張瑞新++柳偉偉
[摘要] 目的 研究奧司他韋與非化學(xué)合成藥物替代療法抗H1N1感染的效果及安全性。 方法 檢索在Medline、Embase、CBMdisk、CNKI全文數(shù)據(jù)庫以及萬方中文期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫2014年1月1日之前公開發(fā)表的有關(guān)流感治療的文獻(xiàn)。采用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的Review Manager 4.2軟件做Meta分析。采用加權(quán)平均數(shù)作為系統(tǒng)評價(jià)的指標(biāo)并計(jì)算其95%可信區(qū)間。 結(jié)果 7篇隨機(jī)對照臨床研究最終納入本次分析,其中5篇為連花清瘟膠囊與奧司他韋的比較,2篇為銀翹散加減方與奧司他韋的比較。系統(tǒng)評價(jià)的結(jié)果顯示,在病毒核酸陰轉(zhuǎn)方面,銀翹散組方加減與奧司他韋[WMD = -6.21,95%CI(-84.19,71.76),P = 0.88]以及連花清瘟膠囊與奧司他韋[WMD = -0.24,95%CI(-4.79,4.31),P = 0.92]的效果相似;在退熱時(shí)間方面,銀翹散組方加減與奧司他韋[WMD = 5.66,95%CI(-32.02,43.35),P = 0.77]效果相似,而連花清瘟膠囊要優(yōu)于奧司他韋[WMD = -4.65,95%CI(-8.91,-0.38),P = 0.03];在咳嗽緩解方面,連花清瘟膠囊的效果優(yōu)于奧司他韋且兩者差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[WMD = -9.79,95%CI(-14.61,-4.97),P < 0.01]。 結(jié)論 中藥替代療法在抗流感病毒感染方面有積極作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] H1N1;感染;替代或補(bǔ)充醫(yī)學(xué)
[中圖分類號] R511.7 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)11(a)-0052-05
Meta-analysis of efficacy of Oseltamivir and substitution therapy for anti- H1N1 infection
ZHANG Ruixin1 LIU Weiwei2
1.Pharmacy Division, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039, China; 2.Statistics Teaching and Research Section, Graduate School, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the efficacy and security of Oseltamivir and substitution therapy for anti- H1N1 infection. Methods Medline, Embase, CBMdisk, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Database were searched for the literature about the treatment of influenza before January 1, 2014. Meta-analysis was performed using the software of Review Manager 4.2. Weighted mean difference and its 95% confidence interval were calculated.
Results A total of 7 randomized controlled trials were identified, including the comparison of Oseltamivir with Lianhuaqingwen Capsule (5 randomized controlled trials) or Yinqiao Powder (2 randomized controlled trials). Based on the systematic evaluation, compared to Oseltamivir, the Yinqiao Powder [WMD = -6.21, 95%CI (-84.19, 71.76), P = 0.88] and Lianhuaqingwen Capsule [WMD = -0.24, 95%CI (-4.79, 4.31), P = 0.92] had similar effect in turning viral nucleic acid negative. Compared to Oseltamivir, the Yinqiao Powder had similar effect in defervescence [WMD = 5.66, 95%CI (-32.02, 43.35), P = 0.77], thus the Lianhuaqingwen Capsule were more effective in defervescence [WMD = -4.65, 95%CI (-8.91, -0.38), P = 0.03], and cough alleviation [WMD = -9.79, 95%CI (-14.61, -4.97), P < 0.01]. Conclusion Alternative medicine exhibited potential positive effect in the treatment of influenza.
