寧尼亞++劉松凡
[摘要] 血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)及其受體在卵巢癌高表達,與卵巢癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移和預(yù)后等密切相關(guān)。VEGF受體不僅有酪氨酸激酶活性,而且可刺激血管內(nèi)皮的分裂、增殖,促進腫瘤血管的生成,提高微血管的通透性,加快腫瘤細胞與血管內(nèi)營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的交換,促進腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 血管內(nèi)皮生長因子;血管生成抑制劑;卵巢癌
[中圖分類號] R737.31 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)08(a)-0186-03
Research progress on VEGF and ovarian cancer
NING Ni-ya LIU Song-fan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,People′s Hospital of Shaoling District of Luohe City in Henan Province,Luohe 462000,China
[Abstract] Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)is a highly specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells.It potentiates angiogenesis and promotes the vascular permeability.Strong expression of VEGF and its receptor has been found in various solid tumor types,including ovarian carcinoma.VEGF receptor not only has tyrosine kinase activity,but also can stimulate endothelial division,proliferation,promote angiogenesis,improve microvascular permeability,accelerate the exchange of nutrients tumor cells and blood vessels,promoting the development of tumor.
[Key words] Vascular endothelial growth factor;Angiogenes inhibitor;Ovarian cancer
卵巢癌是女性生殖系統(tǒng)三大惡性腫瘤之一,五年生存率不超過30%。較低的生存率迫切需要卵巢癌新的治療手段。近年研究證實血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是腫瘤血管形成的重要細胞因子,對實性腫瘤的生長、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移及腹水形成起關(guān)鍵作用?,F(xiàn)對VEGF與卵巢惡性腫瘤關(guān)系的研究進展作簡要綜述。
1 VEGF在卵巢癌發(fā)生中的作用
由于卵巢的胚胎發(fā)育、組織解剖及內(nèi)分泌功能較復(fù)雜,早期癥狀易被忽視,術(shù)前鑒別卵巢腫瘤的組織類型及良惡性相當(dāng)困難。卵巢惡性腫瘤中以上皮癌最多見,其次是惡性生殖細胞腫瘤。卵巢上皮癌患者手術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤局限于卵巢的僅占30%,大多數(shù)已擴散到子宮,雙側(cè)附件,大網(wǎng)膜及盆腔各器官,手術(shù)難以滿意切除病灶。
卵巢癌多發(fā)生于圍絕經(jīng)期的婦女,與各種化學(xué)、物理、生物等致癌因子及免疫功能、內(nèi)分泌、遺傳、精神因素等有關(guān),此外,飲食營養(yǎng)失調(diào)和不良生活習(xí)慣等也可導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生。35歲以上者多發(fā)卵巢上皮性癌,青年及幼年女性多為生殖細胞類惡性腫瘤,卵巢癌臨床分期、組織分化程度,腫瘤細胞減滅術(shù)后殘留灶的大小及化療療程可能是影響卵巢癌患者預(yù)后的主要因素。
腫瘤生長、侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移是一個復(fù)雜的多步驟過程,這個過程由一些生長因子和抑制因子調(diào)控,如VEGFs、成纖維細胞生長因子、血管生長素、血小板源生長因子、腫瘤壞死因子A、白細胞介素6和8[1]。人類VEGF家族包括VEGF-A,-B,-C,-D,-E和PLGF。VEGF受體(VEGFR)是一類酪氨酸激酶跨膜蛋白,VEGF與VEGFR結(jié)合,可激活下游信號傳導(dǎo)通路[2],刺激腫瘤血管內(nèi)皮細胞的增生,增加腫瘤血管通透性,為腫瘤浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移提供適宜的基礎(chǔ)[3-4]。李麗珍等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),惡性卵巢腫瘤患者血清中VEGF的水平明顯高于非惡性卵巢腫瘤患者。
Nakanishi等[6]報道,VEGF表達與卵巢惡性腫瘤內(nèi)的微血管密度呈正相關(guān),VEGF表達者的MVD顯著高于不表達者,因此,血管形成是卵巢癌發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移的一個基本特征。動物實驗結(jié)果表明,具有血管生成能力的腫瘤細胞,其結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的異常有利于腫瘤細胞“逃逸”而導(dǎo)致發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,更易在轉(zhuǎn)移灶處存活和發(fā)展。VEGF通過增加血管通透性為腫瘤細胞腹腔種植提供生長的基質(zhì),與卵巢癌廣泛的腹腔種植轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)。
