朱新華
摘要
現(xiàn)行的戶籍制度黏附著城鄉(xiāng)差別化的入學、住房、養(yǎng)老保障等權利配置功能,嚴重制約著農(nóng)村宅基地的社保功能向資產(chǎn)功能轉(zhuǎn)化,是影響農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿的關鍵因素。文章在理論分析的基礎上,提出兩個基本假設,并運用加入控制變量的“雙差”分析法,以重慶(實驗地區(qū))和武漢(控制地區(qū))的農(nóng)戶調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為基礎,定量分析和實證檢驗了戶籍制度對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿的影響。回歸結果顯示,時間啞變量和地區(qū)啞變量的交叉項(即戶籍制度改革效應)通過了1%的正顯著性檢驗,說明戶籍制度改革對實驗地區(qū)農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿產(chǎn)生了顯著的影響,使得愿意退出宅基地的農(nóng)戶比例增加了37%;而且在戶籍改革力度較大的地區(qū),農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿相對較大。另外,“人均住房面積、小康村、城鎮(zhèn)郊區(qū)村”與農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿呈顯著負相關關系,而“家庭人均非農(nóng)就業(yè)收入、補償標準”與農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿呈顯著正相關關系。鑒于此,建議加大戶籍制度改革力度,進行戶籍制度改革的制度構造與功能分配,構建農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移人口退出宅基地與在城鎮(zhèn)落戶享有城鎮(zhèn)居民公共服務之間的銜接和轉(zhuǎn)換機制,協(xié)調(diào)戶籍制度與社會保障制度;在此基礎上,制定農(nóng)村宅基地退出程序和補償標準,設計與城鎮(zhèn)住宅用地管理制度統(tǒng)一的農(nóng)村宅基地復墾整理、收回儲備、市場供應與使用監(jiān)管的政策框架體系,確保退出后的宅基地得到有效利用,從而提高農(nóng)村土地集約利用水平,為經(jīng)濟社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供用地保障。
關鍵詞 戶籍制度;宅基地退出;雙差法;影響因素
中圖分類號 F321.1 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1002-2104(2014)10-0129-06 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.018
改革開放以來,在中國工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化的加速發(fā)展過程中,出現(xiàn)了農(nóng)村人口的歷史性轉(zhuǎn)移、遷徙。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,在城市打工的農(nóng)民已有1.6億人,未來要達到60%的城市化水平,還將會有大量的農(nóng)民工進城并在城市定居[1]。但由于農(nóng)村土地管理中宅基地退出機制的缺失,大量在外打工并且定居在城市的農(nóng)民,其在農(nóng)村占有的宅基地并未退出,導致了我國許多省份農(nóng)村人口轉(zhuǎn)移并未與農(nóng)村宅基地用地縮減相掛鉤,造成了大量宅基地的閑置和浪費,主要表現(xiàn)為在農(nóng)村不同程度地存在“人走屋空”、宅基地“建新不拆舊”、新建住宅向外圍擴展等現(xiàn)象[2]。從資源優(yōu)化配置角度來講,農(nóng)村宅基地退出機制的建立,對于交出宅基地的那部分進城農(nóng)民而言,他們閑置的資產(chǎn)得以盤活,并獲得財產(chǎn)性收益,為解決其進城后的居住問題提供部分資金;而對于國家而言,這部分退出的宅基地可以進行復耕,從而增加耕地面積,也可以將其收歸國有,轉(zhuǎn)化為城市建設用地,緩解城市用地緊張局面,保障經(jīng)濟社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展[3]。但是在現(xiàn)實中,農(nóng)村宅基地退出改革并未如改革者所愿,而且也并不受農(nóng)戶歡迎[4],絕大部分外出務工農(nóng)民并沒有放棄自己的承包地和宅基地。學者們普遍認為,經(jīng)濟補償標準、家庭經(jīng)濟收入狀況、家庭勞動力非農(nóng)就業(yè)狀況、家庭贍養(yǎng)人口狀況、社會保障完善程度等是影響農(nóng)戶宅基地退出的基本因素[5-7]。另外,是否還存在一些關鍵因素呢?鄧海峰認為戶籍制度作為一套在計劃經(jīng)濟體制下建立和完善起來的、黏附著各種資源配置和權利分配制度的社會管理制度,嚴重阻礙農(nóng)村土地使用權的自由流轉(zhuǎn)[8]。在現(xiàn)行的戶籍制度下,城市居民能夠基于其所具有的社會身份獲得城鎮(zhèn)的養(yǎng)老、失業(yè)、醫(yī)療等社會保障,使其在自主地選擇職業(yè)、居住地的同時毫無后顧之憂。然而,在廣大的農(nóng)村地區(qū),以還原經(jīng)濟自由為導向的經(jīng)濟身份改革未能在農(nóng)民身上得以實現(xiàn),同時,社會身份又決定了他們在離開土地、脫離集體經(jīng)濟組織后沒有新的社會保障來源,因此,農(nóng)民仍然需要依靠土地維系生存,無法以自由人的身份去尋求更廣闊的發(fā)展??梢哉f,現(xiàn)行城鄉(xiāng)二元的戶籍制度阻斷了作為農(nóng)民工進城務工配套制度出現(xiàn)的農(nóng)村宅基地使用權退出的可行性與有效性,致使我國出現(xiàn)了城市化進程不徹底和農(nóng)村土地制度改革低效率的雙重不利局面。戶籍制度改革后農(nóng)民獲得了同等的城市合法生存權利,在此基礎上農(nóng)民工經(jīng)濟收入、消費心理、意識觀念隨之改變,與其聯(lián)系最為密切的農(nóng)村宅基地的總體態(tài)勢、區(qū)域格局及耦合特征等方面也必然受到影響[6]。