[Key words] H1N1; Infection; Alternative or complementary medicine
當(dāng)前,流感仍舊是威脅人類健康的全球性主要公共衛(wèi)生問題[1]。作為重要的抗流感病毒治療藥物,奧司他韋被廣泛用于人類感染流感病毒后的抗感染治療。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,奧司他韋可以阻止流感病毒顆粒從被感染的宿主細(xì)胞中釋放,縮短流感癥狀的持續(xù)時(shí)間以及降低嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn)[2]。然而,病毒的耐藥出現(xiàn)是奧司他韋最主要的缺點(diǎn)[3]。所以,尋求安全有效的奧司他韋替代療法勢在必行。
在我國,中醫(yī)治療傳染性疾病有悠久的歷史。有研究顯示,中醫(yī)藥用于流感病毒感染的治療是有效的[4],但相關(guān)循證醫(yī)學(xué)的證據(jù)并不多見。本文采用循證醫(yī)學(xué)方法,對目前報(bào)道的中醫(yī)藥治療流感的隨機(jī)對照臨床研究(randomized controlled trial,RCT)結(jié)果進(jìn)行薈萃分析,以期為臨床合理用藥提供有價(jià)值的參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索
檢索2014年1月1日之前在Medline、Embase、CBMdisk、CNKI 全文數(shù)據(jù)庫以及萬方中文期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫公開發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),并追查所有納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)。外文數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索語種為英語。檢索詞包括“alternative therapy”、“complementary therapy”、“oseltamivir”、“influenza”、“替代治療”、“補(bǔ)充治療”、“奧司他韋”、“流感”等。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入同時(shí)符合下列條件的研究:①患者年齡≥3歲且有明確的臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室證據(jù);②研究設(shè)計(jì)為隨機(jī)對照臨床研究;③對照組的治療采用奧司他韋,治療組的干預(yù)措施為相對固定的替代治療方法。排除綜述、短篇報(bào)道以及不能提供全文的文獻(xiàn)。
1.3 質(zhì)量控制
由2名檢索人員獨(dú)立檢索并納入文獻(xiàn),進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評價(jià)和資料提取,然后交叉核對,意見不一致時(shí)通過討論或征求第三方研究者意見解決。質(zhì)量評價(jià)主要從是否采用隨機(jī)分組、分配方案是否實(shí)施盲法、是否報(bào)道了退出和失訪3個(gè)方面進(jìn)行。
1.4 療效判定
以發(fā)熱持續(xù)時(shí)間、咳嗽持續(xù)時(shí)間以及病毒脫落(病毒RNA陰轉(zhuǎn))時(shí)間為療效判定指標(biāo)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的Review Manager 4.2軟件(Cochrane Collaboration,Oxford,United Kingdom)行Meta分析。采用加權(quán)平均數(shù)(weighted mean difference,WMD)作為系統(tǒng)評價(jià)的指標(biāo),并計(jì)算其95%可信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI)。異質(zhì)性判定依據(jù)χ2和I2計(jì)算結(jié)果:若P > 0.05表明各研究結(jié)果之間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析;反之則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 納入文獻(xiàn)一般情況
共檢索到2139篇相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),經(jīng)題目和摘要瀏覽后共有50篇全文文獻(xiàn)入選,再經(jīng)詳細(xì)閱讀和評價(jià)后最終納入7篇RCT研究文獻(xiàn)。具體納入文獻(xiàn)及其樣本量、干預(yù)措施和研究設(shè)計(jì)見表1。
表1 納入文獻(xiàn)的特征
注:RCT:隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)
2.2 文獻(xiàn)分析
2.2.1 銀翹散與奧司他韋治療效果比較 2個(gè)試驗(yàn)比較了銀翹散與奧司他韋治療流感的效果。兩種藥物無論在退熱方面[WMD=5.66,95%CI(-32.02,43.35),P = 0.77]還是病毒RNA陰轉(zhuǎn)方面的療效差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[WMD=-6.21,95%CI(-84.19,71.76),P = 0.88]。見圖1、2。
3 討論
