趙偉偉
摘要
城市間的航空運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)是城市相互聯(lián)系的最高表現(xiàn)形式,航線運(yùn)量反映了城市間的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系和對(duì)外職能,城市及航線所組成的航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)直觀反映了城市體系的等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)和分布特征。2000年以來(lái)我國(guó)航空運(yùn)輸持續(xù)高速增長(zhǎng),通航城市由139個(gè)增加至175個(gè),占地級(jí)城市數(shù)量的60%以上,通航城市的分布特征在一定程度上代表了全國(guó)的城市體系特征。本文在系統(tǒng)回顧國(guó)內(nèi)外研究文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,利用2000-2012年民航行業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),通過(guò)假定和計(jì)算城市間航線復(fù)合流量,從通航城市分布的統(tǒng)計(jì)特征、等級(jí)劃分、網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)等視角進(jìn)行分析。首先,研究了通航城市分布的區(qū)域差異,貨運(yùn)業(yè)務(wù)城市差距不斷擴(kuò)大,呈集聚特征,三大樞紐城市比重始終過(guò)半;從城市累計(jì)分配率看,貨運(yùn)相比客運(yùn)更集中。其次,運(yùn)用圖表法和聚類分析法,將175個(gè)城市分為3個(gè)首位中心城市、13個(gè)二級(jí)中心城市、17個(gè)三級(jí)中心城市和142個(gè)四級(jí)中心城市,城市等級(jí)分布呈金字塔型且受政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和旅游等因素影響顯著。最后,利用2000年和2012年國(guó)內(nèi)城市間前100位復(fù)合流量航線,分析了城市體系的網(wǎng)絡(luò)特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)北京、上海和廣州等三大樞紐城市穩(wěn)穩(wěn)占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,成渝成為未來(lái)第四極,東北地區(qū)城市體系穩(wěn)定,沿海城市被中部城市取代,旅游城市等級(jí)升級(jí),“軸—輻”網(wǎng)絡(luò)城市體系正在形成。
關(guān)鍵詞 航空網(wǎng)絡(luò);城市體系;機(jī)場(chǎng);空間格局;網(wǎng)絡(luò)特征
中圖分類號(hào) F562
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A
文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)10-0068-08
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.011
1903年美國(guó)萊特兄弟成功試飛了第一架飛機(jī),實(shí)現(xiàn)了人類空中飛行的夢(mèng)想,激發(fā)了全球的航空熱潮。伴隨著噴氣式飛機(jī)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用和和世界航空管制的放松,航空運(yùn)輸對(duì)全球產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。美國(guó)學(xué)者卡薩達(dá)教授提出航空運(yùn)輸正在成為繼海運(yùn)、河運(yùn)、鐵路、公路之后影響世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的“第五沖擊波”,在中國(guó)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)已逐步被學(xué)者和地方政府認(rèn)可,航空運(yùn)輸業(yè)已升級(jí)為國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略性先導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)。航空運(yùn)輸相比鐵路、公路、水運(yùn)等其他運(yùn)輸方式具有快捷、長(zhǎng)距離、高附加值等優(yōu)勢(shì),直接反映城市間的交易流和聯(lián)通度,在一定程度上反映了城市對(duì)外聯(lián)系的程度和水平。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的深入,一個(gè)城市航空運(yùn)輸水平的高低體現(xiàn)了其在全球、國(guó)家和區(qū)域城市體系中所處的等級(jí)或?qū)哟?,自上世紀(jì)50年代這一現(xiàn)象逐步引起國(guó)內(nèi)外經(jīng)濟(jì)地理學(xué)和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)W者的關(guān)注。