從長期來看,土地和戶籍制度的聯(lián)動改革既能夠為下一輪的中國經(jīng)濟增長注入新的動力,又能夠促進區(qū)域間平衡和城市內(nèi)部的和諧發(fā)展[9]。因此,我們需要在認識和分析戶籍制度與農(nóng)村宅基地使用權退出制度相互關系的基礎上,提出以戶籍制度改革為核心、以完善農(nóng)村宅基地使用權退出機制為目的的政策建議。
1 戶籍制度對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出的影響:黏附效應抑或替代效應?
建國初期出于重工業(yè)發(fā)展的需要,我國逐漸形成了以將農(nóng)民禁錮在土地之上,保證農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)穩(wěn)定,控制農(nóng)村人口過快流入城鎮(zhèn)為主要目的的戶籍制度。在新的歷史時期,戶籍制度制約人口自由流動與遷徙的作用在新的歷史時期被逐步地弱化,如今已經(jīng)在事實上喪失了限制人口自由流動的功能[10],進而演變?yōu)榕懦廪r(nóng)村人口與城鎮(zhèn)居民分享資源,維護城鎮(zhèn)居民既得利益的制度工具[11]?,F(xiàn)實中出現(xiàn)的如下矛盾現(xiàn)象即可說明問題:中小城市因其戶籍含金量較低,其政府最終將趨于不斷降低戶籍門檻;相反,戶籍含金量較高的大中城市最終則趨于不斷提高戶籍門檻[12]。這種制度安排所引發(fā)的更為深層次的就業(yè)制度、社會保障制度的城鄉(xiāng)差別導致農(nóng)民無法自由流動、農(nóng)村土地要素無法自由流動從而使得農(nóng)村土地的社會保障功能無法貨幣化。因此,戶籍制度改革的重點與難點并不在于放開戶籍制度對人口自由流動進行約束等問題上面,而在于恢復戶籍制度的單一功能,取消黏附于戶籍制度之上的各種資源配置和權利分配的具體制度,使其從區(qū)別公民待遇的手段轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧兇獾墓裆矸葑C明和政府人口統(tǒng)計工具[8]。戶籍制度改革勢在必行,而且戶籍制度應該要與土地制度聯(lián)動改革。
據(jù)此,本文擬提出以下兩個假設,并運用相關模型進行實證分析與檢驗。
(1)現(xiàn)行的戶籍制度黏附著城鄉(xiāng)差別化的入學、住房、養(yǎng)老保障等權利配置功能,嚴重制約著宅基地的社保功能向資產(chǎn)功能的轉(zhuǎn)化,是影響農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿的關鍵因素。對比不同地區(qū)的戶籍制度改革實踐可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在改革力度較大的地區(qū),農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿相對較大,戶籍制度改革對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出決策發(fā)揮著較強的促進效應。據(jù)此提出本研究第一個假設:
假設Ⅰ: 戶籍制度是影響農(nóng)戶宅基地退出的關鍵因素,隨著戶改力度的加大,農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿有所提高。
(2)不同類型的農(nóng)戶,家庭資源稟賦(非農(nóng)就業(yè)人數(shù)、經(jīng)濟收入水平、家庭人均財富等)不同,宅基地在其家庭保障中所發(fā)揮的作用不同,對戶籍制度改革的期望也有所不同。一般而言,家庭非農(nóng)就業(yè)人數(shù)較多、經(jīng)濟收入較高、家庭人均財富較多的農(nóng)戶,更看重的是宅基地的資產(chǎn)功能,宅基地資產(chǎn)價值一定程度上替代了其對戶籍制度改革的期望。據(jù)此提出本研究第二個假設:
假設Ⅱ:具有不同的家庭資源稟賦的農(nóng)戶,其宅基地退出意愿受戶籍制度改革的影響不同。
通過添加控制變量,利用公式(2)的回歸方程對農(nóng)戶調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)進行回歸,不僅具有雙差回歸分析方法的優(yōu)點,同時可以控制其他可能因素的干擾,從而分離出戶籍制度改革這一外部事件對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿影響,還可以發(fā)現(xiàn)對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿可能產(chǎn)生影響的其他因素。
2.2 研究區(qū)域選取
實證研究區(qū)域的選擇在本研究中最為重要。根據(jù)“加入控制變量的雙差方法”運用的要求,需要選取一個戶籍制度改革進行的地區(qū)(實驗地區(qū))和一個沒有進行戶籍制度改革的地區(qū)(控制地區(qū))。