流感具有較強(qiáng)的傳染性,且可引起嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。流感病毒能直接作用于呼吸道上皮,引起上皮細(xì)胞脫落壞死、氣管炎性細(xì)胞浸潤及水腫、支氣管擴(kuò)張。病理研究顯示,流感病毒感染的支氣管表層黏膜上有少量出血,肺泡壁毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張充血,有少量單核細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤,肺泡腔內(nèi)有大量水腫液、紅細(xì)胞和纖維素滲出等病理變化[1]。由于流感病毒的抗原性不斷漂移與變異,用流感疫苗預(yù)防該病的流行受到一定的限制,導(dǎo)致到目前為止仍沒有有效防治流感的方法,因此近年來中草藥抗病毒研究已成為當(dāng)今醫(yī)藥開發(fā)關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。
作為替代療法(alternative therapy),中醫(yī)通過綜合調(diào)整人體的功能來診療疾病,在全球受到越來越高的重視和歡迎[12]。銀翹散是傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)組方,由連翹、銀花、苦桔梗、薄荷、竹葉、生甘草、荊芥穗、淡豆豉、牛蒡子等中藥組成。連花清瘟膠囊是中成藥,由連翹、金銀花、炙麻黃、炒苦杏仁、石膏、板藍(lán)根、綿馬貫眾、魚腥草、廣藿香、大黃、紅景天、薄荷腦、甘草等十幾味中藥構(gòu)成;其中,連翹清熱解毒,消腫散結(jié);金銀花清熱透表,解毒利咽,涼血止痢,二者為君藥。石膏生用清熱瀉火,除煩止渴;板藍(lán)根清熱,涼血,利咽;大黃瀉下攻積,瀉火解毒,涼血祛瘀,清熱利濕;均為臣藥。麻黃發(fā)汗解表,宣肺平喘,利水消腫,溫經(jīng)通腠;炒苦杏仁宣肺止咳,降氣平喘,潤腸通便,殺蟲解毒;魚腥草清熱解毒,消癰排膿,利尿通淋;廣藿香祛暑解表,化濕醒脾,理氣和胃;紅景天清肺止咳,健脾養(yǎng)心,止血散瘀;薄荷腦疏散風(fēng)熱,清頭目,利咽喉,透疹,結(jié)郁;均為佐藥。甘草清熱、利濕、解毒,調(diào)和諸藥為使藥。諸藥合用具有清瘟解毒、宣肺泄熱之功效。
奧司他韋是一種抗病毒化學(xué)合成藥物,其活性代謝產(chǎn)物是強(qiáng)效的選擇性的流感病毒神經(jīng)氨酸酶抑制劑。奧司他韋通過抑制病毒從被感染的細(xì)胞中釋放,從而減少流感病毒的傳播。奧司他韋口服后經(jīng)胃腸道吸收,在肝臟酯酶的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化為活性代謝產(chǎn)物奧司他韋羧酸而起作用。奧司他韋及其活性代謝產(chǎn)物可分布至肺、氣管、鼻黏膜和中耳等病毒感染部位[13-16]。相對于奧司他韋明確的藥代學(xué)和藥效學(xué)分布,對銀翹散和連花清瘟膠囊等中藥抗流感病毒的具體機(jī)制還不明確。原因在于中藥治療疾病的機(jī)制較復(fù)雜,組方藥中具體哪一味還是哪幾味的相互作用產(chǎn)物起到了實(shí)際治療作用很難被判斷。雖然有研究提示連花清瘟膠囊具有綜合抑制和多環(huán)節(jié)抗H1N1流感病毒作用和對病毒吸附的預(yù)防作用,還可以抑制病毒吸附后的復(fù)制增殖以及直接殺傷病毒[17],但確定銀翹散或連花清瘟膠囊如何發(fā)揮退熱和抗病毒作用仍是一個(gè)長遠(yuǎn)課題。
基于本Meta分析的結(jié)果,銀翹散加減在退熱和流感病毒RNA陰轉(zhuǎn)方面的效果與奧司他韋相似;連花清瘟膠囊雖然在流感病毒RNA陰轉(zhuǎn)方面未表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)于奧司他韋的效果,但它在縮短熱程方面確實(shí)存在優(yōu)勢。而且,雖然具體機(jī)制不明,但兩種中醫(yī)藥在安全性方面沒有嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)報(bào)道。最值得一提的是,與奧司他韋日益顯著的耐藥性相比,中醫(yī)藥在病毒耐藥方面存在一定優(yōu)勢。
鑒于目前中醫(yī)藥治療流感病毒感染的RCT研究不多見[18-20],本文納入文獻(xiàn)的數(shù)量相對不多,這是本文的局限性所在。但本文在文獻(xiàn)檢索、納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方面均嚴(yán)格遵循標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的薈萃分析流程,采用國際通用的Review Manager軟件繪制森林圖,所以,本文結(jié)果可以為臨床提供有價(jià)值的用藥參考。
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(收稿日期:2014-06-18 本文編輯:程 銘)
鑒于目前中醫(yī)藥治療流感病毒感染的RCT研究不多見[18-20],本文納入文獻(xiàn)的數(shù)量相對不多,這是本文的局限性所在。但本文在文獻(xiàn)檢索、納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方面均嚴(yán)格遵循標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的薈萃分析流程,采用國際通用的Review Manager軟件繪制森林圖,所以,本文結(jié)果可以為臨床提供有價(jià)值的用藥參考。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Gupta D,Varghese,Gupta S,et al. Increasing oral absorption of polar neuraminidase inhibitors:a prodrug transporter approach applied to oseltamivir analogue [J]. Mol Pharm,2013,10(2):512-522.