國(guó)外最早利用航空運(yùn)輸研究城市體系是美國(guó)學(xué)者Taaffe,1956年他研究了機(jī)場(chǎng)旅客吞吐量與城鎮(zhèn)人口之間的關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系,并考察了基于機(jī)場(chǎng)吞吐量的城鎮(zhèn)關(guān)聯(lián)體系[1-2]。Murayama利用加拿大與美國(guó)之間的航空客運(yùn)資料對(duì)加拿大城市開放性作了研究,分析加拿大城市體系的變化[3]。Goetz研究了1950-1985年間美國(guó)航空客流與城市體系繁華的關(guān)系[4]。Rimmer把國(guó)際航空客貨運(yùn)作為重要指標(biāo)研究了世界城市和東北亞大城市之間的聯(lián)系[5]。進(jìn)入新世紀(jì),Matsumoto對(duì)日本機(jī)場(chǎng)體系、城鎮(zhèn)體系、航空運(yùn)輸量做了系統(tǒng)分析,并在此基礎(chǔ)上從航空運(yùn)輸?shù)慕嵌妊芯苛耸澜绯擎?zhèn)體系格局和演變[6-7]。Guimera和Bagler在分析航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)特性的基礎(chǔ)上研究世界城市體系,后者認(rèn)為航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)和城市體系同樣具有復(fù)雜網(wǎng)路的“小世界”特征[8-9]。
國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于航空運(yùn)輸與城市體系的研究相比國(guó)外起步晚,且集中出于上世紀(jì)90年代后期和21世紀(jì)初期。最早顧朝林利用航空資料對(duì)中國(guó)首位城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)做了分析[10],郭文炯、白明英分析了城市航空運(yùn)輸職能層次,認(rèn)為城市間航空運(yùn)輸聯(lián)系反映了城市體系的基本特征[11]。金鳳君研究了大陸地區(qū)航空客流網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系的地域分異現(xiàn)象[12],并對(duì)中國(guó)樞紐機(jī)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行篩選,率先構(gòu)筑了軸-輻式航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系[13]。周一星、胡智勇利用航空客運(yùn)量和每周航班數(shù),揭示了城市體系的結(jié)構(gòu)框架,預(yù)測(cè)了未來(lái)城市體系演變的可能方向[14]。朱英明認(rèn)為城市密集區(qū)的航空聯(lián)系具有明顯的方向性,導(dǎo)致了城市間的內(nèi)聚效應(yīng)和空間互動(dòng)[15]。王法輝等研究了航空客運(yùn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的空間演化和地域差異[16]。唐次妹分析了臺(tái)灣地區(qū)航空港的分布與城市體系的關(guān)系[17]。于濤方利用航空客流分析了1995-2004年中國(guó)城市體系格局的變化[18]。受“數(shù)量革命”影響,劉宏鯤、王嬌娥、莫輝輝和曾小周等應(yīng)用復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)理論和GIS方法對(duì)中國(guó)航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行分析,認(rèn)為中國(guó)航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)具有典型的小世界網(wǎng)絡(luò)特征[19-22]。
國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者針對(duì)中國(guó)城市航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)與城市體系的研究,大多是利用航空客運(yùn)數(shù)據(jù)和航班數(shù),通過(guò)航空聯(lián)系的角度分析城市體系的特點(diǎn),采用數(shù)據(jù)大多集中在1995-2005年左右,缺乏對(duì)航空貨運(yùn)研究。航空貨運(yùn)相比客運(yùn)更能反映城市間經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系和對(duì)外職能,而且2000年以后中國(guó)航空客貨運(yùn)分別年均增長(zhǎng)高達(dá)15%和11%,通航城市由139個(gè)增加至175個(gè),成為全球航空運(yùn)輸增長(zhǎng)最快的地區(qū)。此外,民用航空機(jī)場(chǎng)的服務(wù)范圍一般都在200 km2以上,且基本分布在地級(jí)市以上的中心城區(qū)附近。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2010年中國(guó)地級(jí)市數(shù)量為283個(gè),直轄市數(shù)量為4個(gè),通航城市已占總數(shù)的60%以上。因此,通過(guò)分析已通航城市的分布格局來(lái)研究2000年以中國(guó)城市體系演變特征具有一定代表性。
1 研究?jī)?nèi)容與數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源
1.1 定義與假設(shè)
通航城市:本文是指已經(jīng)開通民用航空運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù),且有固定航班活動(dòng)的城市,不包括停航機(jī)場(chǎng)的城市和僅僅開展通用航空業(yè)務(wù)的城市。
航線:飛機(jī)飛行的路線稱為空中交通線,簡(jiǎn)稱航線。飛機(jī)的航線不僅確定了飛機(jī)飛行具體方向、起訖點(diǎn)和經(jīng)停點(diǎn)。按照飛機(jī)飛行的起訖點(diǎn),航線可分為國(guó)際航線、國(guó)內(nèi)航線和地區(qū)航線三大類。國(guó)際航線是指飛行路線連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上國(guó)家的航線;國(guó)內(nèi)航線是指在一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)部的航線,它又可分為干線、支線和地方航線三大類。本文以分析國(guó)內(nèi)航線為主。