實驗地區(qū)的選擇則需要有較強的代表性。毫無疑問,重慶市被批準設立全國統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)綜合配套改革試驗區(qū)之后,積極推動城鄉(xiāng)土地制度和戶籍制度改革,創(chuàng)新地票制度,有力地促進城鄉(xiāng)人口遷移和農(nóng)村土地流動。特別是,2010年8月1日頒布實施了《重慶市戶籍制度改革農(nóng)村土地退出與利用辦法(試行)》(以下簡稱《辦法》)后,重慶市城鄉(xiāng)土地制度和戶籍制度改革全面推進。重慶市的改革不僅力度較大,而且覆蓋面較廣,具有較強的代表性。
而控制地區(qū)的選擇則需要主要考慮降低統(tǒng)計分析的誤差,即為了盡量降低兩個地區(qū)的觀察變量(除受戶籍制度不同影響外)所受的其他不同性質(zhì)的影響,除了引入控制變量以外,對比研究的省份盡量做到規(guī)模相當、地域相鄰、經(jīng)濟實力相仿。鑒于此,本文擬選取武漢市作為控制地區(qū)。
2.3 指標設計與數(shù)據(jù)描述
因變量上文已經(jīng)論述,自變量設計如下:
①農(nóng)戶家庭稟賦,包括:家庭人數(shù)(個)、家庭勞動力人口比例(%)、家庭人口中最高教育年限(年)、是否機關干部家庭(啞變量)、人均住房面積(m2/人)、住房結構(土木=1,磚混=2,鋼混=3);另外,還需要考慮家庭所在村狀況,包括:村是否小康村(啞變量)、村是否城鎮(zhèn)郊區(qū)(啞變量)。②家庭勞動力非農(nóng)就業(yè)狀況,包括:家庭勞動力非農(nóng)就業(yè)人口比例(%)、家庭人均非農(nóng)就業(yè)收入(元/人)。③家庭經(jīng)濟收入狀況用家庭人均財富(元/人。財富定義為家庭擁有的所有資產(chǎn)的貨幣價值,具體內(nèi)容包括現(xiàn)金、存款、對外投資、對外借款和固定資產(chǎn)原值并扣除借入款)[14]表示。④家庭贍養(yǎng)人口狀況,用65歲以上老齡人口所占勞動人口(14歲到64歲)的比重即贍養(yǎng)率來表示。⑤家庭社會保障狀況,包括:新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險參保率(%)、新型農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險參保率(%)。⑥拆遷補償訴求,包括:補償標準訴求(現(xiàn)行標準=1、與城市拆遷標準相同=2、雙方談判=3)、補償方式訴求(貨幣補償=1、產(chǎn)權置換或其他=0)。
鑒于重慶(試驗地區(qū))于2010年8月1日實施戶籍制度與農(nóng)村土地退出改革,因而選擇2009年和2011年作為改革前和改革后。課題組于2010年7月和2012年7月兩次赴重慶市的江津區(qū)、永川區(qū)、渝北區(qū)、城口縣和武漢市的江漢區(qū)、青山區(qū)、江夏區(qū)、黃陂區(qū),共8區(qū)(縣)56個行政村560戶村民(全部選擇的是未退出宅基地的農(nóng)戶,這是因為:一方面,已經(jīng)退出宅基地的農(nóng)戶并不多;另一方面,在退出宅基地的農(nóng)戶中,真正自愿退出的很少,大多是在政府推行的“城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)籌”、“農(nóng)村土地整治”過程中的被動退出)就2009年和2011年宅基地退出意愿及家庭基本情況進行調(diào)查,分別回收有效問卷525份和512份。問卷的統(tǒng)計分析結果見表1。
分年度來看,重慶、武漢農(nóng)戶宅基地使用權流轉(zhuǎn)意愿的平均值由2009年的2.988、2.853分別上升到2011年的3.545和3.491(表1)。分地區(qū)來看,不管是2009年還是2011年,重慶農(nóng)戶宅基地使用權流轉(zhuǎn)意愿的平均值均高于武漢(表1),這說明在戶籍制度改革力度較大的地區(qū),農(nóng)戶宅基地使用權流轉(zhuǎn)意愿相對強烈。另外,從重慶和武漢兩地16個自變量調(diào)查結果的對比可見,各變量之間的差距并不大,這說明我們選取武漢作為控制地區(qū)具有較強的合理性。
2.4 計量結果及分析
通過使用上述16個自變量,對模型進行回歸分析(回歸方程估計結果見表2),以考察戶籍制度改革對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿的影響。
由表2可見,大部分變量的估計結果都十分顯著,而且系數(shù)符號與理論預期基本吻合,這說明我們的估計是有效的。下面根據(jù)模型估計結果將戶籍制度對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿的主要結論歸納如下:
第一,時間啞變量沒有通過顯著性檢驗,說明戶籍制度改革前后,農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿并沒有顯著的變化,這可能是由于重慶市2010年8月才頒布《辦法》,而本文選擇2011年作為“改革后”,時間跨度較短,《辦法》的效應還沒有顯現(xiàn)。
地區(qū)啞變量通過了5%的正顯著性檢驗,說明試驗地區(qū)(重慶)和控制地區(qū)(武漢)農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿具有顯著差異,試驗地區(qū)(重慶)農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿為控制地區(qū)(武漢)的1.29倍。
時間啞變量和地區(qū)啞變量的交叉項(即改革效應)通 過了1%的正顯著性檢驗,說明戶籍制度改革對實驗地區(qū)農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿產(chǎn)生了顯著的影響,使得愿意退出宅基地的農(nóng)戶比例增加了37%。由此可見,“戶籍制度是影響農(nóng)戶宅基地退出的關鍵因素。在改革力度較大的地區(qū),農(nóng)戶宅基地退出的意愿相對較大”,假設Ⅰ得到驗證。
