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陽(yáng)離子交換在線固相萃取/液相色譜—串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法檢測(cè)牛奶中14種磺胺藥物殘留

2014-12-18 09:28顧欣等
分析化學(xué) 2014年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:陽(yáng)離子化合物凈化

顧欣等

摘 要 建立了陽(yáng)離子交換模式在線固相萃取液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法檢測(cè)牛奶中14種磺胺藥物方法。取5 g樣品用15 mL乙腈提取和除蛋白,提取液于50 ℃氮?dú)獯蹈珊?,?.00 mL 0.2%甲酸溶解,溶解液通過(guò)雙三元液相色譜用陽(yáng)離子在線固相萃取柱在線富集凈化,2%氨水甲醇/0.2%甲酸(50∶50,V/V)洗脫。然后轉(zhuǎn)移至C18色譜柱上進(jìn)行分離,再用串聯(lián)四級(jí)桿質(zhì)譜檢測(cè)。結(jié)果表明,14種磺胺類藥物在0.1~10 μg/kg含量范圍內(nèi)線性良好(r≥0.999);方法的檢出限為0.05 μg/kg,定量限為0.1 μg/kg;方法回收率在60%~90%范圍內(nèi),批內(nèi)和批間相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差都小于10%。本方法較傳統(tǒng)固相萃取柱凈化法更簡(jiǎn)捷、經(jīng)濟(jì)和穩(wěn)定。

1 引 言

固相萃?。⊿olid phase extraction, SPE)利用固體吸附劑吸附液體樣品中的目標(biāo)化合物,與樣品的基體和干擾化合物分離,然后再用洗脫液洗脫,達(dá)到分離和富集目標(biāo)化合物的目的。樣品中目標(biāo)物質(zhì)的分離和富集是色譜分析中必不可少的一部分,因此固相萃取技術(shù)作為一種傳統(tǒng)的前處理手段已被廣泛應(yīng)用于色譜分析的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。常用的固相萃取主要有分散相固相萃取和填料柱固相萃取這兩種方式[1~4],通過(guò)這些手段可以達(dá)到去除試樣中的干擾物質(zhì),使痕量組分得到富集便于檢測(cè)和分離,保護(hù)色譜分析柱等目的。然而,傳統(tǒng)離線固相萃取常需繁瑣的手工操作才能完成,比色譜分離和數(shù)據(jù)處理等花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間。近年來(lái),隨著液相色譜儀技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,儀器的自動(dòng)化程度越來(lái)越高,樣品的前處理技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化成為了一種新趨勢(shì)。在線固相萃取技術(shù)傳統(tǒng)填料柱固相萃取和分散相固相萃取相比具有節(jié)省人力和耗材,提高前處理穩(wěn)定性和縮短檢測(cè)時(shí)間的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

磺胺類藥物是具有對(duì)氨基苯磺酰胺結(jié)構(gòu)的一類廣譜抗菌藥物的總稱,獸醫(yī)臨床和畜牧養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中被廣泛應(yīng)用于預(yù)防和治療細(xì)菌感染性疾病[11,12]。但是磺胺藥會(huì)引起人過(guò)敏性反應(yīng),且可能有致癌性,其不合理使用使其在動(dòng)物性食品中殘留, 引起生態(tài)環(huán)境污染,危害人類健康。針對(duì)該情況開發(fā)了各類檢測(cè)方法,其中較為常見的有酶聯(lián)免疫法,HPLC法和UPLCMS/MS法等。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,采用酶聯(lián)免疫法快速檢測(cè)牛奶中的8種磺胺類藥物[13],其檢測(cè)限可達(dá)5 μg/L,靈敏度較高,檢測(cè)通量大,可以用來(lái)做大規(guī)模篩查,但無(wú)法很好區(qū)分磺胺藥物種類;使用高效液相色譜法結(jié)合基質(zhì)固相分散前處理法檢測(cè)牛奶中8種磺胺類藥物,其方法靈敏度可達(dá)0.05 mg/L[14],但其分析時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)且靈敏度偏低;有報(bào)道超高效液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法單針進(jìn)樣可在10 min內(nèi)同時(shí)檢測(cè)24種磺胺類藥物[15],其檢測(cè)靈敏度高,方法特異性好,但是前處理步驟過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單,在檢測(cè)大量樣品時(shí)容易造成雜質(zhì)對(duì)分析柱和質(zhì)譜源區(qū)的污染。為保障目前市售牛奶的食品質(zhì)量安全,防止磺胺類抗菌藥在奶牛養(yǎng)殖環(huán)節(jié)的違法濫用,本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用在線固相萃取結(jié)合液質(zhì)聯(lián)用技術(shù)檢測(cè)牛奶中14種常見磺胺類藥物, 利用雙三元液相的程序控制流路切換功能實(shí)現(xiàn)了在線固相萃取,解決了牛奶基質(zhì)中乳脂和蛋白對(duì)儀器的干擾和污染;克服了使用傳統(tǒng)固相萃取技術(shù)帶來(lái)的耗材成本高,人力耗費(fèi)大等缺點(diǎn);提高了檢測(cè)通量和穩(wěn)定性,具有更簡(jiǎn)捷、經(jīng)濟(jì)和穩(wěn)定的特點(diǎn)。