城市復(fù)合流量:參照國(guó)際民航運(yùn)輸協(xié)會(huì)計(jì)算辦法,1個(gè)單位復(fù)合流量等于1名旅客或90 kg貨物。如1個(gè)城市具有2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上機(jī)場(chǎng),合并計(jì)算流量,如北京首都和北京南苑,上海虹橋和上海浦東。
城市間航線復(fù)合流量:兩個(gè)城市之間航線運(yùn)輸?shù)膹?fù)行合流量。 如果是經(jīng)停航線,根據(jù)航段數(shù)目取均值分?jǐn)?,如廣州-西安-銀川航線流量為Q,廣州-西安取Q/2,張家界-長(zhǎng)沙-青島-沈陽(yáng)航線流量為Q,張家界-長(zhǎng)沙取Q/3。根據(jù)前期研究者經(jīng)驗(yàn)和實(shí)際情況,航線流量計(jì)算取航線年運(yùn)輸旅客在5萬(wàn)人以上且年貨物運(yùn)輸量在5 000 t以上的航線。
1.2 研究?jī)?nèi)容
在總結(jié)分析已有研究文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)分析通航城市分布的區(qū)域統(tǒng)計(jì)特征和客貨航空運(yùn)輸業(yè)的集聚與擴(kuò)散特征,利用國(guó)內(nèi)航線數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)用圖表判斷法和聚類分析法,將通航城市劃分不同層次,進(jìn)而利用城市間的航空運(yùn)輸數(shù)量分析了城市體系的網(wǎng)絡(luò)特征,最后試圖從多個(gè)因素分析通航城市體系演化的動(dòng)力因素。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源
本文研究數(shù)據(jù)主要來(lái)源分兩部分:第一部分各城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)人口指標(biāo)來(lái)自《中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》和《中國(guó)城市統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》。第二部分關(guān)于航空運(yùn)輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù),主要是指機(jī)場(chǎng)旅客吞吐量、貨郵吞吐量、航線班次、吞吐量等來(lái)自《從統(tǒng)計(jì)看民航》、《2010年全國(guó)夏秋航線航班時(shí)刻表》、《中國(guó)交通年鑒》和中國(guó)民航局歷年民航發(fā)展公報(bào)。
城市間復(fù)合流量已增長(zhǎng)了3-5倍,而且北京、上海、廣州之間的航線牢牢占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,杭州-北京、上海-成都、上海-廈門進(jìn)入前十大航線。高鐵的開通對(duì)城市間航空流量影響非常大,特別是對(duì)1 500 km以內(nèi)的航線,比如京滬和鄭西高鐵開通后,北京-南京航線位次從2000年第10名下降至2012年的45名,北京-濟(jì)南和鄭州-西安直飛航線陸續(xù)停航。
最后,根據(jù)城市間復(fù)合流量計(jì)算法,取前100位航線繪制2000年和2012年城市航空流向的節(jié)點(diǎn)-網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)圖,分析通航城市的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)特征,如圖5和圖6所示。
通過(guò)以上分析,可以看出通航城市體系有以下網(wǎng)絡(luò)特征:
(1)通航城市空間分布存在明顯的區(qū)域差異。從圖5、6中可以看出覺得通航城市分布也符合胡煥庸線(也稱“黑河-騰沖”線)。即在黑河-騰沖線東南區(qū)域集中分布絕大部分通航城市和航空運(yùn)輸活動(dòng),線西北區(qū)域城市和航空運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)較少,但近年來(lái)新疆與內(nèi)地聯(lián)系密切,特別是烏魯木齊與北京、烏魯木齊與西安聯(lián)系密集,烏魯木齊已有5條航線進(jìn)入前100位。另外,航點(diǎn)分布更加分散,除西寧外其他省會(huì)城市均有航線進(jìn)入前100位航線的起止點(diǎn)。
(2)北京、上海和廣州穩(wěn)穩(wěn)占據(jù)空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)的主導(dǎo)地位,成渝有望成為未來(lái)第四極,西安、烏魯木齊、昆明地位提升。從圖5、6中可以看出前100位航線中自北京、上海、廣州出發(fā)的航線占據(jù)了大部分,且等級(jí)非常高,前10大航線均與三大城市有關(guān),也在一定程度上代表以他們?yōu)橹行牡木┙蚣匠鞘腥骸㈤L(zhǎng)三角城市群和珠三角城市群之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系一直影響著整個(gè)國(guó)家的城市體系。與此同時(shí),以成都、重慶為中心的成渝城市群與三大城市群經(jīng)濟(jì)和商務(wù)聯(lián)系密切,從而提升了城市等級(jí)。