第二,其他控制變量對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿的影響總結如下:①人均住房面積與農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿呈顯著負相關關系,這說明農(nóng)戶現(xiàn)有住房面積越大,其對住房滿意度越高,因此對宅基地的退出和房屋的拆除具有較強的抵抗心理;②家庭所在村是否小康村、是否城鎮(zhèn)郊區(qū)均與農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿呈顯著負相關關系,這符合一般常識,即小康村人均收入水平相對較高、村莊環(huán)境和居住環(huán)境相對舒適,他們更愿意待在農(nóng)村,而不愿意退出自己的宅基地和房屋。而村莊位于城鎮(zhèn)郊區(qū)則房屋出租的機會則大,農(nóng)戶因此獲得了長期、穩(wěn)定的宅基地財產(chǎn)收益,在目前農(nóng)村宅基地使用權流轉(zhuǎn)正常市場價格沒有形成之前,宅基地的長期、穩(wěn)定的出租收益遠高于一次性流轉(zhuǎn)收益,因而農(nóng)戶不愿意退出自己的宅基地和房屋;③家庭人均非農(nóng)就業(yè)收入與農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿呈顯著正相關關系,這可能是由兩方面原因造成的:首先,非農(nóng)就業(yè)收入較高,說明外出務工時間較長,相對較容易融入和接納城市生活。其次,非農(nóng)就業(yè)收入較高,他們承擔搬遷和城市居住費用的能力相對較強,并且能夠享受城市居住環(huán)境帶來的清潔與便利;④補償標準與農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿呈顯著正相關關系,毫無疑問,一直以來農(nóng)村征地拆遷補償標準都是農(nóng)戶關注的焦點,也是農(nóng)村征地沖突的核心問題。如果當?shù)氐难a償標準越高,農(nóng)戶愿意退出宅基地的意愿相對就較高。一個很好的例證就是現(xiàn)在很多經(jīng)濟發(fā)達地區(qū)的城郊結合部的農(nóng)戶大多傾向于征地拆遷,因為他們能得到較高的補償和城市住房,生活因此而改變。
綜上所述,“不同類型的農(nóng)戶,家庭資源稟賦不同,宅基地在其家庭保障中所發(fā)揮的作用不同,對戶籍制度改革的期望也有所不同,假說Ⅱ得到驗證。
3 結論與政策建議
本文運用加入控制變量的“雙差”分析法,以重慶和武漢農(nóng)戶調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為基礎,對戶籍制度對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿的影響進行定量研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),戶籍制度改革對農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿產(chǎn)生了顯著的正影響,在戶籍改革力度較大的地區(qū),農(nóng)戶宅基地退出的意愿相對較大;另外,人均住房面積、家庭所在村是否小康村、是否城鎮(zhèn)郊區(qū)與農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿呈顯著負相關關系,而家庭人均非農(nóng)就業(yè)收入、補償標準與農(nóng)戶宅基地退出意愿呈顯著正相關關系。本文提出的假說Ⅰ和假說Ⅱ得到驗證。
上述結論隱含的政策含義是:在現(xiàn)行的戶籍制度下,農(nóng)民無法享受與城鎮(zhèn)居民同等的就業(yè)、住房及子女入學權益,農(nóng)村宅基地承擔起了對農(nóng)民的社會保障職能,這大大制約了農(nóng)戶退出宅基地的意愿和行為。要想推動農(nóng)戶退
出宅基地,從而盤活農(nóng)村土地資產(chǎn),提高農(nóng)村土地集約利用水平,戶籍制度改革是先決條件。為此,首先,加大戶籍制度改革力度,進行戶籍制度改革的制度構造與功能分配,構建農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移人口退出宅基地與在城鎮(zhèn)落戶享有城鎮(zhèn)居民公共服務之間的銜接和轉(zhuǎn)換機制,協(xié)調(diào)戶籍制度與社會保障制度;其次,制定農(nóng)村宅基地退出程序和補償標準,規(guī)范引導農(nóng)村農(nóng)民自發(fā)退出宅基地;最后,設計與城鎮(zhèn)住宅用地管理制度統(tǒng)一的農(nóng)村宅基地復墾整理、收回儲備、市場供應與使用監(jiān)管的政策框架體系,確保退出后的宅基地得到有效利用,從而提高農(nóng)村土地集約利用水平,為經(jīng)濟社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供用地保障。
(編輯:劉呈慶)
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Effect of Household Registration System on Farmers Willingness ofExiting from Rural Housing Land
ZHU Xinhua
(School of Public Administration,Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210098, China)
