黃可 謝淑華 安寧等
【摘要】 目的:觀察冬蟲夏草對糖尿病(DM)大鼠腎小管損傷的影響,基于抗氧化及抗衰老探討冬蟲夏草延緩糖尿病腎病進(jìn)展的作用機(jī)制。方法:鏈脲佐菌素(STZ)誘導(dǎo)糖尿病腎?。―N)大鼠模型,與非DN大鼠一起隨機(jī)分為四組:對照組、冬蟲夏草組、DN組、DN+冬蟲夏草組。飼養(yǎng)24周后檢測腎臟GPx、SOD、MDA、ROS及Klotho mRNA蛋白表達(dá)水平,并檢測血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、24 h尿白蛋白、尿白蛋白肌酐比(UACR)、肌酐清除率(Ccr)。結(jié)果:DN組大鼠腎功能明顯降低,腎臟氧化應(yīng)激水平增加,腎小管Klotho mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)下降。經(jīng)冬蟲夏草治療后腎功能明顯改善;ROS和MDA水平降低,SOD及GPx水平增加;腎小管Klotho表達(dá)上調(diào)。結(jié)論:冬蟲夏草可延緩DN進(jìn)展,其機(jī)制可能與其在腎小管間質(zhì)發(fā)揮的抗氧化及抗衰老作用有關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 冬蟲夏草; 糖尿病腎病; 氧化應(yīng)激; Klotho
【Abstract】 Objective:To observe the effect of cordyceps on tubular injury in diabetic rats, and explore whether the reno-protective action has a close relationship with anti-oxidation and anti-aging.Method:The rats were induced into diabetes mellitus (DN) by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).They were randomly divided into four groups:the namely control group,the cordyceps group,the DN group,the DN+cordyceps group.At the 24th weeks,the protein expression of Klotho mRNA level in tubule and levels of GPx,SOD,MDA,ROS in renal cortex were studied.Scr,BUN,urinary albumin,UACR and Ccr were also investigated.Result:Compared with the control group,renal function was decreased obviously in DN group.The Klotho protein and mRNA levels were also decreased,but renal oxidative stress was increased.However,cordyceps treatment could significantly improve the renal function,increase the SOD and GPx levels,the protein and mRNA expression of Klotho,but lower the MDA and ROS levels.Conclusion:Cordyceps sinensis can delay the progress of DN,its mechanism may be associated with renal tubular interstitial play a role of the antioxidant and anti-aging.
【Key words】 Cordyceps; Diabetic nephropathy; Oxidative stress; Klotho
First-authors address:Institute Nephropathy,Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College,Zhanjiang 524000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.22.005
大量研究表明,DN其實是典型的衰老相關(guān)性疾病,腎臟多種固有細(xì)胞的衰老和功能減退(對抗損傷的應(yīng)激能力減弱)是DN各種病理損害加速進(jìn)展的重要原因[1-2]。Klotho基因是近年來新發(fā)現(xiàn)的抗衰老基因,其在腎小管間質(zhì)高表達(dá),提示它在腎臟疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程中很可能發(fā)揮著重要的調(diào)控作用。冬蟲夏草在腎臟疾病中的應(yīng)用日益廣泛,對腎衰竭、糖尿病腎病、慢性腎炎、馬兜鈴酸腎病等均可起到良好的腎保護(hù)作用[3-4]。本研究擬通過動物實驗觀察冬蟲夏草對DN大鼠腎小管Klotho基因、氧化指標(biāo)(MDA、ROS)及抗氧化指標(biāo)(SOD、GPx)表達(dá)的干預(yù)情況,從而探討冬蟲夏草是否在DN狀態(tài)下通過抗氧化及抗衰老對腎臟起到保護(hù)作用。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗動物 雄性SD大鼠40只,周齡5~7周,體重180~200 g,購自Damool Science。