近期研究結(jié)果顯示,VEGF及其受體在腫瘤生長和轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用,可以通過阻斷或干擾VEGF/VEGFR信號傳導(dǎo)通路來抑制腫瘤生長[7]。VEGF/VEGFR信號傳導(dǎo)通路抑制劑主要包括抗VEGF抗體、抗VEGFR抗體或酪氨酸激酶抑制劑等[7-8]。目前此類藥物中已有4種成功上市。
2 血管生成抑制劑在腫瘤治療中的作用
腫瘤血管生成抑制劑指能破壞或抑制血管生成,有效地阻止腫瘤生長和轉(zhuǎn)移的藥物,通過使腫瘤血管正?;徑饽[瘤組織缺氧狀態(tài),增加化療藥物的運輸,從而殺死腫瘤細胞,抑制腫瘤生長[9],可分為特異性和非特異性兩大類,作用機制:①調(diào)控血管形成生長因子;②抑制基底膜降解;③影響信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路;④調(diào)控細胞生長周期;⑤調(diào)控腫瘤相關(guān)基因。
血管抑制素是最有效的內(nèi)源性血管生成抑制因子之一。血管抑制素kringle 5能抑制bFGF誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細胞生長和遷移,Suramin可選擇性地結(jié)合親肝素血管生長因子,抑制其與受體結(jié)合而抑制VEGF誘導(dǎo)的血管內(nèi)皮細胞增殖和遷移[10]。Rudge等[11]提出,可以利用VEGF-Trap對VEGF高度親合力和穩(wěn)定結(jié)合性作為有效的生物標(biāo)志物來指導(dǎo)抗VEGF類藥物的臨床用藥。絕大部分腫瘤表達多種不同的促血管生長因子,僅抑制其中一個或一部分也許不能有效地抑制腫瘤血管生長[12]。一項動物實驗結(jié)果顯示,抗VEGFR-2抗體治療能誘導(dǎo)釋放FGF-2[13],但貝伐單抗臨床使用時其能提高體內(nèi)PIGF水平[14]。endprint
腫瘤血管生成抑制劑能夠抑制腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移,甚至使腫瘤消退,此類藥物的研究開發(fā)可為腫瘤患者提供高效、低毒且抗瘤譜更廣的藥物。腫瘤血管生成抑制劑治療的方向是避免對正常血管生成抑制劑產(chǎn)生不利影響[15]。
3 靶向治療對卵巢癌的作用
目前卡鉑聯(lián)合紫杉醇是卵巢癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療方案。貝伐單抗是世界上首個批準(zhǔn)上市的VEGF抑制劑,能夠通過與VEGF-A的結(jié)合,阻斷VEGF-A與VEGFR的結(jié)合,從而抑制VEGF/VEGFR信號通路[16]。血管上皮生長因子(VECF)及其受體是目前卵巢癌靶向治療的靶點,多個針對腫瘤血管生成的靶向治療藥物已經(jīng)進入Ⅲ期臨床研究[17]。小分子靶向藥物以腫瘤細胞生轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑的蛋白或基因為靶點,阻斷激酶的催化基團、生長因子和信號的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路等途徑,抑制腫瘤生長[18]。有研究已經(jīng)證明,貝伐單抗聯(lián)合其他細胞毒性藥物治療復(fù)發(fā)卵巢癌的療效[19-21]。
表1是貝伐單抗在卵巢癌臨床Ⅲ期試驗中的應(yīng)用情況[22]。婦科腫瘤組(218例,來自1873例患者,含Ⅳ期卵巢上皮癌、輸卵管癌等)是雙盲、隨機的,臨床應(yīng)用結(jié)果顯示,卡鉑與紫杉醇聯(lián)合維持劑量的貝伐單抗15 mg/kg與單用一線化療藥物相比,有較長的總生存率。同樣,一個1528例新診斷卵巢上皮癌、輸卵管癌患者的Ⅱ期臨床應(yīng)用中,卡鉑與紫杉醇聯(lián)合用藥6個療程(每3周1個療程)、化療藥物加上維持劑量的貝伐單抗7.5 mg/kg,12個療程,患者總生存率延長,因此,在治療卵巢癌的靶向藥物中,血管生長因子抑制劑貝伐單抗是前景較好的藥物,是一個潛在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案,但是需要考慮治療費用和患者的生活質(zhì)量。
Oehler等[23]進一步臨床觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤術(shù)后血清VEGF含量明顯下降。采用多因素分析后認(rèn)為血清VEGF是一獨立的預(yù)后指標(biāo),與患者OS、DFS密切相關(guān)。血清VEGF增高者預(yù)后差,提示血VEGF水平不僅可作為卵巢癌有價值的診斷指標(biāo),而且可作為有意義的預(yù)后指標(biāo),用于卵巢癌病情監(jiān)測和指導(dǎo)治療。
4 結(jié)論
血管生成是實體腫瘤進展的重要因素,直接影響腫瘤的治療和預(yù)后。卵巢癌發(fā)病隱匿,確診時多為晚期,可利用彩色多普勒觀察卵巢腫瘤的血流,判斷腫瘤良、惡性質(zhì)[24],預(yù)測患者血管生成能力,采取恰當(dāng)治療手段提高生存率。
VEGF是卵巢癌中一種重要的血管生成因子,存在于濾泡液和卵巢過度刺激綜合征患者的腹水[25]及腫瘤囊內(nèi)液和腹水中[26]。VEGF、性激素和其他細胞因子、基因共同作用,調(diào)控著一系列復(fù)雜的病理、生理過程。一方面,腫瘤細胞通過旁分泌作用分泌VEGF,增加鄰近宿主血管的通透性;另一方面,VEGF促進新生血管生成,利于腹水生成,因此VEGF及其受體的合成、分泌與卵巢正常生理發(fā)育和腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展有非常密切的關(guān)系。隨著對VEGF研究的深入,一定會在卵巢癌發(fā)病機制的認(rèn)識、早期診斷及治療方面有新的突破。
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(收稿日期:2014-05-05 本文編輯:李亞聰)endprint
[10] Lohela M,Bry M,Tammela T,et al.VEGFs and receptors involved in angiogenesis versus lymphangiogenesis[J].Curr Opin Cell Biol,2009, 21(2):154-165.
