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Aβ在兩種阿爾茨海默病轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠模型腦杏仁核分布的比較研究

2014-11-14 15:52周奕鄧志偉艾衛(wèi)敏
關(guān)鍵詞:杏仁核阿爾茨海默病

周奕+鄧志偉+艾衛(wèi)敏+等

摘要目的:比較研究Aβ在兩種AD轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠模型腦杏仁核分布的差異.方法:采用18月齡雄性APP/PSl雙轉(zhuǎn)基因(2×TgAD) 小鼠與同齡同性別APP/PSl/tau三轉(zhuǎn)基因(3×TgAD)小鼠,分別進(jìn)行6E10單克隆抗體免疫組化染色等方法顯示Aβ陽性神經(jīng)元及斑塊,觀察其分布與形態(tài)等的差異,圖像分析系統(tǒng)定量比較其量的變化.結(jié)果:在杏仁核2×TgAD組Aβ陽性產(chǎn)物主要位于細(xì)胞外成為細(xì)胞外Aβ(eAβ),形成大量的Aβ陽性斑,Aβ陽性神經(jīng)元少;而3×TgAD組 Aβ陽性產(chǎn)物主要位于神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞內(nèi),成為細(xì)胞內(nèi)Aβ(iAβ),但Aβ陽性斑少見.結(jié)論:2×TgAD組與3×TgAD組 Aβ陽性產(chǎn)物在杏仁核分布的差異可能反映了兩種AD小鼠模型神經(jīng)病理等改變的不同.

關(guān)鍵詞阿爾茨海默?。晦D(zhuǎn)基因小鼠;β淀粉樣蛋白;杏仁核

中圖分類號(hào)R74916文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)10002537(2014)05002605

AD的病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,有多種學(xué)說,至今仍未闡明.Aβ學(xué)說是目前普遍認(rèn)同的AD主要發(fā)病機(jī)制之一:Aβ在腦內(nèi)異常聚集并纖維化形成SPs,其神經(jīng)毒性作用可破壞鈣離子平衡、誘發(fā)氧化應(yīng)激、激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生炎癥反應(yīng)、激活凋亡相關(guān)蛋白等啟動(dòng)凋亡程序并導(dǎo)致廣泛的神經(jīng)元丟失,進(jìn)而形成認(rèn)知功能損害,出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的癡呆癥狀[68].用于AD研究的動(dòng)物模型有很多種,且各具特點(diǎn).其中過度表達(dá)人類家族性突變的APP基因和PS1基因的 2×TgAD 小鼠,以及過度表達(dá)APP、PS1和tau基因的 3×TgAD 小鼠均能模擬出AD的某些神經(jīng)生物學(xué)特征性改變,然而針對(duì)這兩種動(dòng)物模型腦內(nèi)重要區(qū)域Aβ分布的比較還未見報(bào)道.本研究通過Aβ單克隆抗體(6E10)免疫組化染色結(jié)合形態(tài)學(xué)分析等方法,比較18月齡 2×TgAD 與 3×TgAD 小鼠杏仁核中Aβ分布的差異,探討兩種AD小鼠模型病理形態(tài)等的不同.

3討論

本研究觀察到2×TgAD組杏仁核可見大量6E10免疫陽性斑,這與其他研究者的報(bào)道是一致的[911].說明在這類轉(zhuǎn)基因AD小鼠模型中,細(xì)胞外Aβ(extracelluar βamyloid ,eAβ)的沉積是其主要的病變.eAβ在AD病理過程中的作用有較多研究報(bào)道,主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面:(1)eAβ可誘發(fā)腦內(nèi)免疫炎癥反應(yīng).eAβ可激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng),釋放促炎因子,誘導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)發(fā)生,從而導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元退行性變[12].人們在AD患者腦中發(fā)現(xiàn),在SPs的核心周圍可見聚集的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞并與SPs相互交錯(cuò),小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的異常激活同AD的神經(jīng)病理改變有一定的聯(lián)系,據(jù)此推測eAβ可能是通過免疫炎癥反應(yīng)促進(jìn)AD的發(fā)生.臨床流行病學(xué)調(diào)查表明,長期服用抗炎藥物后AD發(fā)病率減低,并對(duì)認(rèn)知功能具有保護(hù)作用.(2)Nelson 等發(fā)現(xiàn)eAβ可使某些抗氧化酶活性降低從而導(dǎo)致氧自由基的濃度異常升高,其可能是誘發(fā)AD的機(jī)理之一[13].eAβ也可通過其它多種途徑誘導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)過氧化物、脂質(zhì)過氧化物大量產(chǎn)生.這些產(chǎn)物的增加可導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元產(chǎn)能障礙,最終啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞的凋亡過程.(3)異常增加的eAβ的作用曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為還通過多種方式尤其是誘發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡的途徑,從而引起神經(jīng)元退行性變.支持該觀點(diǎn)的依據(jù)有:與早期家族性AD相關(guān)的PS1、PS2、APP基因突變可使eAβ含量增加;Aβ降解酶基因的多態(tài)性,其中包括編碼人胰島素降解酶的基因,可能導(dǎo)致AD的發(fā)生;實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物治療研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抗Aβ治療有一定療效.因此,清除eAβ及eAβ神經(jīng)毒性,曾經(jīng)是AD治療的主要研究方向.然而,Aβ免疫實(shí)驗(yàn)僅起到輕微延緩AD進(jìn)程的作用并出現(xiàn)了無菌性腦炎的嚴(yán)重副作用而被迫中斷[1416].近年來,人們通過對(duì)AD轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠及AD病人的腦組織的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)存在細(xì)胞內(nèi)Aβ,并對(duì)AD病理的發(fā)展起重要作用.

