游釩等
摘 要 采用雙三元液相色譜系統(tǒng)結合熒光檢測器,建立了在線固相萃取液相色譜法同時測定人尿液中7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的方法。目標化合物首先在Turboflow Cyclone固相萃取柱上在線富集濃縮,然后通過六通閥轉移至Hypersil Green PAH色譜柱,以乙腈水為流動相進行梯度洗脫分離,流速1.0 mL/min,柱溫30 ℃,熒光檢測器檢測,分離周期為20 min。在優(yōu)化的色譜條件下,5~2000 ng/L或50~20000 ng/L范圍內,7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物均呈良好的線性關系(r≥0.999),方法檢出限為0.5~15 ng/L,加標回收率為80.7%~110.7%。應用本方法對吸煙和非吸煙人群尿液中7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的含量進行了測定,吸煙者尿液中的2羥基萘、1羥基萘、2羥基菲、2羥基芴、4羥基菲、6羥基顯著高于非吸煙者。
1 引 言
多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs) 是人類最早發(fā)現的一類環(huán)境有機致癌化合物[1,2]。PAHs廣泛存在于空氣顆粒物和煙熏燒烤類食品中。另外,香煙煙霧中也含有高濃度的PAHs。PAHs 種類繁多、在環(huán)境中分布廣,主要通過呼吸道、消化道和皮膚進入人體,經體內代謝轉化后,生成DNA加合物。所以,PAHs在致癌類化合物中占有相當重要的地位[3]。自20世紀80年代, 許多學者研究人體對PAHs的暴露綜合評價的生物標志物[4]。目前研究最多的接觸生物標志物是尿中的單羥基多環(huán)芳烴(OHPAHs) [5]。高沸點多環(huán)芳烴的代謝產物主要通過糞便排泄(在尿中排泄小于1% ),而且尿中的濃度非常低[6]。因此,尿中常用于生物監(jiān)測的多環(huán)芳烴代謝物主要是芘、萘、菲和等環(huán)數不大于4、由PAHs產生的OHPAHs[5~7]。
尿液中多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的含量極低,且尿液成分較復雜,所含雜質可能對色譜柱造成損害,所以,直接進樣不能滿足分析要求?,F有方法通常采用離線固相萃取減少基質干擾,提高檢測靈敏度,但操作繁瑣費時,重現性不理想,且固相萃取柱多為一次性使用,人力與時間成本高。在線固相萃?。∣nline SPE)是近年發(fā)展起來的一種全自動樣品前處理方式,具有富集純化一步完成、固相萃取柱可多次使用、重現性好、自動化程度高等優(yōu)點,已被應用于食品、環(huán)境、生物等樣品中痕量有機物的檢測[8~10]。
目前,測定OHPAHs 的方法主要有高效液相色譜熒光檢測法(HPLCFLD) [11,12]、氣相色譜質譜法(GCMS)[13~15]、液相色譜質譜法(LCMS)[16~20]。其中,GCMS法需要衍生,操作繁瑣;LCMS法儀器價格昂貴。而HPLCFLD法儀器普及率高,測定OHPAHs不需衍生,結合在線富集技術甚至可獲得比LCMS法更高的靈敏度。本研究利用雙三元液相系統(tǒng),采用基于快速渦流色譜的Turboflow Cyclone固相萃取柱對目標尿樣進行在線富集純化,將大分子雜質提前分離去除,延長了固相萃取柱使用壽命,進一步降低了交叉污染率,而以Hypersil Green PAH專用色譜柱對7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物實現快速分離的方法也未見報道。利用本方法對實際樣品(吸煙者和非吸煙者尿樣)進行了測定。與文獻[11,12,20\]比較,本方法不需經傳統(tǒng)的固相萃取純化、富集及氮吹濃縮過程,樣品經酶解、離心和過濾等操作過程,可直接進樣測定,且方法靈敏度比文獻[11,12\]高(除1羥基萘外,檢出限達ng/L水平),準確度和重現性好,簡單快速(包括固相萃取和色譜分析僅需20 min);在線固相萃取柱可重復使用,柱效高,分離度好,大大簡化了樣品前處理過程,分析成本大為降低,特別適合批量樣品的分析測定。
2 實驗部分
2.1 儀器與試劑
3 結果與討論
3.1 分析柱及色譜條件選擇
文獻[12\]報道,采用普通C18色譜柱和甲醇水系統(tǒng)對羥基多環(huán)芳烴可實現有效分離。本實驗發(fā)現該條件下分離時間為30~40 min,分離效率較低,且經在線固相萃取后,色譜峰形容易發(fā)生拖尾,影響定量分析準確性。優(yōu)化色譜條件后,本實驗最終選擇Hypersil Green PAH柱作為分析柱、乙腈水系統(tǒng)進行梯度洗脫,主要原因是該柱對多環(huán)芳烴類化合物保留較強,可使用乙腈含量較高的流動相初始比例,有利于閥切換時將待測物快速轉移至分析柱,從而抑制色譜峰展寬,提高方法靈敏度。在確定的梯度和流速條件下,考察柱溫(30, 35 和40 ℃)對實驗的影響,結果表明,柱溫對分離的影響較小。從保護色譜柱角度考慮,將柱溫確定為30 ℃。根據熒光掃描光譜結果,結合靈敏度、干擾和基線噪聲確定待測物熒光激發(fā)和發(fā)射波長。在優(yōu)化的色譜條件下,單樣品分析周期僅為20 min,所有待測物12 min內可實現完全分離。
3.2 樣品溶劑選擇
先后使用不同濃度甲醇水溶液(0~50%)作為溶劑稀釋樣品和標準溶液,結果表明,極性相對較小的1羥基芘和6羥基受溶劑組成影響較大。隨著溶劑中甲醇比例增加(0~40%),方法回收率由30%~50%提高至90%~110%,并趨于穩(wěn)定,但當溶劑中甲醇比例增加至50%時,極性較大的2羥基萘和1羥基萘在富集過程中可被提前洗脫,回收率由80%~100%下降至60%~80%,兼顧不同極性待測物,最終選擇40%甲醇作為樣品和標準溶液的溶劑。