1.2 實驗藥品 冬蟲夏草粉,由杭州中美華東制藥有限公司提供;鏈脲佐菌素,購于Sigma公司;SOD試劑盒、GPX試劑盒、MDA試劑盒購于Cayman Chemical公司;ROS試劑盒購于eBioscience公司;western-blotting檢測試劑:兔抗Klotho抗體,購于Abcam公司;山羊抗兔IgG-HRP二抗,購于美國Santa Cruz公司;實時PCR檢測試劑盒:TRIzol 試劑和RNase-free Dnase試劑盒購于Invitrogen公司。
1.3 造模方法與動物分組 SD大鼠給予溶解于檸檬酸鹽緩沖液鏈脲佐菌素(60 mg/kg)一次性腹腔內(nèi)注射建立糖尿病腎病大鼠模型,對照組給予相同計量的檸檬酸鹽緩沖液一次性腹腔內(nèi)注射。將確診為DN的大鼠(血糖>300 mg/dL進(jìn)入本實驗)隨機(jī)分為兩組,非DN大鼠(對照)也隨機(jī)分為兩組,即:對照組,給予飲用水2 mL/只灌胃;冬蟲夏草組,給冬蟲夏草粉5 g/(kg·d)灌胃,灌胃前以飲用水2 mL配制成懸液制劑;DN模型組,DN大鼠予飲用水2 mL/只灌胃;DN+冬蟲夏草組,DN大鼠予冬蟲夏草粉5 g/kg/d灌胃;實驗周期為24周。endprint
1.4 標(biāo)本采集 實驗第24周分別收集血液及24 h尿標(biāo)本行尿蛋白、尿白蛋白肌酐比及腎功能檢測,檢查方法參照筆者已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)[5]。分離腎皮質(zhì)并根據(jù)試劑盒說明檢測氧化及抗氧化指標(biāo),之后將右腎皮質(zhì)組織以膠原酶消化及percoll密度梯度離心分離腎小管,用于western-blotting及RT-PCR檢測,具體方法如文獻(xiàn)[6]所述。
1.5 western-blotting檢測 分離的腎小管組織以RIRA裂解液裂解及提取蛋白,BCA法檢測蛋白濃度。樣品轉(zhuǎn)移到硝化纖維膜上,封閉1 h后,用Klotho一抗在4度過夜,加入酶標(biāo)的山羊抗兔IgG-HRP二抗作用1 h,加入顯影劑顯色并用X光曝光。條帶以Bandscan 4.0軟件進(jìn)行分析。
1.6 RT-PCR檢測 用TRIzol試劑提取腎小管組織RNA,第一條cDNA通過RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶反轉(zhuǎn)錄獲得。應(yīng)用ABI Prism 7900HT系列擴(kuò)增系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增。每個反應(yīng)進(jìn)行3次,平均值除以β-actin的數(shù)值后獲得每個數(shù)值,以正常對照組為1進(jìn)行比較。Klotho引物:5′-CGT GAA TGA GGC TCT GAA AGC-3′(forward)和5′-GAGCGGTCACTAAGCGAATACG-3′(reverse);β-actin引物:5CGTGAAAAGATGACCCAGATCA-3(forward)和5-TGGTACGACCAGAGGCATACAG-3(reverse)。
1.7 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 16.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析,組間比較采用單因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 冬蟲夏草對大鼠腎功能的影響 DN模型組大鼠與對照組相比,血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白、尿素氮、尿白蛋白肌酐比明顯增高(P<0.001),肌酐清除率明顯下降(P<0.01);冬蟲夏草干預(yù)后24 h尿蛋白、尿素氮、尿白蛋白肌酐比、血肌酐均明顯下降(P<0.05),肌酐清除率明顯減少(P<0.05),見圖1。
2.2 冬蟲夏草對氧化應(yīng)激及抗氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)的影響 DN模型組大鼠與對照組相比,腎組織ROS和MDA水平均明顯增加(P<0.01),而SOD及GPx水平明顯降低(P<0.05);冬蟲夏草干預(yù)后ROS和MDA水平均明顯降低(P<0.05),SOD及GPx水平均明顯增加(P<0.05),見圖2。
2.3 冬蟲夏草對Klotho mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平的影響 DN模型組大鼠與對照組相比,腎組織Klotho mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平均降低(P<0.05);冬蟲夏草干預(yù)后Klotho mRNA(P<0.05)及蛋白表達(dá)水平(P<0.01)均增加,見圖3。
3 討論
DN是糖尿病重要的微血管慢性并發(fā)癥之一,也是導(dǎo)致終末期腎功能衰竭的主要原因。DN在全球范圍內(nèi)呈上升趨勢。因此,對DN早發(fā)現(xiàn)早治療,探尋有效地阻止DN進(jìn)程的藥物仍是腎病工作者的重要任務(wù)。有研究證實,氧化應(yīng)激增強(qiáng)、活性氧簇(ROS)產(chǎn)生增多在DN的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要作用[7]。近年大量研究表明,作為衰老相關(guān)性疾病DM的主要并發(fā)癥之一,DN其實也是典型的衰老相關(guān)性疾病[1-2]。冬蟲夏草是我國傳統(tǒng)中藥的瑰寶,具有良好的腎保護(hù)作用,但其很多的作用機(jī)制尚待進(jìn)一步明確。有研究表明,冬蟲夏草可通過降低DN動物模型腎臟中Ⅳ型膠原水平等抑制腎組織纖維化,減輕腎臟病理損傷,從而在早期DN治療中發(fā)揮重要作用[8-10]。細(xì)胞衰老是器官功能乃至整個機(jī)體功能衰退的主要表現(xiàn),腎臟細(xì)胞也不例外。有研究表明,冬蟲夏草菌絲體能促進(jìn)機(jī)體體液免疫功能、增強(qiáng)機(jī)體抵抗力以及改善機(jī)體功能,從而有助于延緩衰老[11]。