作者在對(duì)3×TgAD組的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),eAβ陽性斑塊小且少,而神經(jīng)元內(nèi)有很多6E10陽性產(chǎn)物即細(xì)胞內(nèi)Aβ(intracelluar βamyloid ,iAβ),這種現(xiàn)象還少見報(bào)道.近年來,神經(jīng)元iAβ的存在與作用越來越受到人們的重視,其在AD中的作用也是多方面的:(1)iAβ可影響突觸功能[17].Meng等通過尸體解剖發(fā)現(xiàn)在AD的早期即出現(xiàn)明顯的突觸可塑性的改變[18].Gimenez等發(fā)現(xiàn)3×TgAD轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠1到4個(gè)月時(shí),皮質(zhì)、杏仁核等部位的突觸間傳遞喪失了近40%,而通過免疫組化等方式僅能檢測到iAβ[19].提示:AD早期在無細(xì)胞外斑塊形成的情況下iAβ積聚,導(dǎo)致突觸的損害.這可以解釋老年斑形成和認(rèn)知障礙之間的不一致性.(2)iAβ可導(dǎo)致線粒體受損[20].線粒體通過氧化磷酸化作用產(chǎn)生能量物質(zhì)ATP,同時(shí)參與維持正常的細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子平衡.此外,線粒體在控制細(xì)胞凋亡中擔(dān)當(dāng)重要角色.線粒體的功能障礙會(huì)導(dǎo)致ROS產(chǎn)生過度和細(xì)胞色素C的釋放,并將促使凋亡肽酶激活因子與細(xì)胞凋亡蛋白酶9前原蛋白結(jié)合,啟動(dòng)凋亡過程.(3)ZHANG等通過對(duì)原代培養(yǎng)的人類神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞內(nèi)顯微注射Aβ可出現(xiàn)P53和Bax蛋白介導(dǎo)的選擇性殺傷作用[2122].(4)iAβ多肽與細(xì)胞內(nèi)載脂蛋白E的聚集密切相關(guān),而后者與DNA斷裂和細(xì)胞溶解有緊密聯(lián)系.(5)iAβ還可通過減低特異的蛋白磷酸酶活性和(或)增強(qiáng)糖原合成酶活性誘導(dǎo)tau蛋白的異常磷酸化,從而損傷神經(jīng)元.此外,在自然衰老的恒河猴腦中,Aβ同樣被發(fā)現(xiàn)于神經(jīng)元和非神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞內(nèi),早于淀粉樣斑塊的形成;同時(shí)證明Aβ寡聚體可以引發(fā)神經(jīng)元退行性變[23].

杏仁核(amygdale)是大腦邊緣系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,其具有調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)臟活動(dòng)、處理情感反應(yīng)及記憶等功能[2425].Horínek等通過MRI研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在AD的早期診斷中杏仁核與海馬有著相同的診斷價(jià)值,并且認(rèn)為兩者在短期記憶過程中都擔(dān)當(dāng)著重要的角色;當(dāng)AD出現(xiàn)輕微的精神癥狀時(shí),杏仁核普遍發(fā)生了早期的損害[24].Hampel等研究表明杏仁核不僅是AD腦內(nèi)重要的病變部位之一,而且其Aβ異常沉積發(fā)生的時(shí)間可能比海馬、皮質(zhì)等區(qū)域更早[25].上述研究表明杏仁核與AD有密切的關(guān)系.

