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納米纖維固相萃取高效液相色譜熒光檢測(cè)麻辣燙湯液中喹諾酮類藥物

2014-09-02 21:16鄧思維等
分析化學(xué) 2014年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:喹諾酮分析化學(xué)納米

鄧思維等

摘要建立了固相萃取高效液相色譜熒光檢測(cè)麻辣燙湯液中5種喹諾酮類抗生素的分析方法。麻辣燙湯液樣品經(jīng)EDTAMcllvaine緩沖溶液(pH 4)提取后,以HCX固相萃取小柱凈化富集,用水淋洗,2%氨化甲醇洗脫。采用高效液相色譜熒光檢測(cè)器(HPLCFLD),于激發(fā)波長280 nm,發(fā)射波長450 nm處進(jìn)行檢測(cè),流動(dòng)相為甲醇水磷酸(25∶75∶0.1, V/V, 三乙胺調(diào)至pH 2.8)。麻辣燙湯液樣品中氟羅沙星、諾氟沙星、沙拉沙星、環(huán)丙沙星、奧比沙星5種喹諾酮類抗生素加標(biāo)回收率為72.1%~110.3%;日內(nèi)相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差

1引言

喹諾酮類(4Quinolones),又稱吡酮酸類或吡啶酮酸類,是一類人工合成的含4喹諾酮基本結(jié)構(gòu)抗菌藥, 被廣泛應(yīng)用于畜牧養(yǎng)殖業(yè),主要用于治療疾病,促進(jìn)生長。然而,近年來畜牧業(yè)濫用抗生素現(xiàn)象十分嚴(yán)重\[1\],此類藥物不僅殘存在動(dòng)物體內(nèi),逐漸增強(qiáng)細(xì)菌的耐藥性,還會(huì)通過食物鏈的富集作用進(jìn)入人體內(nèi),危害人體健康,損害消化系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、免疫等系統(tǒng)\[2\]。

目前,對(duì)生物樣品中喹諾酮類抗生素殘留的分析方法研究較多\[3~9\],還有水、土壤、肥料等環(huán)境樣品檢測(cè)也有報(bào)道\[10~13\],主要采用C18柱、HLB柱固相萃取及液液萃取等前處理方法。在衛(wèi)生部已發(fā)布的被濫用食品添加劑及非法添加物名單中包括喹諾酮類抗生素。麻辣燙原材料可能含有喹諾酮,不法商家為了防止顧客食用衛(wèi)生不合格的麻辣燙后可能發(fā)生疾病,人為添加的喹諾酮。由于麻辣燙的原材料經(jīng)烹煮之后湯液的基質(zhì)成分復(fù)雜、油脂含量高,目前尚沒有合適的檢測(cè)方法來進(jìn)行檢測(cè),因此也沒有國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來對(duì)此類食品安全進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。國內(nèi)雖有報(bào)道火鍋底料中的喹諾酮的檢測(cè)\[14\],但僅對(duì)其中各種食材進(jìn)行檢測(cè),對(duì)其中的藥物殘留的分析方法尚未見報(bào)道。

為了克服復(fù)雜基質(zhì)對(duì)目標(biāo)物檢測(cè)的干擾,本研究采用新型納米纖維固相萃取技術(shù),結(jié)合高效液相色譜法,直接對(duì)麻辣燙湯液中5種喹諾酮類藥物,包括氟羅沙星(Fleroxacin, FLX)、諾氟沙星(Norfloxacin, NOR)、沙拉沙星(Sarafloxacin, SAR)、環(huán)丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin, CIP)和奧比沙星(Orbifloxacin, ORB)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。納米纖維固相萃取技術(shù)是本研究組建立的一種快速樣品前處理方法,尤其適合于復(fù)雜樣品的分析,此前的研究工作所用的納米纖維多是單組份的納米纖維\[15~19\],本研究利用復(fù)合組分的納米纖維對(duì)復(fù)雜食品樣品進(jìn)行前處理。

2實(shí)驗(yàn)部分

2.1儀器與試劑

Shimadzu LC20AD高效液相色譜儀(日本島津公司),包括RF10AXL熒光檢測(cè)器、LC20AD雙泵、SIL20AC自動(dòng)進(jìn)樣器;臺(tái)式離心機(jī)(上海安亭科學(xué)廠);梅特勒AB265S分析天平(杭州匯爾儀器設(shè)備有限公司);超聲波清洗機(jī)(寧波新芝生物科技股份有限公司);雷磁PHSJ3FpH計(jì)(上海儀電科學(xué)儀器股份有限公司);陣列式固相萃取儀(蘇州東奇生物科技有限公司)。

HCX固相萃取柱(磺化聚苯乙烯聚乙烯吡咯烷酮共紡物纖維填充柱,裝量10mg,蘇州東奇生物科技有限公司);甲醇(色譜純);三乙胺、EDTA2Na,檸檬酸、乙酸、乙酸乙酯、乙腈等均為分析純(江蘇永華精細(xì)化學(xué)品有限公司);氟羅沙星、諾氟沙星、沙拉沙星、環(huán)丙沙星、奧比沙星標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(阿拉丁公司);實(shí)驗(yàn)用水為三次蒸餾水。