Klotho是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的與人類衰老密切相關(guān)的基因,主要表達(dá)于腎臟和大腦脈絡(luò)膜中,尤以腎小管上皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)最為明顯[12]。隨著研究的深入,有研究表明,Klotho可以發(fā)揮很多生物學(xué)功能,如抗氧化、抗凋亡、抗衰老以及對抗組織纖維化作用[13-16]。動物實驗證實,升高血漿中可溶性Klotho水平可逆轉(zhuǎn)衰老的過程,并通過降低氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)發(fā)揮對心腎和其他組織的保護(hù)作用[13-16]?;谏鲜霭l(fā)現(xiàn),本研究通過DM大鼠模型在長期喂食冬蟲夏草后,觀測其在腎小管間質(zhì)作用。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),在冬蟲夏草的干預(yù)下,DN大鼠腎功能較前有所改善。除此之外,ROS及MDA水平降低,SOD和GPx水平升高,提示冬蟲夏草可通過拮抗氧化應(yīng)激而發(fā)揮抗氧化作用,從而減輕腎小管損傷。與此同時,腎小管Klotho表達(dá)增加,提示冬蟲夏草很可能通過上調(diào)衰老相關(guān)基因Klotho的表達(dá),延緩腎小管的凋亡。由此,本研究提示,冬蟲夏草可通過抗氧化及抗衰老減輕腎小管損傷,從而延緩DN進(jìn)展。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[4]周巧玲,劉抗寒,王衍慧,等.冬蟲夏草對糖尿病腎病模型鼠腎組織轉(zhuǎn)化生長閃子β1、結(jié)締組織生長因子表達(dá)的影響[J].腎臟病與透析腎移植雜志,2006,15(5):443-446,468.endprint
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[6] Curthoys N P,Taylor L,Hoffert J D,et al.Proteomic analysis of the adaptive response of rat renal proximal tubules to metabolic acidosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2007,292(1):F140-F147.
[7] Brownlee M.The pathobiology of diabetic complications:a nnifying mechanism[J].Diabetes,2005,54(6):1615-1625.
[8] Rodbell M.Metabolism of isolated fat cells.Effects of hormones on glucose metabolism and lipolysis[J].J Biol Chem,1964,239(12):375-380.
[9] Bukowiecki L J,Ge lone A,Collet A J.Proliferation and differentiation of brown Adipecytes from interstitial cells during cold acclimation[J].Am J Physiol,1986,250(6 Pt 1):C880-C887.
[10] Gimble J M,Katz A J,Bunnell B A.Adipose-Derived stem cells for regenerative medicine[J].Cite Res,2007,100(9):1249-1260.
[11]許維楨,李麗芬,石扣蘭,等.冬蟲夏草菌絲體對單氨氧化酶及免疫功能的影響[J].上海中醫(yī)藥雜志,1988,34(1):48.
[12]唐榮.Klotho基因在高血壓腎損害腎小管上皮細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用及冬蟲夏草對其的影響[D].長沙:中南大學(xué),2009.
[13] Doi S,Zou Y,Togao O,et al.Klotho inhibits transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)signaling and suppresses renal fibrosis and cancer metastasis in mice[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(10):8655-8665.
[14] Mitobe M,Yoshida T,Sugiura H,et al.Oxidative stress decreases Klotho expression in a mouse kidne cell line[J].Nephron Exp Nephrol,2005,101(2):67-74.
[15] Wang Y,Kuro O M,Sun Z.Klotho gene delivery suppresses Nox2 expression and attenuates oxidative stress in rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the cAMP-PKA pathway[J].AgingCell,2012,11(3):410-417.
[16] Sugiura H,Yoshida T,Shiohira S,et al.Reduced Klotho expression level in kidney aggravates renal interstitial fibrosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2012,302(10):F1252-F1264.