(3)東北地區(qū)分布穩(wěn)定,沿海城市被中部城市取代,旅游城市等級(jí)提升。從2000年至2012年?yáng)|北地區(qū)通航城市分布穩(wěn)定,哈爾濱、長(zhǎng)春、沈陽(yáng)和大連一直作為區(qū)域中心城市,與北京、上海一直保持穩(wěn)定的聯(lián)系。沿海城市煙臺(tái)、溫州、福州在通航城市體系的地位逐步被鄭州、長(zhǎng)沙等中部城市取代,同時(shí)隨著高鐵網(wǎng)的行程,中短程航線受到?jīng)_擊,比如上海-溫州在高鐵開通后,航班也隨即取消。以廈門、三亞、??跒榇淼穆糜纬鞘?,有10條航線進(jìn)入前100位,且三個(gè)城市航空復(fù)合流量增長(zhǎng)迅速。
(4)軸-輻式網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系正在形成。航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“軸-輻”系統(tǒng)是指以最主要的航空港為軸心、其他航空機(jī)場(chǎng)為附屬,形成具有密切聯(lián)系的類似“自行車輪子”的空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)聯(lián)系交流體系。從全國(guó)城市來(lái)看北京、上海、廣州已經(jīng)成為全國(guó)的“軸”,即全國(guó)樞紐城市。其他次級(jí)區(qū)域,尤其是新疆和云南等航空活動(dòng)比較發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū),烏魯木齊和昆明正在成為區(qū)域的“軸”,即區(qū)域樞紐城市。在“軸-輻”網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)中低級(jí)城市通過(guò)航線向高級(jí)城市聯(lián)系,高級(jí)城市向更高一級(jí)城市聯(lián)系,如騰沖-昆明-北京、喀什-烏魯木齊-上海,軸-輻式網(wǎng)絡(luò)有利于降低城市間的聯(lián)系成本,從而促進(jìn)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)高效發(fā)展。從圖5、6來(lái)看,成都和西安也有條件成為區(qū)域性樞紐城市。
5 結(jié)論與展望
本文利用2000-2012年民航行業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),首先分析了通航城市分布的區(qū)域差異,從三大樞紐城市和全國(guó)城市累計(jì)分配率方面分別分析了城市客貨運(yùn)的集聚和分散特征??傮w來(lái)看,通航城市布局區(qū)域差異大,西部新增數(shù)目遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于中部和東部,客運(yùn)業(yè)務(wù)區(qū)域差異趨緩,貨郵業(yè)務(wù)差距進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,客運(yùn)業(yè)務(wù)呈現(xiàn)出擴(kuò)散特征,貨郵業(yè)務(wù)分布更加集中。其次,運(yùn)用圖表法和聚類分析法,將175個(gè)城市分為3個(gè)首位中心城市、13個(gè)二級(jí)中心城市、17三級(jí)中心城市和142個(gè)四級(jí)中心城市四個(gè)等級(jí),進(jìn)一步分析出城市等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)呈金字塔型,同時(shí)受政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和旅游因素影響顯著。最后,利用“城市復(fù)合流量”和“城市間航線復(fù)合流量”分析了城市體系的網(wǎng)絡(luò)特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)城市復(fù)合流量在區(qū)域差異的基礎(chǔ)上,北京、上海和廣州在城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)中穩(wěn)穩(wěn)占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,成渝成為未來(lái)第四極,東北區(qū)域穩(wěn)定,中部城市崛起等特征,同時(shí),“軸-輻”式城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系正在逐步形成。航空運(yùn)輸在綜合交通體系中發(fā)揮著越來(lái)越重要的作用,特別是在對(duì)外開放和進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易方面優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯,各級(jí)城市特別是內(nèi)陸型中心城市不僅要建設(shè)鐵路、公路,而且要發(fā)展民航運(yùn)輸,以全方位提升城市等級(jí)。
但是,不是每個(gè)城市都有機(jī)場(chǎng),通航城市體系只是研究城市體系的一個(gè)切入點(diǎn),有些城市是通過(guò)城市群中的航空活動(dòng)參與城市聯(lián)系的,且這些城市與城市群中心城市具有便捷地面聯(lián)系條件,這些城市雖然在全國(guó)城市體系中有較高等級(jí),比如唐山、蘇州、昆山、東莞、中山等,但沒進(jìn)入本次分析范圍。后續(xù)筆者將嘗試以城市群為單元研究航空活動(dòng)對(duì)城市體系的影響。
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[16]王法輝,金鳳君,曾光.中國(guó)航空客運(yùn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的空間演化模式研究[J].地理科學(xué),2003, 23(5):519-525.[Wang Fahui,Jin Fengjun,Zeng Guang. Geographic Patterns of Air Passenger Transport in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 23(5):519-525.]