2 實(shí)驗(yàn)部分

2.1 儀器與試劑

實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,當(dāng)源電壓設(shè)為3500 kV時(shí),大部分磺胺類化合物的[M+H\]+分子離子峰絕對(duì)響應(yīng)達(dá)到最大值;之后,隨著源電壓上升,響應(yīng)沒(méi)有顯著增加;到3800 kV之后甚至有下降趨勢(shì),且源區(qū)有微弱電弧光顯現(xiàn)。推測(cè)可能是電壓太高而造成霧化后的微液滴電荷過(guò)載,發(fā)生擊穿放電現(xiàn)象,此現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致進(jìn)入離子傳輸通道的帶電粒子數(shù)下降。因此,源電壓選擇3500 kV。另外,在被檢測(cè)的化合物中,SPD與SDZ分子離子的質(zhì)荷比僅差1,SMZ與ST之間,SBZ與SDMD與SMPD之間的質(zhì)荷比僅差2,因此有必要提高Q1段的質(zhì)量數(shù)分辨率,避免相互之間的干擾。將Q1段的質(zhì)量數(shù)分辨率從原來(lái)的半峰寬0.7提高到0.4,這樣可能會(huì)損失一定的響應(yīng)值,但是可以很好地解決質(zhì)量數(shù)接近的分子離子互相干擾問(wèn)題,有效提高信噪比。

3.2 在線固相萃取條件的優(yōu)化

在線固相萃?。∣nline SPE)是通過(guò)控制兩臺(tái)獨(dú)立工作的液體傳輸泵和切換閥使用程序分別進(jìn)行檢品的富集凈化和分析,需要有一臺(tái)泵負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)樣和富集凈化功能,使目標(biāo)化合物在在線固相萃取柱上實(shí)現(xiàn)保留富集和洗滌;通過(guò)閥切換,使用另一臺(tái)泵進(jìn)行樣品的過(guò)柱分離和檢測(cè)。選擇合適的在線固相萃取柱和設(shè)計(jì)合理的富集凈化和洗脫條件是在線固相萃取方法的關(guān)鍵,本方法選擇Retain CX作為在線SPE柱,Retain CX的富集凈化機(jī)理為陽(yáng)離子交換結(jié)合反相機(jī)理,磺胺類藥物大多為堿性化合物,使用陽(yáng)離子交換結(jié)合反相模式的在線固相萃取柱具有更好的富集凈化效果。在進(jìn)樣時(shí)進(jìn)樣泵的流路采用甲醇0.2%甲酸(10∶90, V/V)為流動(dòng)相,可在富集磺胺類藥物的同時(shí)清洗部分極性較大的雜質(zhì),通過(guò)在線分析柱后直接連接質(zhì)譜檢測(cè)器,發(fā)現(xiàn)采用此流動(dòng)相并無(wú)目標(biāo)化合物的流失(圖2a)。選擇5%氨水甲醇溶液作為洗脫液,通過(guò)閥切換,使用分析流路進(jìn)行洗脫和分析,分析流路應(yīng)在閥切換之前先用洗脫溶液充滿流路,這將有助于更快地在閥切換之后集中將目標(biāo)化合物洗脫,避免因?yàn)榉治隽鲃?dòng)相造成在線凈化柱上目標(biāo)化合物的擴(kuò)散而造成目標(biāo)峰展寬。將流路中的分析柱拆去,用兩通替代,可以獲得目標(biāo)化合物的洗脫時(shí)間約為4.2 min(圖2b)。據(jù)此可以確定,閥切換的時(shí)間應(yīng)該略晚于此時(shí)間,但不應(yīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)而導(dǎo)致部分低極性雜質(zhì)進(jìn)入分析流路。由于5%氨水甲醇洗脫劑和0.2%甲酸乙睛(15∶85, V/V)分析流動(dòng)相的差異較大,容易由于溶劑化效應(yīng)而造成色譜峰展寬,因此洗脫時(shí)采用較低的流速0.4 mL/min, 減小進(jìn)樣溶劑的總量;此時(shí)分析流路使用較高流速3.3 檢測(cè)限和定量限的測(cè)定

選擇20個(gè)空白樣品,按優(yōu)化條件進(jìn)行處理后上機(jī)測(cè)定,取與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品圖譜中相同保留時(shí)間的噪音信號(hào)平均值,以信噪比S/N≥3為檢出限(LOD), S/N≥10為定量下限(LOQ),確定該方法對(duì)鹽酸賽庚啶的檢出限為0.05 μg/kg,定量下限為0.1 μg/kg。經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)際進(jìn)樣檢測(cè)后,檢測(cè)定量限附近峰型良好。