Abstract Currently, the school entrance, housing, social security pension, and other right allocation functions with urban and rural differentiation are attached to the household registration system, which seriously restricts the transformation from social security function to asset function of rural housing land; this is the key factor which affects farmers willingness of exiting from housing land. On the basis of theory analysis, this paper puts forward two basic hypotheses, and makes use of the ‘doubledifference analysis to carry out quantitative research on the effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land based on the survey data on farmers in Chongqing and Wuhan. The results show that the crosssectional dummy variables of time and area (that is, effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land) through the significant positive test of 1%. The reform of household registration system has a significant positive effect on the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. The number of farmer willing to exit from rural housing land grows about thirtyseven percentage points. In the area with the greater reform, the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land is higher. In addition, the per capita housing area, comparatively welloff village and suburb village has significant negative correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land; the family per capita income from nonagricultural employment and compensation standard has significant positive correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. In view of this fact, it is suggested to strengthen the reform of household registration system, carry out system construction and function distribution for the reform of household registration system, construct the cohesion and conversion mechanism between agricultural transfer populations exiting from rural housing land and agricultural populations settling in city and enjoying public service of urban residents, and coordinate the household registration system and social insurance system. On this basis, we shall make the exiting procedures and compensation standards for rural housing land, and design the policy framework system about reclamation and systemizing, recovery and reserve, market supply, use and supervision of rural housing land which is uniform to urban residential land management system to ensure that the housing land from which the farmers exit can be effectively utilized, so as to improve the intensive use of rural land and provide landuse guarantee for sustainable development of economic society.