2.2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液的配制

準(zhǔn)確稱取適量氟羅沙星、諾氟沙星、沙拉沙星、環(huán)丙沙星和奧比沙星,加水配制成1 g/L的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)儲(chǔ)備液,于4 ℃保存(有效期1個(gè)月)。測(cè)定前,用水稀釋該儲(chǔ)備液,制備系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液。

2.3樣品前處理

準(zhǔn)確移取麻辣燙湯液1 mL,加0.2 g EDTA2Na,超聲10 min,以10000 r/min離心10 min,分取上清液;殘?jiān)偌?00 μL水超聲離心,合并上清液;上清液中加1 mL EDTAMcllvaine緩沖溶液,超聲離心;取1 mL上清液加緩沖溶液稀釋1倍,過HCX固相萃取柱。

操作陣列式固相萃取儀(圖1):固相萃取柱使用前先用100 μL甲醇活化、200 μL蒸餾水沖洗。將樣品上清液移入固相萃取柱中,手動(dòng)操作陣列式固相萃取儀,利用空氣加壓,使液滴緩慢逐滴被壓出。用200 μL水作為淋洗液去除雜質(zhì),再用100 μL 2%氨化甲醇洗脫液洗脫目標(biāo)物。取10 μL洗脫液進(jìn)行HPLC分析。

3.2固相萃取條件優(yōu)化

3.2.1提取溶劑的選擇[圖2HCX柱中納米纖維掃描電鏡圖

Fig.2Scanning electron microscopy of nanofibers in HCX column[TS)]麻辣燙湯液基質(zhì)成分復(fù)雜,對(duì)HPLC檢測(cè)的影響很大。本研究分別選取1 mL EDTAMcllvaine緩沖溶液(pH 4)、乙酸乙酯、含1%乙酸的乙腈和含10% HClO4的乙腈作為提取溶劑,先對(duì)麻辣燙湯液中喹諾酮類物質(zhì)進(jìn)行提取,然后進(jìn)高效液相色譜檢測(cè)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,EDTAMcllvaine緩沖溶液的提取效果最好。繼續(xù)考察了EDTAMcllvaine緩沖溶液加入量的影響,分別加入0.50, 1.0和2.0 mL進(jìn)行提取,以各目標(biāo)峰面積相對(duì)于0.50 mLEDTAMcllvaine 緩沖溶液提取所得目標(biāo)峰面積的比值為縱坐標(biāo)作圖。由圖3可見,緩沖溶液緩沖溶液加入量為1.0 mL時(shí)提取效果最好。

3.2.2樣液的稀釋倍數(shù)加入EDTAMcllvaine緩沖溶液稀釋樣液可以減少雜質(zhì)濃度,提高吸附劑對(duì)目標(biāo)物的吸附效率。以各目標(biāo)峰面積相對(duì)于稀釋1倍所得目標(biāo)峰面積的比值為縱坐標(biāo)作圖。由圖4可見,樣液稀釋1倍能提高目標(biāo)物的回收率。

3.3.2回收率與精密度取加標(biāo)麻辣燙湯液1 mL,參照2.3節(jié)方法進(jìn)行樣品前處理,每個(gè)添加水平平行測(cè)定6次,計(jì)算回收率和日內(nèi)相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差;連續(xù)測(cè)定6 d,計(jì)算回收率和日間相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差。結(jié)果見表2。

3.3.3可能的萃取機(jī)理喹諾酮類藥物是一類極性相對(duì)較大的化合物,

本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,HCX固相萃取柱在優(yōu)化條件下能有效富集麻辣燙中喹諾酮類抗生素,該柱的填料為磺化聚苯乙烯聚乙烯吡咯烷酮共紡物纖維,裝量僅為10 mg,就可以滿足復(fù)雜樣液中目標(biāo)物的提取,并且操作中試劑用量較常見方法顯著減少,省略了加熱、氮吹、復(fù)溶等步驟,簡化了操作環(huán)節(jié),且對(duì)目標(biāo)物有富集、濃縮、凈化作用。這些優(yōu)點(diǎn)都得益于納米纖維填料優(yōu)異的吸附/脫附特性。本研究根據(jù)HCX固相萃取柱填料的成分,推測(cè)其提取喹諾酮類抗生素機(jī)理如圖6所示,其吸附目標(biāo)物的作用可能如下: ①磺化后的聚苯乙烯聚乙烯吡咯烷酮共紡物親水性增加,利于與極性較大的喹諾酮分子相互作用,增加了纖維的吸附效率;②聚苯乙烯聚乙烯吡咯烷酮上的羰基可與喹諾酮上的羧基形成氫鍵,加強(qiáng)吸附劑與目標(biāo)分子相互間的吸引;③目標(biāo)物在弱酸性條件下吸附效率高的事實(shí)說明此時(shí)喹諾酮分子上的氨基為陽離子時(shí)有利于固相萃取,而纖維上磺酸基的存在顯然是該相互作用(離子交換)發(fā)生的必需基團(tuán); ④喹諾酮類藥物與聚苯乙烯聚乙烯吡咯烷酮上均有苯環(huán),相互間的ππ作用加強(qiáng)了吸附作用。因此多重相互作用是提取效率提高的保障,而靜電紡絲顯然是制備具有多重相互作用官能團(tuán)新材料的一種有效而方便的技術(shù)。

