沈建良,韓 穎,黃友章
造血干細(xì)胞低溫保存與復(fù)溫操作規(guī)程(討論稿)
沈建良,韓 穎,黃友章
低溫保存造血干細(xì)胞的效果受諸多因素的影響,如溫度、降溫速率、細(xì)胞含量、低溫保護(hù)劑、解凍復(fù)溫過程、保存時間以及檢測指標(biāo),由于各研究中心之間所用方法存在一定差異,導(dǎo)致結(jié)果可比性差,循證力度較弱。因此至今為止,國內(nèi)尚無相關(guān)操作指南,國外也只有歐洲的國際細(xì)胞治療學(xué)會和血液及骨髓移植組聯(lián)合認(rèn)證委員會指南。作者結(jié)合自身多年血細(xì)胞低溫保存工作經(jīng)驗和各種文獻(xiàn),起草了適用于醫(yī)院小型低溫保存庫的操作規(guī)程,供同行參考,并期待大家批評指正。
造血干細(xì)胞;低溫保存;復(fù)溫
低溫保存造血干細(xì)胞并應(yīng)用于臨床治療已有數(shù)十年歷史,證明安全、可行。但至今為止,各中心執(zhí)行的操作方法差異較大,國外只有歐洲的國際細(xì)胞治療學(xué)會和血液及骨髓移植組聯(lián)合認(rèn)證委員會指南,國內(nèi)尚無統(tǒng)一的操作指南或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。導(dǎo)致這種狀況的原因是,在整個低溫保存過程中,諸多因素影響保存效果,各研究中心之間所用方法有所差異,研究結(jié)果可比性較差,循證力度較弱。其主要表現(xiàn)在:①保存溫度。20世紀(jì)80年代傾向于-196℃,90年代傾向于-80℃[1-9]。眾多研究認(rèn)為,-196~-80℃是低溫保存的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫度[10-12]。②降溫速率。長期以來一直將程控降溫作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但大量的研究表明,非程控降溫安全、簡便,結(jié)果與程控降溫可比[2,5-6,13-14]。不僅適用于來源于骨髓和外周血的干細(xì)胞[10,15],也適用于臍血干細(xì)胞[16-17]。但也有研究表明,細(xì)胞活力上兩者無差異,粒細(xì)胞-巨噬細(xì)胞集落形成單位(colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage,CFU-GM)檢測結(jié)果不如程控降溫方法[7]。③細(xì)胞含量。早期強(qiáng)調(diào)有核細(xì)胞含量不超過2×107/mL[4,18]。1994年Rowley等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),5.6×108/mL的細(xì)胞含量也能很好耐受。以后的其他研究也得出相似的結(jié)論[20]。目前推薦的細(xì)胞含量為2×108/mL[19]。④低溫保護(hù)劑。1959年二甲基亞砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)首次被用作低溫保護(hù)劑,此后一直被作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的低溫保護(hù)劑,通常為10%[1-2,6]。然而,臨床實踐中發(fā)現(xiàn),部分患者輸注后出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐、腹痛等不良反應(yīng)[21],還有患者出現(xiàn)心血管、呼吸、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及腎臟、肝臟、溶血毒性表現(xiàn),甚至有死亡病例報道。后來的研究表明,2.2%~6.0%的DMSO也有效[2-3,5,22-24],2.2%~6.0%DMSO聯(lián)合細(xì)胞外保護(hù)劑羥乙基淀粉(hydroxyethyl starch,HES)可以更有效地保存細(xì)胞[5-6,25],也能明顯降低>6.0%DMSO帶來的不良反應(yīng)。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),丙烯乙二醇、維生素Eα、過氧化氫酶和抗壞血酸的聯(lián)合物以及海藻糖均可作為細(xì)胞內(nèi)和細(xì)胞外的保護(hù)劑[26-28]。⑤解凍(復(fù)溫)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解凍方法是37℃水浴箱加溫,使所有冰晶均消失為止[6]。但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在0、20、37℃下解凍20 min,結(jié)果無差異[29]。目前也有用干加熱設(shè)備進(jìn)行解凍的報道[30]。⑥洗滌。解凍后洗滌去除DMSO是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做法[12,27],現(xiàn)有的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)洗滌方法是紐約血液中心的2步稀釋方案[12]。解凍后通過洗滌或稀釋來降低DMSO的含量已得到廣泛應(yīng)用[21-22]。但也有研究報道,造血干細(xì)胞對 DMSO有抵抗性,不需洗滌[6]。國內(nèi)大多數(shù)單位也未進(jìn)行洗滌[31],因為洗滌過程不可避免會損失部分干細(xì)胞[32]。⑦保存時間。低溫保存干細(xì)胞的確切時間至今仍不清楚。低溫保存早期,紅系爆式集落形成單位(burst-forming unit-erythroid,BFU-E)、CFU-GM就有損傷,但總有核細(xì)胞和CD34+細(xì)胞以及在非肥胖型糖尿病/重癥聯(lián)合免疫缺陷病(non-obesity diabetes/severe combined immunedeficiency disease,NOD/SCID)小鼠中的植入能力可保持較長時間[1-2,5,7-8,25,33],臍血干細(xì)胞也觀察到類似現(xiàn)象[11,27,29,34]。用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)和克隆形成方法證實干細(xì)胞保存 12年甚至15年是可行的[35-36],用NOD/SCID小鼠移植方法證實,凍存15年的臍血仍保持造血功能。海軍總醫(yī)院血液科保存25年的骨髓仍能擴(kuò)增出正常的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞[37]。在臨床上保存7年的骨髓用于臨床移植獲得成功[17],也有報道保存8年[33]、11年[4]、21年[38]后成功移植的病例。Galmes等[39]報道,-80℃下保存的造血干細(xì)胞,單個核細(xì)胞活力與CFU-GM、BFU-E的回收率進(jìn)行性下降,至24個月時降至0,長期保存組移植后造血重建速度較短期保存組慢,因此不推薦在5% DMSO、-80℃下保存時間超過6個月。但也有研究表明,5%DMSO聯(lián)合6%HES、-80℃保存5~18個月,仍有92%的有核細(xì)胞回收率和88%的細(xì)胞活力[40]。⑧細(xì)胞功能的檢測。移植前檢測低溫保存的造血干細(xì)胞功能最有價值的方法是在NOD/SCID小鼠進(jìn)行移植[41-42],但在臨床上該項目作為常規(guī)開展還有困難,目前仍以有核細(xì)胞形態(tài)、計數(shù)、臺盼藍(lán)拒染率、CD34+細(xì)胞計數(shù)、造血干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)為主要檢測方法[43]。
為了在今后對我國低溫保存工作進(jìn)行規(guī)范創(chuàng)造條件,作者結(jié)合自身多年血細(xì)胞低溫保存工作經(jīng)驗和各種文獻(xiàn),起草了適用于醫(yī)院小型低溫保存庫的操作規(guī)程,供同行參考,并期待大家批評指正。
造血干細(xì)胞(包括骨髓血、外周血和臍帶血來源)為有核細(xì)胞,對有核細(xì)胞的低溫保存與復(fù)蘇,基本原則是細(xì)胞中加入低溫保護(hù)劑,緩慢降溫、快速復(fù)溫(慢凍快融)。低溫保護(hù)劑多采用DMSO加白蛋白或DMSO加HES和白蛋白,這些物質(zhì)能提高細(xì)胞膜對水的通透性,加上緩慢冷凍可使細(xì)胞內(nèi)的水分滲出細(xì)胞外,減少細(xì)胞內(nèi)冰晶的形成,從而減少由于冰晶形成造成的細(xì)胞損傷。程控降溫時降溫速率要求:4~-30℃,1~2℃/min;-30~-80℃,3~10℃/ min;此后直接移入-196℃液氮中保存。非程控降溫2步法:第1步,樣本從4℃冰箱直接移入-80℃冰箱內(nèi)(至少24 h、降溫速率<1.0℃/min);第2步,至少24 h后,將樣本從-80℃冰箱移入液氮中。若保存時間預(yù)計在6個月內(nèi),也可在-80℃冰箱中保存(不移入液氮中);但若需長期保存(6個月以上),則建議從-80℃冰箱移入-196℃液氮中長期保存。細(xì)胞復(fù)溫應(yīng)采用快速融化的方法(37~40℃水浴箱),這樣可以保證細(xì)胞外結(jié)晶在很短的時間內(nèi)融化,避免由于緩慢融化使水分滲入細(xì)胞內(nèi)形成胞內(nèi)再結(jié)晶對細(xì)胞造成損傷。
潔凈工作臺(千級);
細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)儀器設(shè)備;
二甲基亞砜(分析純,推薦英、美產(chǎn)品);
人血白蛋白;
磷酸鹽緩沖液(pH 7.25~7.35);
低溫離心機(jī)(4℃);
電子秤(精確到0.01 g);
血漿擠壓器;
近年來,煙臺市接連實施三年荒山綠化、三年水系綠化、森林城市美麗煙臺建設(shè)等重點(diǎn)工程,林業(yè)生態(tài)建設(shè)邁出穩(wěn)健步伐。今年1月,市政府召開會議,印發(fā)《國土綠化提升三年攻堅行動實施方案》,在全市啟動實施國土綠化提升三年攻堅行動,明確至2020年,完成造林和生態(tài)修復(fù)32萬畝、森林撫育60萬畝,森林覆蓋率達(dá)到38%。市林業(yè)局組織各縣市區(qū)林業(yè)部門制定《國土綠化提升三年攻堅行動總體規(guī)劃(2018-2020)》和年度計劃,將任務(wù)分解落實到鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)村莊。截至目前,全市完成造林11.68萬畝、森林撫育20萬畝,分別占省廳下達(dá)年度計劃的124%和100%,推動森林資源總量和質(zhì)量實現(xiàn)全面提升。