3.3 酶解條件選擇
PAHs在人體內代謝為OHPAHs后在酶的作用下與葡萄糖醛酸或磺?;Y合,以結合態(tài)從尿液排出。因此要測定OHPAHs前,需先將尿樣酶解。綜合參考文獻[11\]和[20\]的酶解條件,采用混合水解酶對尿樣進行酶解。每個樣品相當于加入3000 U β葡萄糖苷酸酶和70 U芳基硫酸酯酶。
3.4 固相萃取柱選擇
分別以Accucore Defender C18柱、Acclaim PAII柱和TurboFlow Cyclone柱為固相萃取柱,考察其對樣品的在線富集能力。結果表明,在優(yōu)化洗脫條件下,待測物均可實現100%保留。但使用前兩種小柱時,分析柱的柱壓在進樣2~5次后快速上升,其原因可能是樣品進樣量較大,為獲得良好的色譜峰形,在線轉移采用反沖固相萃取柱的方式,導致樣品中被固相萃取柱保留的大分子物質等雜質在多次進樣后堆積于分析柱前端,引起柱壓上升;選擇TurboFlow Cyclone柱后,實際進樣50次時,其分析柱柱壓和分離效果均無明顯變化,主要是由于該富集柱采用表面多孔大粒徑鍵合相為填料,富集過程中高速通過的流動相在柱內形成渦流,使大分子物質快速洗脫,與小分子有機物實現有效分離,不但降低了基質干擾,同時也延長了色譜柱的使用壽命。
3.5 方法線性范圍、相關系數、檢出限及精密度
4 結 論
本研究建立了在線固相萃取高效液相色譜熒光檢測法同時測定人尿液中7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的方法,生物樣品經酶解離心過濾后即可直接進樣,自動實現蛋白和部分雜質的去除以及目標化合物的富集,有效降低了基質干擾,增強了方法靈敏度,可用于人尿液中多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的高通量篩查和測定。
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丁昌明, 金銀龍, 林少彬. 分析化學, 2012, 40(3): 397-402
Simultaneous Determination of Seven Metabolites of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine by Online Solid Phase
ExtractionHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography
YOU Fan1,2, ZHU Lan2, HE Ling2, RAN LiangJi3, JIN Yan3, SUN ChengJun*1
1(West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)
2(Sichuan Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China)
3(Thermofisher Scientific (China) Corporation, Shanghai 201203, China)
Abstract A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of seven metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in human urine was developed using online solid phase extractionHPLC with double ternary liquid chromatography system combined with fluorescence detector. The target compounds were online concentrated on the Turboflow Cyclone solid phase extraction column at first, then transferred by the sixway valve to the Hypersil Green PAH column for separation with acetonitrile and water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at 35 ℃. A single sample analysis cycle took only 20 min. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the method showed good linear relationship (r≥0.999) in the range of 5-2000 ng/L or 50-20000 ng/L. The LODs were 0.5-15 ng/L, and the recoveries were 80.7%-110.7%. The proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from several smokers and nonsmokers. The concentrations of 2hydroxynaphthalene, 1hydroxynaphthalene, 2hydroxyfluorene, 2hydroxyphenanthrene, 4hydroxyphenanthrene and 6hydroxychrysene in the smokers urine were much higher than that in nonsmokers.