[2] Yang MS,Law FC,Wong RN,et al. Interaction between oseltamivir and herbal medicines used for treating avian influenza [J]. Hong Kong Med J,2012,18(6):34-36.
[3] Wang YG,Jiang M,Wang RB,et al. Duration of viral shedding of influenza A(H1N1)virus infection treated with oseltamivir and/or traditional Chinese medicine in China:a retrospective analysis [J]. J Tradit Chin Med,2012,32(2):1448-1455.
[4] Liu Z,Wang J,Zhang J,et al. An extract from the earthworm Eisenia fetida non-specifically inhibits the activity of influenza and adenoviruses [J]. J Tradit Chin Med,2012, 32(4):657-663.
[5] Duan ZP,Jia ZH,Zhang J,et al. Natural herbal medicine Lianhuaqingwen capsule anti-influenza A(H1N1)trial:a randomized,double blind,positive controlled clinical trial [J]. Chin Med J(Engl),2011,124(18):2925-2933.
[6] 馬羽萍,郭雅玲,康立,等.中藥治療甲型H1N1流感療效分析[J].陜西中醫(yī),2010,30(10):1351-1353.
[7] 劉更新,張艷霞,楊繼清.連花清瘟膠囊治療甲型H1N1流感隨機(jī)對照臨床研究[J].疑難病雜志,2010,9(1):323-325.
[8] 李寶法,張長青,付敏,等.連花清瘟膠囊治療甲型H1N1流感臨床研究[J].醫(yī)藥論壇雜志,2009,30(23):91-92.
[9] 耿麗梅,于向艷.連花清瘟膠囊聯(lián)合放血拔罐治療甲型H1N1流感38例[J].河北中醫(yī),2011,33(5):753-754.
[10] 張文勝,何成詩,王玥蓮.四川省中醫(yī)藥管理局協(xié)定處方治療甲型H1N1流感的臨床研究[J].甘肅中醫(yī),2011, 24(1):20-22.
[11] 鄭海鵬,楊湛,張復(fù)春,等.甲型H1N1流感中醫(yī)治療療效分析[J].中華中醫(yī)藥雜志,2010,25(5):780-782.
[12] Wong LY,Leung PC,Pang SY,et al. A herbal formula for prevention of influenza-like syndrome:a double-blind randomized clinical trial [J]. Chin J Integr Med,2013,19(4):253-259.
[13] Greene SK,Li L,Shay DK,et al. Risk of adverse events following oseltamivir treatment in influenza outpatients, Vaccine Safety Datalink Project,2007-2010 [J]. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf,2013,22(4):335-344.
[14] Smith JR,Rayner CR,Donner B,et al. Oseltamivir in seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza:a comprehensive review of 10-years clinical experience [J]. Adv Ther,2011, 28(11):927-959.
[15] Schirmer P,Holodniy M. Oseltamivir for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infection [J]. Expert Opin Drug Saf,2009,8(3):357-371.
[16] Groves T. What does oseltamivir do, and how will we know? [J]. BMJ,2013,347:f4687.
[17] 莫紅纓,柯昌文,鄭勁平,等.連花清瘟膠囊體外抗甲型流感病毒的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].中藥新藥與臨床藥理,2007, 18(1):5-9.
[18] Hsu CH,Hwang KC,Chao CL,et al. The lesson of supplementary treatment with Chinese medicine on severe laboratory-confirmed SARS patients [J]. Am J Chin Med,2006,34(6):927-935.
[19] Richard M,de Graaf M,Herfst S. Avian influenza A viruses:from zoonosis to pandemic[J]. Future Virol,2014,9(5):513-524.
[20] Zhang SJ,Chen Z,Li GW,et al. Effect of the Haoqinqingdan decoction on damp-heat syndrome in rats with influenza viral pneumonia [J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med,2013, 6(8):653-657.
(收稿日期:2014-06-18 本文編輯:程 銘)
鑒于目前中醫(yī)藥治療流感病毒感染的RCT研究不多見[18-20],本文納入文獻(xiàn)的數(shù)量相對不多,這是本文的局限性所在。但本文在文獻(xiàn)檢索、納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方面均嚴(yán)格遵循標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的薈萃分析流程,采用國際通用的Review Manager軟件繪制森林圖,所以,本文結(jié)果可以為臨床提供有價(jià)值的用藥參考。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Gupta D,Varghese,Gupta S,et al. Increasing oral absorption of polar neuraminidase inhibitors:a prodrug transporter approach applied to oseltamivir analogue [J]. Mol Pharm,2013,10(2):512-522.
[2] Yang MS,Law FC,Wong RN,et al. Interaction between oseltamivir and herbal medicines used for treating avian influenza [J]. Hong Kong Med J,2012,18(6):34-36.
[3] Wang YG,Jiang M,Wang RB,et al. Duration of viral shedding of influenza A(H1N1)virus infection treated with oseltamivir and/or traditional Chinese medicine in China:a retrospective analysis [J]. J Tradit Chin Med,2012,32(2):1448-1455.
[4] Liu Z,Wang J,Zhang J,et al. An extract from the earthworm Eisenia fetida non-specifically inhibits the activity of influenza and adenoviruses [J]. J Tradit Chin Med,2012, 32(4):657-663.
[5] Duan ZP,Jia ZH,Zhang J,et al. Natural herbal medicine Lianhuaqingwen capsule anti-influenza A(H1N1)trial:a randomized,double blind,positive controlled clinical trial [J]. Chin Med J(Engl),2011,124(18):2925-2933.
[6] 馬羽萍,郭雅玲,康立,等.中藥治療甲型H1N1流感療效分析[J].陜西中醫(yī),2010,30(10):1351-1353.
[7] 劉更新,張艷霞,楊繼清.連花清瘟膠囊治療甲型H1N1流感隨機(jī)對照臨床研究[J].疑難病雜志,2010,9(1):323-325.
[8] 李寶法,張長青,付敏,等.連花清瘟膠囊治療甲型H1N1流感臨床研究[J].醫(yī)藥論壇雜志,2009,30(23):91-92.
[9] 耿麗梅,于向艷.連花清瘟膠囊聯(lián)合放血拔罐治療甲型H1N1流感38例[J].河北中醫(yī),2011,33(5):753-754.
[10] 張文勝,何成詩,王玥蓮.四川省中醫(yī)藥管理局協(xié)定處方治療甲型H1N1流感的臨床研究[J].甘肅中醫(yī),2011, 24(1):20-22.
[11] 鄭海鵬,楊湛,張復(fù)春,等.甲型H1N1流感中醫(yī)治療療效分析[J].中華中醫(yī)藥雜志,2010,25(5):780-782.
[12] Wong LY,Leung PC,Pang SY,et al. A herbal formula for prevention of influenza-like syndrome:a double-blind randomized clinical trial [J]. Chin J Integr Med,2013,19(4):253-259.
[13] Greene SK,Li L,Shay DK,et al. Risk of adverse events following oseltamivir treatment in influenza outpatients, Vaccine Safety Datalink Project,2007-2010 [J]. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf,2013,22(4):335-344.
[14] Smith JR,Rayner CR,Donner B,et al. Oseltamivir in seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza:a comprehensive review of 10-years clinical experience [J]. Adv Ther,2011, 28(11):927-959.
[15] Schirmer P,Holodniy M. Oseltamivir for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infection [J]. Expert Opin Drug Saf,2009,8(3):357-371.
[16] Groves T. What does oseltamivir do, and how will we know? [J]. BMJ,2013,347:f4687.
[17] 莫紅纓,柯昌文,鄭勁平,等.連花清瘟膠囊體外抗甲型流感病毒的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].中藥新藥與臨床藥理,2007, 18(1):5-9.
[18] Hsu CH,Hwang KC,Chao CL,et al. The lesson of supplementary treatment with Chinese medicine on severe laboratory-confirmed SARS patients [J]. Am J Chin Med,2006,34(6):927-935.
[19] Richard M,de Graaf M,Herfst S. Avian influenza A viruses:from zoonosis to pandemic[J]. Future Virol,2014,9(5):513-524.
[20] Zhang SJ,Chen Z,Li GW,et al. Effect of the Haoqinqingdan decoction on damp-heat syndrome in rats with influenza viral pneumonia [J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med,2013, 6(8):653-657.
(收稿日期:2014-06-18 本文編輯:程 銘)