注射器推動器;
條碼機(jī);
高頻熱合儀;
冰箱(4℃);
采血袋;
冰塊冰凍袋;
低溫保存袋(耐-196℃低溫);
低溫保存樣本盒(材質(zhì)泡沫塑料,2 cm厚,用前置4℃冰箱);
液氮保存夾;
防凍手套;
倒置相差顯微鏡;
超低溫冰箱(-80℃)或程控降溫儀;
液氮容器;
恒溫水浴(35~40℃)振蕩器。
使用前將無菌培養(yǎng)室內(nèi)桌面、地面用消毒液擦拭;潔凈工作臺(千級)及無菌培養(yǎng)室用紫外線燈照射消毒30 min;潔凈工作臺內(nèi)空氣細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)結(jié)果應(yīng)符合無菌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
(1)低溫保護(hù)劑配制:①DMSO-HES低溫保護(hù)劑配制為DMSO 0.1 L、12%HES 0.5 L(用磷酸鹽緩沖液配制)、20%人血白蛋白0.32 L、磷酸鹽緩沖液0.18 L。②DMSO 0.2 L、20%人血白蛋白0.4 L、磷酸鹽緩沖液0.40 L。
低溫保護(hù)劑配方有多種,推薦使用第1種,臨用前配制,置4℃冰箱待用。
(2)將收集的造血干細(xì)胞置4℃冰箱30 min。骨髓血和臍帶血造血干細(xì)胞樣本體積大,有核細(xì)胞含量也低;當(dāng)體積>100 mL,有核細(xì)胞低于10×109/L時,需對細(xì)胞體積和有核細(xì)胞進(jìn)行適當(dāng)濃聚。機(jī)器收集的外周血造血干細(xì)胞往往體積小,有核細(xì)胞含量高(如美國Bexter,CS3000-Plus血細(xì)胞分離機(jī)分離收集的外周血造血干細(xì)胞,體積常約為55 mL,有核細(xì)胞可達(dá)600×109/L),則需要適當(dāng)稀釋。低溫保存時最大有核細(xì)胞可為200×109/L。
骨髓血和臍帶血濃聚:骨髓血體積常有800~1 200 mL,而臍帶血體積常有150~200 mL。濃縮體積和細(xì)胞的方法是將骨髓血或臍帶血樣本注入采血袋,用熱合器熱合所有管道,放入4℃低溫離心機(jī)中,400 g離心10 min,用血漿擠壓器,去上清(濃縮體積,骨髓血至300 mL左右、臍帶血至80 mL左右,1 mL約等于1 g),置4℃冰箱待用。
(3)在潔凈工作臺內(nèi)(室溫<25℃),將等量低溫保護(hù)劑緩慢加入造血干細(xì)胞懸液內(nèi),用熱合器剪斷所有管道。
加低溫保護(hù)劑的方法有人工加樣或自動加樣(自動加樣器)。
人工加樣方法:①取出低溫保護(hù)劑,將低溫保護(hù)劑抽入注射器,并在注射器上連上頭皮針,排出空氣。②取出冰塊冰凍袋,將其放在搖床上固定,移入潔凈工作臺內(nèi)。③將裝有造血干細(xì)胞的袋平放于冰塊冰凍袋上,消毒造血干細(xì)胞袋的袋口邊連接處,將上述連有低溫保護(hù)劑的頭皮針插入造血干細(xì)胞袋連接處,緩慢將低溫保護(hù)劑注入造血干細(xì)胞中(時間約15 min左右),充分混勻。
(4)將含低溫保護(hù)劑的造血干細(xì)胞分裝于低溫保存袋內(nèi),每袋50~55 mL,小心排出袋內(nèi)所有氣泡,用高頻熱合儀封口,貼上條碼。條碼信息包括姓名、性別、年齡、住院號、樣本類型、保存日期,操作者簽名。置于4℃冰箱的樣本盒內(nèi)30 min。
(5)將低溫保存袋(含低溫保護(hù)劑的造血干細(xì)胞保存袋)移入程控降溫儀內(nèi)進(jìn)行程序降溫,或?qū)⒌蜏乇4娲糜跇颖竞袃?nèi),再將樣本盒置于-80℃冰箱內(nèi)進(jìn)行非程控降溫。
(1)從-80℃冰箱或-196℃液氮中取出需要復(fù)溫的造血干細(xì)胞保存袋并核對條形碼。
(2)迅速將其投入40℃水浴中,不時搖動,盡量使樣本在水浴中均勻受熱,當(dāng)袋內(nèi)無有形冰并為液態(tài)(內(nèi)部溫度約4℃)時取出。
(3)DMSO去除法。無菌條件下,將含2.5%人血白蛋白的5%右旋糖酐40溶液推注入解凍后的低溫保存袋內(nèi),在4~10℃溫度下離心10 min,去除上清。如此重復(fù)1~2次,最后用上述溶液稀釋造血干細(xì)胞懸液至原有體積。洗滌時加液量比例:若DMSO為10%,加入造血干細(xì)胞懸液容量的2倍量溶液進(jìn)行離心;若DMSO為5%或以下,加入等量溶液進(jìn)行離心。有報道,1次洗滌可使DMSO含量下降到原來的1/6[44]。
(4)也可不洗滌直接應(yīng)用。無菌條件下,用50 mL注射器抽出含低溫保護(hù)劑的造血干細(xì)胞,并給受者進(jìn)行靜脈推注,也可直接將保存袋內(nèi)細(xì)胞輸注給受者。