[11] Rudge JS,Holash J,Hylton D,et al.VEGF Trap complex formation measures production rates of VEGF,providing a biomarker for predicting efficacious angiogenic blockade[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,2007,104(47):18363-18370.
[12] Gasparini G,Longo R,Toi M,et al.Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology[J].Nat Clin Pract Oncol,2005,2(11):562-577.
[13] Casanovas O,Hicklin D,Bergers G,et al.Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors[J].Cancer Cell,2005,8(4):299-309.
[14] Willett CG,Boucher Y,Duda DG,et al.Surrogate markers for antian giogenic therapy and dose-limiting toxicities for bevacizumab with radiation and chemotherapy: continued experience of a phase Ⅰ trial in rectal cancer patients[J].J Clin Oncol,2005,23(31):8136-8139.
[15] Teoh DG,Secord AA.Antiangiogenic therapies in epithelial ovarian cancer[J].Cancer Control,2011,18(1):31-43.
[16] Ferrara N,Hillan KJ,Gerber HP,et al.Discovery and development of bevacizumab,an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2004,3:391-400.
[17] 劉澈.卵巢癌治療的進展[J].現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生,2010,26(22):3441-3443.
[18] 紀(jì)巍,王丹.上皮性卵巢癌生物治療研究進展[J].臨床軍醫(yī)雜志,2013,41(1):91-94.
[19] Chura JC,Van Iseghem K,Downs LS Jr,et al.Bevacizumab plus cyclopho-sphamide in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer[J].Gynecol Oncol,2007,107(2):326-330.
[20] Garcia AA,Hirte H,F(xiàn)leming G,et al.Phase Ⅱ clinical trial of bevacizumab and low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide in recurrent ovarian cancer:a trial of the California,Chicago,and Princess Margaret Hospital phase Ⅱ consortia[J].J Clin Oncol,2008,26(1):76-82.
[21] McGonigle KF,Muntz HG,Vuky J,et al.Combined weekly topote can and biweekly bevacizumab in women with platinum-resistant ovarian,peritoneal,or fallopian tube cancer:results of a phase 2 study[J].Cancer,2011,117(16):3731-3740.
[22] Sato S,Itamochi H.Bevacizumab and ovarian cancer[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2012,24(1):8-13.
[23] Oehler MK,Caffier H.Prognostic relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2000,20(6D):5109-5112.
[24] Salahuddin SZ,Ablashi DV,Markham PD,et al.Isolation of a new virus,HBLV,,in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders[J].Science,1986,234(4776):596-601.
[25] Maiman R,F(xiàn)ruchter R,Serur E,et al.Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cervical neoplasia[J].Gynecol Oncol,1990,38(3):377-382.
[26] Lusso P,Ensoli B,Markham PD,et al.Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes by HIV-1 and HHV-6[J].Nature,1989,337(6205):370-373.
(收稿日期:2014-05-05 本文編輯:李亞聰)endprint
[10] Lohela M,Bry M,Tammela T,et al.VEGFs and receptors involved in angiogenesis versus lymphangiogenesis[J].Curr Opin Cell Biol,2009, 21(2):154-165.
[11] Rudge JS,Holash J,Hylton D,et al.VEGF Trap complex formation measures production rates of VEGF,providing a biomarker for predicting efficacious angiogenic blockade[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,2007,104(47):18363-18370.
[12] Gasparini G,Longo R,Toi M,et al.Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology[J].Nat Clin Pract Oncol,2005,2(11):562-577.
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(收稿日期:2014-05-05 本文編輯:李亞聰)endprint