3.4 在線固相萃取與傳統(tǒng)固相萃取方法檢測(cè)14種磺胺類藥物的回收率與精密度比較

為研究在線固相萃取和傳統(tǒng)固相萃取法檢測(cè)牛奶種14種磺胺類藥物時(shí)方法回收率和精密度的差異,使用6批不同牛奶,每批稱取等量6份,3份一組分兩組,分別加入0.1,0.5 和5.0 μg/kg的14種磺胺類化合物,兩組分別采用在線陽(yáng)離子交換固相萃取法和傳統(tǒng)陽(yáng)離子交換固相萃取法,所得結(jié)果如表4所示。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,在線陽(yáng)離子交換固相萃取法檢測(cè)牛奶中14種磺胺類化合物時(shí)回收率結(jié)果在60%~90%之間,在線陽(yáng)離子交換固相萃取法與傳統(tǒng)陽(yáng)離子交換固相萃取法的批內(nèi)和批間相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差也都在0~10%之間,所得結(jié)果基本一致,且具有簡(jiǎn)捷、經(jīng)濟(jì)和穩(wěn)定的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

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Determination of 14 Sulfonamides Residue in Milk by Online

Solid Phase Extraction in Cation Exchange Mode/Liquid

ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry

GU Xin, WU JianPing*, ZHANG Xing, LI DanNi, YAN Feng, ZHOU YueRong

(Shanghai Municipal Supervisory Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feedstaff, Shanghai 201103, China)

Abstract To determine the residue of 14 sulfonamides in milk, a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) method with online soild phase extraction (SPE) in cation exchange mode was established. 5 g of milk was extracted with 15 mL acetonitrile. Then the extraction was evaporated by 50 ℃ nitrogen and dissolved by 1.00 mL 0.2% formic acid. The dissolution was enriched and purified by MS/MS cation exchange online SPE column on a double ternary liquid chromatography, and eluted by the mixed solution of 2% ammonia methanol and 0.2% formic acid (50∶ 50, V/V). The compounds were separated by an octadecyl silica bonded column and determined by the tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the linearity of 14 sulfonamides was good in the range of 0.1–10 μg/kg (r≥0.9995). The LOD of the method was 0.05 μg/kg, while the LOQ was 0.1 μg/kg. The recoveries of the 14 sulfonamides were in the range of 60 %-90 %, while the interbatch and intrabatch RSDs were all lower than 10%. The method was proved to be more convenient, economical and stable than the traditional SPE column method.

Keywords Online solid phase extraction; Cation exchange; Double ternary liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry; Sulfonamides; Milk

(Received 25 August 2014; accepted 10 October 2014)

This work was supported by the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 201203023)

GU Xin, WU JianPing*, ZHANG Xing, LI DanNi, YAN Feng, ZHOU YueRong

(Shanghai Municipal Supervisory Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feedstaff, Shanghai 201103, China)

Abstract To determine the residue of 14 sulfonamides in milk, a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) method with online soild phase extraction (SPE) in cation exchange mode was established. 5 g of milk was extracted with 15 mL acetonitrile. Then the extraction was evaporated by 50 ℃ nitrogen and dissolved by 1.00 mL 0.2% formic acid. The dissolution was enriched and purified by MS/MS cation exchange online SPE column on a double ternary liquid chromatography, and eluted by the mixed solution of 2% ammonia methanol and 0.2% formic acid (50∶ 50, V/V). The compounds were separated by an octadecyl silica bonded column and determined by the tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the linearity of 14 sulfonamides was good in the range of 0.1–10 μg/kg (r≥0.9995). The LOD of the method was 0.05 μg/kg, while the LOQ was 0.1 μg/kg. The recoveries of the 14 sulfonamides were in the range of 60 %-90 %, while the interbatch and intrabatch RSDs were all lower than 10%. The method was proved to be more convenient, economical and stable than the traditional SPE column method.

Keywords Online solid phase extraction; Cation exchange; Double ternary liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry; Sulfonamides; Milk

(Received 25 August 2014; accepted 10 October 2014)

This work was supported by the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 201203023)

GU Xin, WU JianPing*, ZHANG Xing, LI DanNi, YAN Feng, ZHOU YueRong

(Shanghai Municipal Supervisory Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feedstaff, Shanghai 201103, China)

Abstract To determine the residue of 14 sulfonamides in milk, a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) method with online soild phase extraction (SPE) in cation exchange mode was established. 5 g of milk was extracted with 15 mL acetonitrile. Then the extraction was evaporated by 50 ℃ nitrogen and dissolved by 1.00 mL 0.2% formic acid. The dissolution was enriched and purified by MS/MS cation exchange online SPE column on a double ternary liquid chromatography, and eluted by the mixed solution of 2% ammonia methanol and 0.2% formic acid (50∶ 50, V/V). The compounds were separated by an octadecyl silica bonded column and determined by the tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the linearity of 14 sulfonamides was good in the range of 0.1–10 μg/kg (r≥0.9995). The LOD of the method was 0.05 μg/kg, while the LOQ was 0.1 μg/kg. The recoveries of the 14 sulfonamides were in the range of 60 %-90 %, while the interbatch and intrabatch RSDs were all lower than 10%. The method was proved to be more convenient, economical and stable than the traditional SPE column method.

Keywords Online solid phase extraction; Cation exchange; Double ternary liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry; Sulfonamides; Milk

(Received 25 August 2014; accepted 10 October 2014)

This work was supported by the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 201203023)

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