[17]唐次妹.航空運(yùn)輸與臺(tái)灣城市體系的空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)[J].臺(tái)灣研究,2006,1:39-44.[Tang Cimei. Air Transport and the Space Network Structure of Urban System in Taiwan[J].Taiwan Research,2006,1:39-44.]
[18]于濤方,顧朝林,李志剛.1995年以來(lái)中國(guó)城市體系格局與演變:基于航空流視角[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1407-1418.[Yu Taofang,Gu Chaolin,Li Zhigang.Chinas Urban Systems in Terms of Air Passenger and Cargo Flows since 1995[J]. Geographical Research, 2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[19]劉宏鯤,周濤.中國(guó)城市航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)的實(shí)證研究與分析[J].物理學(xué)報(bào),2007,56(1):106-112.[ Liu Hongkun, Zhou Tao.Empirical Study of Chinese City Airline Network[J]. Acta Physica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[20]王姣娥, 金鳳君, 孫煒,等.中國(guó)機(jī)場(chǎng)體系的空間格局及其服務(wù)水平[J].地理學(xué)報(bào),2006, 61(8):829-838.[Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun,Sun Wei,et al. Research on Spatial Distribution and Service Level of Chinese Airport System [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[21]莫輝輝,王姣娥,金鳳君.交通運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的復(fù)雜性研究[J].地理科學(xué)進(jìn)展,2008,27(6): 112-120.[Mo Huihui,Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun.Complexity Perspectives on Transportation Network[J]. Progress in Geography, 2008,27(6): 112-120.]
[22]曾小舟,江可申,程凱.我國(guó)航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)樞紐機(jī)場(chǎng)中心化水平比較[J].系統(tǒng)工程,2010,28(9):39-45.[Zeng Xiaozhou, Jiang Keshen,Cheng Kai. Comparative Analysis on the Centralized Level of Hub Airport of Chinese Aviation Network [J].Systems Engineering, 2010,28(9):39-45.]
Evolution Characteristics of Urban System in China Since 2000 inTerms of Distribution of Civil Aviation City
ZHAO Weiwei
(School of Economics and Management, Northwest University, Xian Shaanxi 710127, China)
AbstractAir transport activities between cities are the highest form of city interconnected, where routes reflect the economic ties among different cities and external function, and the city and routes of aviation network directly reflect the level of urban system structure and the distribution characteristics. Rapid growth of air transport in China since 2000, with the navigable city increased from 139 to 175
level covers an area of more than 60% of the number of cities; navigable city space distribution to a certain extent, represents the urban system of the national chara cteristics. Based on the literature review, this paper used the statistical data (2000-2012) of civil aviation industry, urban routes between compound flow, in order to analyze the statistical characteristic of navigable city distribution, hierarchy, such as hierarchical network structure. First, we studied the distribution and differences of navigable city: namely the passenger business city differences has slow and diffusion characteristics, and the share of three major hub cities Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou in China decreases. Cargo business city gap is widening, the agglomeration characteristics of three major hub cities share is always more than half. From total allocation rate, cargo business is more concentrated than passenger freight. Secondly, using chart method and clustering analysis method, 175 cities can be divided into three top center cities,13 secondary center cities,17 tertiary center cities and 142 four centers cities. The distribution of city level is the pyramid and influenced by political, economic and tourism factors significantly. Finally, we used the data of domestic cities who vanks 100 composite traffic routes between 2000 and 2012 to analyze the network characteristics of the urban system, and find that three major hub cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are firmly dominated, ChengduChongqing express way will be the fourth pole in the future, the northeast city system is stable, coastal cities are replaced by the central city, tourist city level upgrades, and “axial and radial” network cities system are forming.
