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遼寧省土地適度經(jīng)營規(guī)模評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究

2014-11-28 20:15劉本軻
農(nóng)業(yè)科技與裝備 2014年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:勞動生產(chǎn)率評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

劉本軻

摘要:隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,人地矛盾日益尖銳,如何在有限的土地上產(chǎn)出更多的糧食成為當(dāng)前熱門課題,而進(jìn)行農(nóng)地適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營是出路之一。選取評價適度經(jīng)營規(guī)模的3個常用指標(biāo)——土地生產(chǎn)率、資金生產(chǎn)率和勞動生產(chǎn)率,分別研究三者與土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模的關(guān)系。通過數(shù)據(jù)分析得知,只有勞動生產(chǎn)率與農(nóng)地經(jīng)營規(guī)模具有明顯的正向變動關(guān)系,因此把勞動生產(chǎn)率作為評價土地適度經(jīng)營規(guī)模的最優(yōu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

關(guān)鍵詞:適度經(jīng)營規(guī)模;評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn);土地生產(chǎn)率;資金生產(chǎn)率;勞動生產(chǎn)率

中圖分類號:F301 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1674-1161(2014)04-0010-02

目前為止,我國學(xué)者對適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營的評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題進(jìn)行了大量研究,但并未取得一致意見?,F(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)及研究中,從不同的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營主體利益角度出發(fā),采取不同的研究方法和評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對土地適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營得出了不同的結(jié)論。農(nóng)地適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營最為常見的評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有土地生產(chǎn)率、資金生產(chǎn)率和勞動生產(chǎn)率。本研究通過分析農(nóng)戶土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與土地生產(chǎn)率、資金生產(chǎn)率和勞動生產(chǎn)率之間的關(guān)系,確定適于遼寧省的土地適度經(jīng)營規(guī)模最優(yōu)評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

1 數(shù)據(jù)來源

本研究數(shù)據(jù)來自2013年6—8月間對遼寧省農(nóng)戶的抽樣調(diào)查。主要對農(nóng)戶農(nóng)地經(jīng)營的投入產(chǎn)出情況進(jìn)行調(diào)研。通過實地走訪調(diào)研,在遼寧省6個地市23個村莊取樣。農(nóng)戶總樣本276個,其中普通種植戶262戶,種植大戶14戶。本研究中所指“農(nóng)地”為種植普通農(nóng)作物的土地。

2 研究內(nèi)容與方法

1) 研究內(nèi)容:一是農(nóng)戶農(nóng)地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與土地生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系;二是農(nóng)戶農(nóng)地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與資金生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系;三是農(nóng)戶農(nóng)地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與勞動生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系;四是農(nóng)地適度經(jīng)營規(guī)模衡量指標(biāo)選取。

2) 研究方法:運用數(shù)理統(tǒng)計法對調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分類統(tǒng)計分析;運用對比分析法對樣本數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行對比分析;運用綜合分析法確定最優(yōu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

3 土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與土地生產(chǎn)率、資金生產(chǎn)率和勞動生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系分析

3.1 土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與土地生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系

土地生產(chǎn)率是指農(nóng)地單位面積的糧食產(chǎn)量,在本文中指每667 m2平均玉米或水稻產(chǎn)量。其計算公式為:土地生產(chǎn)率=農(nóng)地糧食總產(chǎn)量/農(nóng)地總面積。經(jīng)綜合統(tǒng)計計算,結(jié)果見表1。

由表1可見:玉米在1.00~1.33 hm2(15~20畝)的經(jīng)營區(qū)間土地生產(chǎn)率是最高的,而水稻則在0.67~1.00 hm2(10~15畝)的經(jīng)營區(qū)間具有最高的土地生產(chǎn)率。農(nóng)地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與土地生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系并不是十分明確,但種植玉米和水稻的農(nóng)戶在經(jīng)營1.33 hm2(20畝)及以上的土地規(guī)模時,土地生產(chǎn)率均相對較為可觀。對于土地生產(chǎn)率,大部分研究認(rèn)為該指標(biāo)與農(nóng)地經(jīng)營規(guī)模是反向關(guān)系,有些則證明是正向、U型或倒U型的關(guān)系。經(jīng)分析可知,在遼寧省進(jìn)行適度農(nóng)地規(guī)模經(jīng)營是能夠提高土地生產(chǎn)率的。

3.2 土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與資金生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系

資金生產(chǎn)率是指資金消耗所取得的效果或效率。通常用單位資金所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品量或產(chǎn)值來表示。其計算公式如下:農(nóng)戶糧食每667 m2平均總收入/每667 m2平均總成本。這一指標(biāo)表明農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)投入的單位資金在生產(chǎn)年度內(nèi)所提供的凈產(chǎn)值或總產(chǎn)值。提供的產(chǎn)值越多,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益越好。本文用單位投入所帶來的單位總收入來表示資金生產(chǎn)率(見表2)。

由表2可見:水稻的資金生產(chǎn)率在各區(qū)間均高于玉米的資金生產(chǎn)率;玉米種植規(guī)模在0.67~1.00 hm2(10~15畝)區(qū)間內(nèi)資金生產(chǎn)率最低、為1.96,水稻種植規(guī)模在0.33~0.67 hm2(5~10畝)區(qū)間內(nèi)資金生產(chǎn)率最低、為2.21。雖然總體上農(nóng)地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與資金生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系不是很明確,但是種植玉米與水稻的農(nóng)戶在經(jīng)營1.33 hm2(20畝)及以上的土地規(guī)模時,資金生產(chǎn)率是最高的。這說明進(jìn)行農(nóng)地適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營可以提高資金生產(chǎn)率。

3.3 土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與勞動生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系

勞動生產(chǎn)率是指單位農(nóng)業(yè)勞動者在單位時間內(nèi)(一般指1 a內(nèi))生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品價值,其取決于農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值和農(nóng)業(yè)就業(yè)人口。該指標(biāo)計算公式為:農(nóng)業(yè)勞動生產(chǎn)率=農(nóng)戶農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值/農(nóng)戶農(nóng)業(yè)就業(yè)人口。對于勞動生產(chǎn)率,幾乎所有的研究證明其與農(nóng)地經(jīng)營規(guī)模是正向關(guān)系,少數(shù)學(xué)者證明是U型的。由計算公式可以看出,人均經(jīng)營規(guī)模與勞動生產(chǎn)率呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。根據(jù)前述統(tǒng)計計算數(shù)據(jù)得到表3。

由表3可見:勞動生產(chǎn)率隨著經(jīng)營規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大而顯著增加,且水稻的勞動生產(chǎn)率普遍大于玉米的勞動生產(chǎn)率。當(dāng)農(nóng)戶經(jīng)營1.33 hm2(20畝)及以上規(guī)模的農(nóng)地時,玉米和水稻種植戶的人均收入均在萬元以上。由此可以初步得出,適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營可以顯著提高農(nóng)地的勞動生產(chǎn)率。

4 結(jié)論與討論

通過數(shù)據(jù)分析得出,土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與土地生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系并不是十分明確,土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模與資金生產(chǎn)率的變動關(guān)系也不是很明確,而勞動生產(chǎn)率與土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模則具有明顯的正向變動關(guān)系,因而選取勞動生產(chǎn)率作為評價適度經(jīng)營規(guī)模的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最優(yōu)。通過對比分析發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)農(nóng)戶經(jīng)營1.33 hm2(20畝)及以上的農(nóng)地時,能夠產(chǎn)生較高的土地生產(chǎn)率、資金生產(chǎn)率和勞動生產(chǎn)率。因此,本文認(rèn)為存在農(nóng)地規(guī)模經(jīng)營效應(yīng),進(jìn)行適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營研究具有現(xiàn)實意義。

我國必須進(jìn)行土地規(guī)?;?jīng)營,但當(dāng)前進(jìn)行大規(guī)模經(jīng)營的阻力太大,應(yīng)當(dāng)從適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營開始,循序漸進(jìn),逐步推進(jìn)。首先應(yīng)從制度上著手,簡化流轉(zhuǎn)程序,暢通流轉(zhuǎn)渠道;其次要解決流轉(zhuǎn)土地農(nóng)戶的生計問題,保證其生活水平不因流轉(zhuǎn)土地而降低;最后,要對土地規(guī)模經(jīng)營的農(nóng)戶進(jìn)行職業(yè)技術(shù)技能培訓(xùn),提高其種植管理水平。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 阮文彪.論中國農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)中幾個問題[J].農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化研究,1992(5):278-281.

[2] 楊雍哲.規(guī)模經(jīng)營的關(guān)鍵在于把握條件和提高經(jīng)營效益[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題,1995(5):15-18.

[3] 邵曉梅.魯西北地區(qū)農(nóng)戶家庭農(nóng)地規(guī)模經(jīng)營行為分析[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2004,14(6):120-125.

[4] 林善浪.農(nóng)村土地規(guī)模經(jīng)營的效率評價[J].當(dāng)代經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2000(2):37-43.

Abstract: With the development of social economy, the contradiction between human and land is increasing sharply. How to produce more food on limited land has been becoming the current hot topic. Land moderate scale operation is one of the ways to solve the problem. This article selects three most commonly used evaluation index of moderate scale operation, namely, land productivity, capital productivity and labor productivity. Their relationships with the land operation scale were studied respectively. The data analysis shows that only the labor productivity has an obvious positive change with the land operation scale, therefore choosing the labor productivity as the evaluation criteria of land moderate operation scale is optimal.

Key words: land moderate operation scale; evaluation criteria; land productivity; capital productivity; labor productivity

[3] 邵曉梅.魯西北地區(qū)農(nóng)戶家庭農(nóng)地規(guī)模經(jīng)營行為分析[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2004,14(6):120-125.

[4] 林善浪.農(nóng)村土地規(guī)模經(jīng)營的效率評價[J].當(dāng)代經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2000(2):37-43.

Abstract: With the development of social economy, the contradiction between human and land is increasing sharply. How to produce more food on limited land has been becoming the current hot topic. Land moderate scale operation is one of the ways to solve the problem. This article selects three most commonly used evaluation index of moderate scale operation, namely, land productivity, capital productivity and labor productivity. Their relationships with the land operation scale were studied respectively. The data analysis shows that only the labor productivity has an obvious positive change with the land operation scale, therefore choosing the labor productivity as the evaluation criteria of land moderate operation scale is optimal.

Key words: land moderate operation scale; evaluation criteria; land productivity; capital productivity; labor productivity

[3] 邵曉梅.魯西北地區(qū)農(nóng)戶家庭農(nóng)地規(guī)模經(jīng)營行為分析[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2004,14(6):120-125.

[4] 林善浪.農(nóng)村土地規(guī)模經(jīng)營的效率評價[J].當(dāng)代經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2000(2):37-43.

Abstract: With the development of social economy, the contradiction between human and land is increasing sharply. How to produce more food on limited land has been becoming the current hot topic. Land moderate scale operation is one of the ways to solve the problem. This article selects three most commonly used evaluation index of moderate scale operation, namely, land productivity, capital productivity and labor productivity. Their relationships with the land operation scale were studied respectively. The data analysis shows that only the labor productivity has an obvious positive change with the land operation scale, therefore choosing the labor productivity as the evaluation criteria of land moderate operation scale is optimal.

Key words: land moderate operation scale; evaluation criteria; land productivity; capital productivity; labor productivity

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