作者比較了18月齡時(shí)2×TgAD與3×TgAD小鼠模型杏仁核Aβ分布特點(diǎn).結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):2×TgAD組Aβ沉積主要發(fā)生在細(xì)胞外,3×TgAD組Aβ沉積主要發(fā)生在細(xì)胞內(nèi).在其他腦區(qū)也存在類似的表達(dá)差異.造成這種差異的原因目前還不清楚,有待深入研究.Aβ與AD的神經(jīng)病理改變有著密切的關(guān)系,但Aβ如何引起神經(jīng)元退行性變,其最初的作用位點(diǎn)是在細(xì)胞外還是細(xì)胞內(nèi),至今仍存在爭議.由于3×TgAD小鼠過度表達(dá)的tau基因可能影響Aβ聚集的部位,并且3×TgAD小鼠早期即有明顯的神經(jīng)元死亡、突觸丟失及學(xué)習(xí)記憶行為的改變[26],據(jù)此作者推測iAβ的神經(jīng)毒性可能在神經(jīng)元退行性改變并導(dǎo)致AD發(fā)生的過程中發(fā)揮重要作用.

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[14]RINNE J O, BROOKS D J, ROSSOR M N, et al. 11CPiB PET assessment of change in fibrillar amyloidbeta load in patients with Alzheimers disease treated with bapineuzumab: a phase 2, doubleblind, Placebocontrolled,ascendingdose study[J].Lancet Neural, 2010,9(4):363372.

[15]SIEMERS E R, FFIEDFICH S, DEAN R A, et al. Safety and changes in plasma and cercbrospinal fluid amyloid beta after a single administration of an amyloid beta monoclonal antibody in subjects with Alzheimer disease [J].Clin Neuropharmacol, 2010,33(2):6773.

[16]FOSTER J K. VERDILE G, BATES K A, et al. Immunization in Alzheimers disease:naive hope or realistic clinical potential[J].Mol Psychiatry, 2009,14(3):239251.

[17]CLAUDIO C. Intracellular and extracellular Aβ, a tale of two neuropathologies [J].Brain Pathol, 2005,15(1):6671.

[18]MENG L, LIYING C, DANIEL H S, et al. The role of intracellular amyloid β in Alzheimers disease[J].Prog Neurobiol, 2007,83(3):131139.

[19]GIMENEZLLORT L, BLAZQUEZ G, CANETEA T, et al. Modeling behavioral and neuronal symptoms of Alzheimers disease in mice: A role for intraneuronal amyloid[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2007,31(1):125147.

[20]ALIKHANI N, GUO L, YAN S, et al. Decreased proteolytic activity of the mitochondrial amyloidbeta degrading enzyme, PreP peptidasome, in Alzheimers disease brain mitochondria[J].J Alzheimers Dis, 2011,27(1):65356546.

[21]ZHANG Y, MCLAUGHLIN R, GOODYER C, et al. Selective cytotoxicity of intracellular amyloid beta peptide142 through p53 and Bax in cultured primary human neurons [J]. J Cell Biol, 2002,156(3):519529.

[22]THOMAS A B, HENNING B, KAILAI D, et al. Intraneuronalamyloid is a major risk factornovel evidencefrom the APP/PS1KI mouse model [J].Neurodegenerative Dis, 2008,5(34):140142.

[23]BILLINGS L, ODDO S, GREEN K N, et al. Intraneuronal Aβ causes the onset of early Alzheimers diseaserelated cognitive deficits in transgenic mice[J]. Neuron, 2005,45(5): 675688.

[24]HORNEK D, PETROVICKY P, HORT J, et al. Amygdalar volume and psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimers disease: an MRI analysis[J].Acta Neurol Scand, 2006,113(1):4045.

[25]HAMPEL H, TEIPEL S J, BAYER W, et al. Age transformation of combined hippocampus and amygdale volume improves diagnostic accuracy in Alzheimers disease[J].J Neurol Sci, 2002,194(1):1519.

[26]TOBIAS B, MARTIN F, STEFFEN B, et al. Multiple events lead to dendritic spine loss in triple transgenic Alzheimers disease mice[J].Plos one, 2011,5(11): 477488.

(編輯王?。?

[13]NELSON T J, ALKON D L. Oxidation of cholesterol by amyloid precursor protein and βamyloid peptide[J]. J Biol Chem, 2005,280(8):73777387.