Key words aviation network; urban system; airport; spatial distribution; network characteristics
[16]王法輝,金鳳君,曾光.中國(guó)航空客運(yùn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的空間演化模式研究[J].地理科學(xué),2003, 23(5):519-525.[Wang Fahui,Jin Fengjun,Zeng Guang. Geographic Patterns of Air Passenger Transport in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 23(5):519-525.]
[17]唐次妹.航空運(yùn)輸與臺(tái)灣城市體系的空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)[J].臺(tái)灣研究,2006,1:39-44.[Tang Cimei. Air Transport and the Space Network Structure of Urban System in Taiwan[J].Taiwan Research,2006,1:39-44.]
[18]于濤方,顧朝林,李志剛.1995年以來(lái)中國(guó)城市體系格局與演變:基于航空流視角[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1407-1418.[Yu Taofang,Gu Chaolin,Li Zhigang.Chinas Urban Systems in Terms of Air Passenger and Cargo Flows since 1995[J]. Geographical Research, 2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[19]劉宏鯤,周濤.中國(guó)城市航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)的實(shí)證研究與分析[J].物理學(xué)報(bào),2007,56(1):106-112.[ Liu Hongkun, Zhou Tao.Empirical Study of Chinese City Airline Network[J]. Acta Physica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[20]王姣娥, 金鳳君, 孫煒,等.中國(guó)機(jī)場(chǎng)體系的空間格局及其服務(wù)水平[J].地理學(xué)報(bào),2006, 61(8):829-838.[Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun,Sun Wei,et al. Research on Spatial Distribution and Service Level of Chinese Airport System [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[21]莫輝輝,王姣娥,金鳳君.交通運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的復(fù)雜性研究[J].地理科學(xué)進(jìn)展,2008,27(6): 112-120.[Mo Huihui,Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun.Complexity Perspectives on Transportation Network[J]. Progress in Geography, 2008,27(6): 112-120.]
[22]曾小舟,江可申,程凱.我國(guó)航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)樞紐機(jī)場(chǎng)中心化水平比較[J].系統(tǒng)工程,2010,28(9):39-45.[Zeng Xiaozhou, Jiang Keshen,Cheng Kai. Comparative Analysis on the Centralized Level of Hub Airport of Chinese Aviation Network [J].Systems Engineering, 2010,28(9):39-45.]
Evolution Characteristics of Urban System in China Since 2000 inTerms of Distribution of Civil Aviation City
ZHAO Weiwei
(School of Economics and Management, Northwest University, Xian Shaanxi 710127, China)
AbstractAir transport activities between cities are the highest form of city interconnected, where routes reflect the economic ties among different cities and external function, and the city and routes of aviation network directly reflect the level of urban system structure and the distribution characteristics. Rapid growth of air transport in China since 2000, with the navigable city increased from 139 to 175
level covers an area of more than 60% of the number of cities; navigable city space distribution to a certain extent, represents the urban system of the national chara cteristics. Based on the literature review, this paper used the statistical data (2000-2012) of civil aviation industry, urban routes between compound flow, in order to analyze the statistical characteristic of navigable city distribution, hierarchy, such as hierarchical network structure. First, we studied the distribution and differences of navigable city: namely the passenger business city differences has slow and diffusion characteristics, and the share of three major hub cities Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou in China decreases. Cargo business city gap is widening, the agglomeration characteristics of three major hub cities share is always more than half. From total allocation rate, cargo business is more concentrated than passenger freight. Secondly, using chart method and clustering analysis method, 175 cities can be divided into three top center cities,13 secondary center cities,17 tertiary center cities and 142 four centers cities. The distribution of city level is the pyramid and influenced by political, economic and tourism factors significantly. Finally, we used the data of domestic cities who vanks 100 composite traffic routes between 2000 and 2012 to analyze the network characteristics of the urban system, and find that three major hub cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are firmly dominated, ChengduChongqing express way will be the fourth pole in the future, the northeast city system is stable, coastal cities are replaced by the central city, tourist city level upgrades, and “axial and radial” network cities system are forming.