Keywords Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Metabolites; Human urine; Solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography
(Received 31 August 2014; accepted 23 October 2014)
18 ZHAO HengQiang, CHEN JunHui, CHENG HongYan, ZHANG DaoLai, SHI Qian, WANG XiaoRu. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603
趙恒強, 陳軍輝, 程紅艷, 張道來, 史 倩, 王小如. 分析化學, 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603
19 Xu X, Zhang J F, Zhang L, Liu W L, Weisel C P. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2004, 18(19): 2299-2308
20 DING ChangMing, JIN YinLong, LIN ShaoBin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2012, 40(3): 397-402
丁昌明, 金銀龍, 林少彬. 分析化學, 2012, 40(3): 397-402
Simultaneous Determination of Seven Metabolites of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine by Online Solid Phase
ExtractionHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography
YOU Fan1,2, ZHU Lan2, HE Ling2, RAN LiangJi3, JIN Yan3, SUN ChengJun*1
1(West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)
2(Sichuan Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China)
3(Thermofisher Scientific (China) Corporation, Shanghai 201203, China)
Abstract A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of seven metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in human urine was developed using online solid phase extractionHPLC with double ternary liquid chromatography system combined with fluorescence detector. The target compounds were online concentrated on the Turboflow Cyclone solid phase extraction column at first, then transferred by the sixway valve to the Hypersil Green PAH column for separation with acetonitrile and water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at 35 ℃. A single sample analysis cycle took only 20 min. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the method showed good linear relationship (r≥0.999) in the range of 5-2000 ng/L or 50-20000 ng/L. The LODs were 0.5-15 ng/L, and the recoveries were 80.7%-110.7%. The proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from several smokers and nonsmokers. The concentrations of 2hydroxynaphthalene, 1hydroxynaphthalene, 2hydroxyfluorene, 2hydroxyphenanthrene, 4hydroxyphenanthrene and 6hydroxychrysene in the smokers urine were much higher than that in nonsmokers.
Keywords Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Metabolites; Human urine; Solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography
(Received 31 August 2014; accepted 23 October 2014)
18 ZHAO HengQiang, CHEN JunHui, CHENG HongYan, ZHANG DaoLai, SHI Qian, WANG XiaoRu. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603
趙恒強, 陳軍輝, 程紅艷, 張道來, 史 倩, 王小如. 分析化學, 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603
19 Xu X, Zhang J F, Zhang L, Liu W L, Weisel C P. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2004, 18(19): 2299-2308
20 DING ChangMing, JIN YinLong, LIN ShaoBin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2012, 40(3): 397-402
丁昌明, 金銀龍, 林少彬. 分析化學, 2012, 40(3): 397-402
Simultaneous Determination of Seven Metabolites of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine by Online Solid Phase
ExtractionHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography
YOU Fan1,2, ZHU Lan2, HE Ling2, RAN LiangJi3, JIN Yan3, SUN ChengJun*1
1(West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)
2(Sichuan Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China)
3(Thermofisher Scientific (China) Corporation, Shanghai 201203, China)
Abstract A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of seven metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in human urine was developed using online solid phase extractionHPLC with double ternary liquid chromatography system combined with fluorescence detector. The target compounds were online concentrated on the Turboflow Cyclone solid phase extraction column at first, then transferred by the sixway valve to the Hypersil Green PAH column for separation with acetonitrile and water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at 35 ℃. A single sample analysis cycle took only 20 min. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the method showed good linear relationship (r≥0.999) in the range of 5-2000 ng/L or 50-20000 ng/L. The LODs were 0.5-15 ng/L, and the recoveries were 80.7%-110.7%. The proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from several smokers and nonsmokers. The concentrations of 2hydroxynaphthalene, 1hydroxynaphthalene, 2hydroxyfluorene, 2hydroxyphenanthrene, 4hydroxyphenanthrene and 6hydroxychrysene in the smokers urine were much higher than that in nonsmokers.
Keywords Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Metabolites; Human urine; Solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography
(Received 31 August 2014; accepted 23 October 2014)