Key words household registration system; exiting from rural housing land; ‘doubledifference method; influential factor
[14]孫文凱,白重恩. 我國農(nóng)民消費行為的影響因素[J]. 清華大學學報:哲學社會科學版, 2008, 23(6):133-139.[Sun Wenkai, Bai Chongen. Income Fluctuation and Influential factors on Farmer Consumption[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University: Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition, 2008, 23(6): 133-139.]
Effect of Household Registration System on Farmers Willingness ofExiting from Rural Housing Land
ZHU Xinhua
(School of Public Administration,Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210098, China)
Abstract Currently, the school entrance, housing, social security pension, and other right allocation functions with urban and rural differentiation are attached to the household registration system, which seriously restricts the transformation from social security function to asset function of rural housing land; this is the key factor which affects farmers willingness of exiting from housing land. On the basis of theory analysis, this paper puts forward two basic hypotheses, and makes use of the ‘doubledifference analysis to carry out quantitative research on the effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land based on the survey data on farmers in Chongqing and Wuhan. The results show that the crosssectional dummy variables of time and area (that is, effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land) through the significant positive test of 1%. The reform of household registration system has a significant positive effect on the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. The number of farmer willing to exit from rural housing land grows about thirtyseven percentage points. In the area with the greater reform, the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land is higher. In addition, the per capita housing area, comparatively welloff village and suburb village has significant negative correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land; the family per capita income from nonagricultural employment and compensation standard has significant positive correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. In view of this fact, it is suggested to strengthen the reform of household registration system, carry out system construction and function distribution for the reform of household registration system, construct the cohesion and conversion mechanism between agricultural transfer populations exiting from rural housing land and agricultural populations settling in city and enjoying public service of urban residents, and coordinate the household registration system and social insurance system. On this basis, we shall make the exiting procedures and compensation standards for rural housing land, and design the policy framework system about reclamation and systemizing, recovery and reserve, market supply, use and supervision of rural housing land which is uniform to urban residential land management system to ensure that the housing land from which the farmers exit can be effectively utilized, so as to improve the intensive use of rural land and provide landuse guarantee for sustainable development of economic society.
Key words household registration system; exiting from rural housing land; ‘doubledifference method; influential factor
[14]孫文凱,白重恩. 我國農(nóng)民消費行為的影響因素[J]. 清華大學學報:哲學社會科學版, 2008, 23(6):133-139.[Sun Wenkai, Bai Chongen. Income Fluctuation and Influential factors on Farmer Consumption[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University: Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition, 2008, 23(6): 133-139.]
Effect of Household Registration System on Farmers Willingness ofExiting from Rural Housing Land
ZHU Xinhua
(School of Public Administration,Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210098, China)
Abstract Currently, the school entrance, housing, social security pension, and other right allocation functions with urban and rural differentiation are attached to the household registration system, which seriously restricts the transformation from social security function to asset function of rural housing land; this is the key factor which affects farmers willingness of exiting from housing land. On the basis of theory analysis, this paper puts forward two basic hypotheses, and makes use of the ‘doubledifference analysis to carry out quantitative research on the effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land based on the survey data on farmers in Chongqing and Wuhan. The results show that the crosssectional dummy variables of time and area (that is, effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land) through the significant positive test of 1%. The reform of household registration system has a significant positive effect on the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. The number of farmer willing to exit from rural housing land grows about thirtyseven percentage points. In the area with the greater reform, the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land is higher. In addition, the per capita housing area, comparatively welloff village and suburb village has significant negative correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land; the family per capita income from nonagricultural employment and compensation standard has significant positive correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. In view of this fact, it is suggested to strengthen the reform of household registration system, carry out system construction and function distribution for the reform of household registration system, construct the cohesion and conversion mechanism between agricultural transfer populations exiting from rural housing land and agricultural populations settling in city and enjoying public service of urban residents, and coordinate the household registration system and social insurance system. On this basis, we shall make the exiting procedures and compensation standards for rural housing land, and design the policy framework system about reclamation and systemizing, recovery and reserve, market supply, use and supervision of rural housing land which is uniform to urban residential land management system to ensure that the housing land from which the farmers exit can be effectively utilized, so as to improve the intensive use of rural land and provide landuse guarantee for sustainable development of economic society.
Key words household registration system; exiting from rural housing land; ‘doubledifference method; influential factor