(5)細(xì)胞復(fù)溫后或洗滌后至靜脈推注或輸注入患者體內(nèi)的時間盡量在20 min內(nèi)完成;如果含有塊狀物,用孔徑約40 μm的濾器過濾,但濾器孔徑不能太小,以避免造血干細(xì)胞損失。注意避光并觀察患者是否有不良反應(yīng)。
(6)檢測項目包括細(xì)胞涂片形態(tài)分析、細(xì)胞計數(shù)、臺盼藍(lán)活體染色、CD34+細(xì)胞計數(shù)、微生物(細(xì)菌和真菌)培養(yǎng)、造血干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)。
(7)填寫實驗報告。
(1)各種器材和試劑均應(yīng)購于符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、有相關(guān)批文的企業(yè),標(biāo)有生產(chǎn)廠家、名稱、出廠日期、生產(chǎn)批準(zhǔn)文號及有效期。
(2)每一步工作,包括離心、擠壓、血漿去除、標(biāo)志和冰凍都應(yīng)盡量快和就近而無菌操作。每一步驟均應(yīng)有2人或2人以上進(jìn)行操作,并核對條形碼編號。每步實驗都有操作者及復(fù)核者的簽名。
(3)每年至少1次質(zhì)量檢查,確保造血干細(xì)胞活性與分化能力。
(4)實驗室、冰箱、儲存罐有實時的溫濕度監(jiān)控與報警系統(tǒng)(采用電話、電郵方式)。
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Protocol for cryopreservation and thawing of hematopoietic stem cells(for discussion)
SHEN Jianliang1,HAN Ying2,HUANG Youzhang1
(1.Department of Hematology,Navy General Hospital,Beijing 100048,China;2.Beijing Institute of Blood Transfusion,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing 100039,China)
The efficacy of cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells was influenced by a lot of factors,such as temperature,cooling rate,cell concentration,cryopreservative,thawing procedure,preserved period and measurement of cell functionalities.There were some differences in technology and methodology between research centers in the world,so the results from their publications could be poorly compared with each other and had a weak potency in evidence-based medicine.Except for the established protocol for cryostorage of mobilized peripheral blood(MPB)hematopoietic stem cells/hematopoietic progenitor cells(HSC/HPC)and bone marrow(BM)HSC/HPC in Joint Accreditation Committee of International Stem Cell Transplantation(ISCT)Europe and European Bone Marrow Transplantation(EBMT)(JACIE)guidelines,there was no guideline in China and the world.With the help of our experiences(for many years in cryomedical field)and related literatures we have drawn up this protocol for cryopreservation and thawing of hematopoietic stem cells suited for petty bank in hospital.Any comments or revisions will be welcome.
Hematopoietic stem cells;Cryopreservation;Thawing
R329
A
2095-3097(2015)05-0316-05
10.3969/j.issn.2095-3097.2015.05.017
2014-08-25 本文編輯:張在文)
100048北京,海軍總醫(yī)院血液科(沈建良,黃友章);100039北京,軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京輸血研究所(韓 穎)