Key words aviation network; urban system; airport; spatial distribution; network characteristics
[16]王法輝,金鳳君,曾光.中國(guó)航空客運(yùn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的空間演化模式研究[J].地理科學(xué),2003, 23(5):519-525.[Wang Fahui,Jin Fengjun,Zeng Guang. Geographic Patterns of Air Passenger Transport in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 23(5):519-525.]
[17]唐次妹.航空運(yùn)輸與臺(tái)灣城市體系的空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)[J].臺(tái)灣研究,2006,1:39-44.[Tang Cimei. Air Transport and the Space Network Structure of Urban System in Taiwan[J].Taiwan Research,2006,1:39-44.]
[18]于濤方,顧朝林,李志剛.1995年以來(lái)中國(guó)城市體系格局與演變:基于航空流視角[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1407-1418.[Yu Taofang,Gu Chaolin,Li Zhigang.Chinas Urban Systems in Terms of Air Passenger and Cargo Flows since 1995[J]. Geographical Research, 2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[19]劉宏鯤,周濤.中國(guó)城市航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)的實(shí)證研究與分析[J].物理學(xué)報(bào),2007,56(1):106-112.[ Liu Hongkun, Zhou Tao.Empirical Study of Chinese City Airline Network[J]. Acta Physica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[20]王姣娥, 金鳳君, 孫煒,等.中國(guó)機(jī)場(chǎng)體系的空間格局及其服務(wù)水平[J].地理學(xué)報(bào),2006, 61(8):829-838.[Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun,Sun Wei,et al. Research on Spatial Distribution and Service Level of Chinese Airport System [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[21]莫輝輝,王姣娥,金鳳君.交通運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的復(fù)雜性研究[J].地理科學(xué)進(jìn)展,2008,27(6): 112-120.[Mo Huihui,Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun.Complexity Perspectives on Transportation Network[J]. Progress in Geography, 2008,27(6): 112-120.]
[22]曾小舟,江可申,程凱.我國(guó)航空網(wǎng)絡(luò)樞紐機(jī)場(chǎng)中心化水平比較[J].系統(tǒng)工程,2010,28(9):39-45.[Zeng Xiaozhou, Jiang Keshen,Cheng Kai. Comparative Analysis on the Centralized Level of Hub Airport of Chinese Aviation Network [J].Systems Engineering, 2010,28(9):39-45.]
Evolution Characteristics of Urban System in China Since 2000 inTerms of Distribution of Civil Aviation City
ZHAO Weiwei
(School of Economics and Management, Northwest University, Xian Shaanxi 710127, China)
AbstractAir transport activities between cities are the highest form of city interconnected, where routes reflect the economic ties among different cities and external function, and the city and routes of aviation network directly reflect the level of urban system structure and the distribution characteristics. Rapid growth of air transport in China since 2000, with the navigable city increased from 139 to 175
level covers an area of more than 60% of the number of cities; navigable city space distribution to a certain extent, represents the urban system of the national chara cteristics. Based on the literature review, this paper used the statistical data (2000-2012) of civil aviation industry, urban routes between compound flow, in order to analyze the statistical characteristic of navigable city distribution, hierarchy, such as hierarchical network structure. First, we studied the distribution and differences of navigable city: namely the passenger business city differences has slow and diffusion characteristics, and the share of three major hub cities Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou in China decreases. Cargo business city gap is widening, the agglomeration characteristics of three major hub cities share is always more than half. From total allocation rate, cargo business is more concentrated than passenger freight. Secondly, using chart method and clustering analysis method, 175 cities can be divided into three top center cities,13 secondary center cities,17 tertiary center cities and 142 four centers cities. The distribution of city level is the pyramid and influenced by political, economic and tourism factors significantly. Finally, we used the data of domestic cities who vanks 100 composite traffic routes between 2000 and 2012 to analyze the network characteristics of the urban system, and find that three major hub cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are firmly dominated, ChengduChongqing express way will be the fourth pole in the future, the northeast city system is stable, coastal cities are replaced by the central city, tourist city level upgrades, and “axial and radial” network cities system are forming.
Key words aviation network; urban system; airport; spatial distribution; network characteristics