(收稿日期:2014-05-29) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint
[5] Liu W J,Xie S H,Liu Y N,et al.Dipeptidyl peptidase Ⅳ inhibitor attenuates kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2012,340(2):248-255.
[6] Curthoys N P,Taylor L,Hoffert J D,et al.Proteomic analysis of the adaptive response of rat renal proximal tubules to metabolic acidosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2007,292(1):F140-F147.
[7] Brownlee M.The pathobiology of diabetic complications:a nnifying mechanism[J].Diabetes,2005,54(6):1615-1625.
[8] Rodbell M.Metabolism of isolated fat cells.Effects of hormones on glucose metabolism and lipolysis[J].J Biol Chem,1964,239(12):375-380.
[9] Bukowiecki L J,Ge lone A,Collet A J.Proliferation and differentiation of brown Adipecytes from interstitial cells during cold acclimation[J].Am J Physiol,1986,250(6 Pt 1):C880-C887.
[10] Gimble J M,Katz A J,Bunnell B A.Adipose-Derived stem cells for regenerative medicine[J].Cite Res,2007,100(9):1249-1260.
[11]許維楨,李麗芬,石扣蘭,等.冬蟲夏草菌絲體對單氨氧化酶及免疫功能的影響[J].上海中醫(yī)藥雜志,1988,34(1):48.
[12]唐榮.Klotho基因在高血壓腎損害腎小管上皮細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用及冬蟲夏草對其的影響[D].長沙:中南大學(xué),2009.
[13] Doi S,Zou Y,Togao O,et al.Klotho inhibits transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)signaling and suppresses renal fibrosis and cancer metastasis in mice[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(10):8655-8665.
[14] Mitobe M,Yoshida T,Sugiura H,et al.Oxidative stress decreases Klotho expression in a mouse kidne cell line[J].Nephron Exp Nephrol,2005,101(2):67-74.
[15] Wang Y,Kuro O M,Sun Z.Klotho gene delivery suppresses Nox2 expression and attenuates oxidative stress in rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the cAMP-PKA pathway[J].AgingCell,2012,11(3):410-417.
[16] Sugiura H,Yoshida T,Shiohira S,et al.Reduced Klotho expression level in kidney aggravates renal interstitial fibrosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2012,302(10):F1252-F1264.
(收稿日期:2014-05-29) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint
[5] Liu W J,Xie S H,Liu Y N,et al.Dipeptidyl peptidase Ⅳ inhibitor attenuates kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2012,340(2):248-255.
[6] Curthoys N P,Taylor L,Hoffert J D,et al.Proteomic analysis of the adaptive response of rat renal proximal tubules to metabolic acidosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2007,292(1):F140-F147.
[7] Brownlee M.The pathobiology of diabetic complications:a nnifying mechanism[J].Diabetes,2005,54(6):1615-1625.
[8] Rodbell M.Metabolism of isolated fat cells.Effects of hormones on glucose metabolism and lipolysis[J].J Biol Chem,1964,239(12):375-380.
[9] Bukowiecki L J,Ge lone A,Collet A J.Proliferation and differentiation of brown Adipecytes from interstitial cells during cold acclimation[J].Am J Physiol,1986,250(6 Pt 1):C880-C887.
[10] Gimble J M,Katz A J,Bunnell B A.Adipose-Derived stem cells for regenerative medicine[J].Cite Res,2007,100(9):1249-1260.
[11]許維楨,李麗芬,石扣蘭,等.冬蟲夏草菌絲體對單氨氧化酶及免疫功能的影響[J].上海中醫(yī)藥雜志,1988,34(1):48.
[12]唐榮.Klotho基因在高血壓腎損害腎小管上皮細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用及冬蟲夏草對其的影響[D].長沙:中南大學(xué),2009.
[13] Doi S,Zou Y,Togao O,et al.Klotho inhibits transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)signaling and suppresses renal fibrosis and cancer metastasis in mice[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(10):8655-8665.
[14] Mitobe M,Yoshida T,Sugiura H,et al.Oxidative stress decreases Klotho expression in a mouse kidne cell line[J].Nephron Exp Nephrol,2005,101(2):67-74.
[15] Wang Y,Kuro O M,Sun Z.Klotho gene delivery suppresses Nox2 expression and attenuates oxidative stress in rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the cAMP-PKA pathway[J].AgingCell,2012,11(3):410-417.
[16] Sugiura H,Yoshida T,Shiohira S,et al.Reduced Klotho expression level in kidney aggravates renal interstitial fibrosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2012,302(10):F1252-F1264.
(收稿日期:2014-05-29) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint