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香煙對大鼠肺白介素—8、谷胱甘肽及組蛋白去乙?;?的影響

2014-09-24 01:51羅鵬等
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2014年22期
關(guān)鍵詞:香煙戒煙煙霧

羅鵬等

【摘要】 目的:探討香煙暴露及戒煙對大鼠肺白介素-8、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及組蛋白去乙?;?(HDAC2)的影響。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠40只隨機(jī)分對照組、吸煙組(1月、2月組)、戒煙組(1月、2月組)。每組8只,吸煙組及戒煙組大鼠每天給予煙熏兩次,吸煙組煙熏1月、2月取材;戒煙組煙熏2月后再繼續(xù)飼養(yǎng)1月和2月后取材,分別檢測支氣管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白介素-8和GSH、肺組織HDAC2的表達(dá)。結(jié)果:比較吸煙組、戒煙組和對照組BALF中白介素-8含量升高、GSH濃度下降,戒煙后GSH漸升高,但仍不能達(dá)到正常;吸煙組肺組織HDAC2含量逐漸降低,戒煙后HDAC2又逐漸升高,但與對照組比較,仍有下降。結(jié)論:香煙暴露可誘導(dǎo)氣道氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致GSH減少,HDAC2減少,戒煙可有所改善。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 香煙; 白介素-8; 谷胱甘肽; 組蛋白去乙酰化酶2

【Abstract】 Objective: To evaluate the impacting of IL-8, GSH and HDAC2 in the lung of cigarette exposure and cessation rats. Method: 40 SD rats were randomly divided into control group, smoking group (January, February group), smoking cessation group (January, February group), smoking group were sacrificed at 1 month and 2 month, smoking cessation group was sacrificed when smoking cessation for 1 month and 2 months. To collect the cells in BALF and lung tissue, and detect the IL-8,GSH and HDAC2 in rats lung tissue. Result: Compared with control group, the levels of IL-8 in smoking group and smoking cessation group increased (P<0.01), the levels of GSH and HDAC2 in smoking group and smoking cessation group decreased (P<0.01), but smoking groups level was lower than that of smoking-cessation groups. Conclusion: It shows that cigarette exposure can induce airway oxidative stress. It can decrease after quitting, but still can't back to the normal.

【Key words】 Smoke; IL-8; GSH; HDAC2

First-authors address: Xili Peoples Hospital in Nanshan District of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen 518055, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.22.006

吸煙是導(dǎo)致慢性阻塞性肺疾?。–hronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)的重要因素[1]。慢性氣道炎癥是COPD的典型特征,香煙煙霧通過激活吸煙者和COPD患者肺部的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)觸發(fā)了氣道的慢性炎癥[2]。本文利用煙熏大鼠造成大鼠COPD模型,分析吸煙及戒煙后大鼠支氣管肺泡灌洗液中谷胱甘肽(Glutathione, GSH)及肺組織中組蛋白去乙?;?(histone deacetylase 2, HDAC2)的變化,進(jìn)一步探討吸煙導(dǎo)致COPD的分子機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料 GSH ELIASA試劑盒(美國RD公司),兔抗鼠HDAC2抗體及免疫組化SP試劑盒購自北京博奧森生物技術(shù)有限公司。

1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組 健康清潔級雄性大鼠40只(安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動物中心提供),隨機(jī)分五組,對照組、吸煙1月組、吸煙2月組、戒煙1月組和戒煙2月組。

1.3 模型制備 紅三環(huán)牌過濾嘴香煙:焦油含量11 mg/支,煙氣一氧化碳量15 mg/支,煙堿量0.8 mg/支,由安徽中煙工業(yè)公司滁州卷煙廠出品。各實(shí)驗(yàn)組均在自制吸煙箱(80 cm×70 cm×50 cm)每天兩次,每次10支香煙持續(xù)煙熏半小時。戒煙組在煙熏兩個月后停止并繼續(xù)飼養(yǎng)1月及2月。

1.4 取材 大鼠腹腔注射10%的水合氯醛(3 mL/kg)麻醉,開胸分離肺后結(jié)扎左主支氣管,右肺注入10 mL生理鹽水后抽取肺泡灌洗液,重復(fù)3次,回收液離心后留上清液于-70 ℃冰凍備檢。左肺組織送病理和免疫組化檢測。

1.5 指標(biāo)檢測 IL-8、GSH和HDAC2嚴(yán)格按照ELIASA試劑盒操作。

1.6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 使用SPSS 13.0軟件,不同組間差異性采用單因素方差分析,兩變量間的相關(guān)性分析用Pearson相關(guān),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 肺組織病理改變 實(shí)驗(yàn)組大鼠雙肺有不同程度氣腫及淤血。光鏡下:對照組大鼠肺泡結(jié)構(gòu)正常連續(xù);吸煙1月組肺泡結(jié)構(gòu)受損,可見支氣管黏膜上皮纖毛倒伏、粘連,肺泡內(nèi)見淋巴細(xì)胞和漿細(xì)胞浸潤;吸煙2月組損害加重,肺泡腔擴(kuò)大融合,彈力纖維層破壞,肺泡數(shù)量減少;戒煙組仍可見肺泡結(jié)構(gòu)受損、肺泡融合,淋巴細(xì)胞和漿細(xì)胞浸潤較吸煙組減少;戒煙2月組較1月組病理改變輕。endprint

2.2 支氣管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)IL-8的變化 對照組(39.85±8.83)pg/mL、吸煙1月組

(50.29±5.60)pg/mL、吸煙2月組(56.29±4.81)pg/mL,

戒煙1月組(54.31±6.43)pg/mL、戒煙2月組(51.35±7.47)pg/mL。吸煙組與戒煙組各組間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.300)。對照組與吸煙組和戒煙組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。

2.3 大鼠BALF中GSH的變化 對照組BALF中GSH含量(133.42±10.33)mg/L、吸煙1月組(125.42±9.54)mg/L、吸煙2月組(116.96±6.85)mg/L、戒煙1月組(120.51±8.58)mg/L、戒煙2月組(130.94±6.96)mg/L。對照組與吸煙組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);對照組與戒煙組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);吸煙組與戒煙組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。

2.4 大鼠肺組織HDAC2的變化 HDAC2的累積光密度值(IOD):對照組(0.87±0.03),吸煙1月組(0.78±0.02),吸煙2月組(0.73±0.01),戒煙1月組(0.75±0.01),戒煙2月組(0.76±0.04)。對照組與吸煙組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其余兩兩組間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。

2.5 BALF 中IL-8、GSH與肺組織HDAC2蛋白相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson相關(guān)分析,大鼠支氣管肺泡灌洗液IL-8與GSH呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.63,P<0.05),大鼠肺組織HDAC2蛋白表達(dá)與支氣管肺泡灌洗液IL-8水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.59,P<0.05),與GSH水平呈正相關(guān)(r=0.43,P<0.05)。

3 討論

慢性阻塞性肺部疾?。–OPD)是一種常見的慢性炎癥性疾病,以進(jìn)行性發(fā)展的氣流受限不完全可逆為特征,與肺部對有害氣體或有害顆粒的異常炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)[3]。吸煙可導(dǎo)致COPD,在COPD和吸煙者的肺部均可以觀察到由于氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)增強(qiáng)觸發(fā)的炎癥反應(yīng)[4]。目前研究認(rèn)為,香煙煙霧通過激活巨噬細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、T淋巴細(xì)胞釋放蛋白酶和活性氧等引起細(xì)胞損傷和氣道炎癥[4]。

IL-8是一種多功能細(xì)胞因子,通過激活、趨化中性粒細(xì)胞并在氣道內(nèi)聚集,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞變形反應(yīng)和脫顆粒反應(yīng)、呼吸爆發(fā)反應(yīng)后釋放溶酶體和形成超氧化物,參與COPD的炎癥反應(yīng)[5]。研究顯示與健康吸煙者和不吸煙者相比,COPD患者誘導(dǎo)痰中IL-8含量顯著升高,測定肺內(nèi)外的IL-8可反應(yīng)COPD患者的病情[6-7]。香煙煙霧誘導(dǎo)IL-8的釋放可能是通過氧化還原介導(dǎo)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,特別是NF-κB的激活[8-9]。筆者的數(shù)據(jù)表明吸煙組較健康對照組肺泡灌洗液IL-8含量升高,比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且隨著吸煙時間延長,IL-8水平升高更為顯著。

每一口香煙煙霧中含有大約1017種氧化劑/氧自由基和4700種化合物,包括活性醛和醌類?;钚匀┖王愡€可以進(jìn)一步生成羥自由基。大量的氧化劑和自由基激活氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。GSH是重要的抗氧化劑,對于保持氣道上皮細(xì)胞完整性和抵御肺部損傷與炎癥等方面有重要作用,現(xiàn)常將GSH作為評價氧化反應(yīng)的一個指標(biāo)[10]。筆者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)吸煙后GSH含量下降,提示香煙煙霧降低GSH水平,并且GSH水平下降和IL-8水平升高具有顯著相關(guān)性(r=-0.63,P<0.05),提示GSH下降與肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞釋放IL-8有關(guān),與相關(guān)研究一致[11-12]。Hirohiko[13]研究證明戒煙2周就可以改善長期吸煙者的氧化抗氧化失衡狀態(tài),可以檢測到GSH升高;Tavilani等研究顯示長期吸煙者在戒煙1年后體內(nèi)氧化抗氧化指標(biāo)可恢復(fù)正常,但重新吸煙后GSH等指標(biāo)又再次上升[14-15]。筆者的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)戒煙后GSH逐漸回升,與既往研究結(jié)果相似。

組蛋白去乙?;讣易灏?1種異構(gòu)體,劃分為三類,Ⅰ類HDACS(HDAC1,2,3,8和11)幾乎只存在于細(xì)胞核內(nèi),Ⅱ類HDACS(HDAC4,5,6,7,9和10)能夠響應(yīng)于某些細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核和細(xì)胞質(zhì)之間的信號穿梭,第Ⅲ類功能尚未完全破譯。Ⅰ類HDACS已被證明在調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖和炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要作用[16]。HDAC2主要參與炎癥反應(yīng),是Ⅰ類HDAC。最近的報道HDAC2是糖皮質(zhì)激素介導(dǎo)的抗炎活性所必需的酶,糖皮質(zhì)激素通過誘導(dǎo)組蛋白去乙?;傅鞍缀突虮磉_(dá)增加細(xì)胞HDAC2的活性[17]。筆者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)香煙煙霧介導(dǎo)的IL-8的釋放與HDAC活性下降有關(guān)。有研究通過支氣管鏡活檢COPD患者和吸煙者的肺組織送檢,結(jié)果顯示肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞HDAC活性有顯著下降,并且HDAC活性下降幅度與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[18-19]。筆者的研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示肺組織HDAC2活性下降與早前的報道一致[20],隨著吸煙時間的延長,HDAC2活性降低越明顯,戒煙可使之有所恢復(fù)。

總之,本研究為香煙煙霧誘導(dǎo)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和增強(qiáng)巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)的分子機(jī)制提供了新的重要資料。香煙煙霧導(dǎo)致HDAC活性和HDAC2水平下降,HDAC活性下降與細(xì)胞內(nèi)GSH的消耗有關(guān)。抗氧化劑可能通過升高細(xì)胞內(nèi)GSH,恢復(fù)HDAC活性/水平和廢除香煙煙霧介導(dǎo)的IL-8的釋放來逆轉(zhuǎn)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),因此有可能作為一種有用的治療方法來調(diào)節(jié)COPD患者細(xì)胞內(nèi)的核信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑和高水平的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。此外,香煙煙霧介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)是由細(xì)胞的氧化還原狀態(tài)來調(diào)節(jié)的。

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(收稿日期:2014-06-30) (本文編輯:王宇)endprint

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[17] Pace E, Ferraro M, Di Vincenzo S, et al. Comparative cytoprotective effects of carbocysteine and fluticasone propionate in cigarette smoke extract-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells[J]. Cell Stress Chaperones,2013,18(6):733-743.

[18] Ito K, Ito M, Elliott W M, et al. Decreased histone deacetylase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. N Engl J Med,2005,352(19):1967-1976.

[19] Li D Z, Ruan S W, Chen Z B, et al. Effect of Quanzhenyiqitang on apoptosis of alveolar macrophages and expression of histone deacetylase 2 in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Exp Ther Med,2014,7(5):1327-1331.

[20] Cosio B G, Tsaprouni L, Ito K, et al. Theophylline restores histone deacetylase activity and steroid responses in COPD macrophages[J]. J Exp Med,2004,200(5):689-695.

(收稿日期:2014-06-30) (本文編輯:王宇)endprint

[15] Tavilani H, Nadi E, Karimi J, et al. Oxidative stress in COPD patients, smokers, and non-smokers[J]. Respir Care,2012,57(12):2090-2094.

[16] De Ruijter A J, van Gennip A H, Caron H N, et al. Histone deacetylases (HDACs): characterization of the classical HDAC family[J]. Biochem J,2003,370(Pt 3):737-749.

[17] Pace E, Ferraro M, Di Vincenzo S, et al. Comparative cytoprotective effects of carbocysteine and fluticasone propionate in cigarette smoke extract-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells[J]. Cell Stress Chaperones,2013,18(6):733-743.

[18] Ito K, Ito M, Elliott W M, et al. Decreased histone deacetylase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. N Engl J Med,2005,352(19):1967-1976.

[19] Li D Z, Ruan S W, Chen Z B, et al. Effect of Quanzhenyiqitang on apoptosis of alveolar macrophages and expression of histone deacetylase 2 in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Exp Ther Med,2014,7(5):1327-1331.

[20] Cosio B G, Tsaprouni L, Ito K, et al. Theophylline restores histone deacetylase activity and steroid responses in COPD macrophages[J]. J Exp Med,2004,200(5):689-695.

(收稿日期:2014-06-30) (本文編輯:王宇)endprint

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