和食管癌預(yù)后之間分子功能的研究會得到進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識。
而在發(fā)展臨床試驗(yàn)方面,應(yīng)當(dāng)注意在將miRNAs作為標(biāo)志物運(yùn)用于臨床之前,現(xiàn)有的食管癌患者低存活率相關(guān)特異性miRNAs表達(dá)方面的研究還要在大樣本人群中被證實(shí)。在腫瘤患者組織和血液中,miRNA-21和miRNA-200c的表達(dá)量都與食管癌患者預(yù)后顯著相關(guān),有聯(lián)合用于制造預(yù)測患者生存狀況試劑盒的潛能。相信隨著認(rèn)識的深入和工具的發(fā)展,將會很快看到miRNAs在臨床應(yīng)用方面的巨大進(jìn)展。
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Prognosis-related microRNAs in esophageal cancer
ZHOU Xin1,CAO Bo1,HONG Liu2
(1.The First Student Brigade,the Fourth Military Medical University,Xi’an Shanxi 710032,China;2.Department of A Gastroenterology,Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases,the Fourth Military Medical University,Xi’an Shanxi 710032,China)
Despite improvements in detection,surgical resection and adjuvant therapy,the prognosis of esophageal cancer(EC)patients is dismal.A number of microRNAs(miRNAs)are related with the prognosis of EC.This review summarizes the recent advances in prognosis related miRNAs in EC and further envisages future developments in the potential clinical applications of these miRNAs. Altered miRNAs expression of cancer tissues is useful for predicting the prognosis of EC patients.Individual circulating miRNAs have the potential to be used as novel biomarkers.More clinical trials should be performed to promote the clinical use of prognosis-related miRNAs.
Biomarker;Esophageal cancer(EC);microRNA(miRNAs);Prognosis;Survival
R735.1
A
2095-3097(2015)06-0360-05
10.3969/j.issn.2095-3097.2015.06.012
2015-11-10 本文編輯:徐海琴)
710032陜西西安,第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)員一旅(周 鑫,曹博),西京消化病醫(yī)院消化一科(洪 流)
洪 流,E-mail:hongliu180@126.com
[注 明]周 鑫,曹 博:并列第一作者