[14]RINNE J O, BROOKS D J, ROSSOR M N, et al. 11CPiB PET assessment of change in fibrillar amyloidbeta load in patients with Alzheimers disease treated with bapineuzumab: a phase 2, doubleblind, Placebocontrolled,ascendingdose study[J].Lancet Neural, 2010,9(4):363372.

[15]SIEMERS E R, FFIEDFICH S, DEAN R A, et al. Safety and changes in plasma and cercbrospinal fluid amyloid beta after a single administration of an amyloid beta monoclonal antibody in subjects with Alzheimer disease [J].Clin Neuropharmacol, 2010,33(2):6773.

[16]FOSTER J K. VERDILE G, BATES K A, et al. Immunization in Alzheimers disease:naive hope or realistic clinical potential[J].Mol Psychiatry, 2009,14(3):239251.

[17]CLAUDIO C. Intracellular and extracellular Aβ, a tale of two neuropathologies [J].Brain Pathol, 2005,15(1):6671.

[18]MENG L, LIYING C, DANIEL H S, et al. The role of intracellular amyloid β in Alzheimers disease[J].Prog Neurobiol, 2007,83(3):131139.

[19]GIMENEZLLORT L, BLAZQUEZ G, CANETEA T, et al. Modeling behavioral and neuronal symptoms of Alzheimers disease in mice: A role for intraneuronal amyloid[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2007,31(1):125147.

[20]ALIKHANI N, GUO L, YAN S, et al. Decreased proteolytic activity of the mitochondrial amyloidbeta degrading enzyme, PreP peptidasome, in Alzheimers disease brain mitochondria[J].J Alzheimers Dis, 2011,27(1):65356546.

[21]ZHANG Y, MCLAUGHLIN R, GOODYER C, et al. Selective cytotoxicity of intracellular amyloid beta peptide142 through p53 and Bax in cultured primary human neurons [J]. J Cell Biol, 2002,156(3):519529.

[22]THOMAS A B, HENNING B, KAILAI D, et al. Intraneuronalamyloid is a major risk factornovel evidencefrom the APP/PS1KI mouse model [J].Neurodegenerative Dis, 2008,5(34):140142.

[23]BILLINGS L, ODDO S, GREEN K N, et al. Intraneuronal Aβ causes the onset of early Alzheimers diseaserelated cognitive deficits in transgenic mice[J]. Neuron, 2005,45(5): 675688.

[24]HORNEK D, PETROVICKY P, HORT J, et al. Amygdalar volume and psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimers disease: an MRI analysis[J].Acta Neurol Scand, 2006,113(1):4045.

[25]HAMPEL H, TEIPEL S J, BAYER W, et al. Age transformation of combined hippocampus and amygdale volume improves diagnostic accuracy in Alzheimers disease[J].J Neurol Sci, 2002,194(1):1519.

[26]TOBIAS B, MARTIN F, STEFFEN B, et al. Multiple events lead to dendritic spine loss in triple transgenic Alzheimers disease mice[J].Plos one, 2011,5(11): 477488.

(編輯王?。?

[13]NELSON T J, ALKON D L. Oxidation of cholesterol by amyloid precursor protein and βamyloid peptide[J]. J Biol Chem, 2005,280(8):73777387.

[14]RINNE J O, BROOKS D J, ROSSOR M N, et al. 11CPiB PET assessment of change in fibrillar amyloidbeta load in patients with Alzheimers disease treated with bapineuzumab: a phase 2, doubleblind, Placebocontrolled,ascendingdose study[J].Lancet Neural, 2010,9(4):363372.

[15]SIEMERS E R, FFIEDFICH S, DEAN R A, et al. Safety and changes in plasma and cercbrospinal fluid amyloid beta after a single administration of an amyloid beta monoclonal antibody in subjects with Alzheimer disease [J].Clin Neuropharmacol, 2010,33(2):6773.

[16]FOSTER J K. VERDILE G, BATES K A, et al. Immunization in Alzheimers disease:naive hope or realistic clinical potential[J].Mol Psychiatry, 2009,14(3):239251.

[17]CLAUDIO C. Intracellular and extracellular Aβ, a tale of two neuropathologies [J].Brain Pathol, 2005,15(1):6671.

[18]MENG L, LIYING C, DANIEL H S, et al. The role of intracellular amyloid β in Alzheimers disease[J].Prog Neurobiol, 2007,83(3):131139.

[19]GIMENEZLLORT L, BLAZQUEZ G, CANETEA T, et al. Modeling behavioral and neuronal symptoms of Alzheimers disease in mice: A role for intraneuronal amyloid[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2007,31(1):125147.

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(編輯王?。?

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