3.3.4與其它固相萃取方法比較本方法與文獻(xiàn)已報(bào)道的固相萃取方法相比(表3),所用納米纖維裝量少,操作時(shí)間短,消耗的試劑少,回收率指標(biāo)也符合要求。因此本方法更加快速、簡便且綠色環(huán)保。

3.4樣品分析

以本方法對(duì)市場(chǎng)上數(shù)份樣品進(jìn)行檢測(cè),都未檢出目標(biāo)成分,取一份樣品按照2.3節(jié)所述方法

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AbstractAn analytical method for simultaneous determination of five quinolones in spicy soup was developed. Spicy soup samples were firstly extracted by EDTAMcllvaine buffer at pH 4, then purified and concentrated by a novel Packed fiber solid phase extraction (PFSPE) coulumn. The extracted liquid supernatant was loaded onto the column, rinsed with water, and then eluted with 2% ammoniated methanol. The mobile phase was methanolwaterphosphoric acid (25∶75∶0.1, V/V, adjusting the pH to 2.8 with triethylamine). These analytes were quantified by high performance liquid chromatographyfluorimetric detector(HPLCFLD) at excitation and emission wavelength of 280 nm and 450 nm respectively. Recoveries of spiked quinolone antibiotics in spicy soup were from 72.1% to 110.3% with intraday relative standard deviation (RSD) between 1.6% and 4.3% and interday RSD from 2.0% to 4.3%. Limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantitation(LOQ) were from 1.2 to 5.4 μg/L and from 3.9 to 18 μg/L, respectively. The method could be applied to determine the quinolones in spicy soup.

KeywordsSpicy soup; Quinolones; Packed fiber solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Fluorimetric detection

曹 鵬, 牟 妍, 高 飛, 耿金培, 張禧慶, 隋 濤, 梁君妮, 沙美蘭, 關(guān)麗麗. 色譜, 2013, 31(9): 862-868

15Kang X J, Pan C, Zhang Y Y , Gu Z Z . Anal. Chim. Acta, 2007, 587(1): 75-81

16SUN Jing, MA YuQin, KANG XueJun. Environment Chemistry, 2010, 29(1): 105-108

孫 靜, 馬玉琴, 康學(xué)軍. 環(huán)境化學(xué), 2010, 29(1): 105-108

17QU ZiJian, KANG XueJun, WU WeiWei, CHEN BaoAn, GU ZhongZe. Chinese J. Anal. Chem.,2011, 39(3): 312-316

曲子健, 康學(xué)軍, 吳瑋瑋, 陳寶安, 顧忠澤. 分析化學(xué), 2011, 39(3): 312-316

18CHEN LiQin, KANG XueJun, YAN Yan, GU ZhongZe, LU ZuHong. Chinese J. Anal. Chem.,2012, 40(1): 124-128

陳利琴, 康學(xué)軍, 晏 嫣, 顧忠澤, 陸祖宏. 分析化學(xué), 2012, 40(1): 124-128

19Yan Y, Deng J J, Deng S W, Wang Y, Wang F, Xiao M, Kang X J. Journal of Southeast University ( English Edition),2012, 28(4): 464-468

20ZHAO SiJun, LI Cun, JIANG HaiYang, LI BingYu, SHEN JianZhong. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2007, 35(3): 786-790

趙思俊, 李 存, 江海洋, 李炳玉, 沈建忠. 分析化學(xué), 2007, 35(3): 786-790

AbstractAn analytical method for simultaneous determination of five quinolones in spicy soup was developed. Spicy soup samples were firstly extracted by EDTAMcllvaine buffer at pH 4, then purified and concentrated by a novel Packed fiber solid phase extraction (PFSPE) coulumn. The extracted liquid supernatant was loaded onto the column, rinsed with water, and then eluted with 2% ammoniated methanol. The mobile phase was methanolwaterphosphoric acid (25∶75∶0.1, V/V, adjusting the pH to 2.8 with triethylamine). These analytes were quantified by high performance liquid chromatographyfluorimetric detector(HPLCFLD) at excitation and emission wavelength of 280 nm and 450 nm respectively. Recoveries of spiked quinolone antibiotics in spicy soup were from 72.1% to 110.3% with intraday relative standard deviation (RSD) between 1.6% and 4.3% and interday RSD from 2.0% to 4.3%. Limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantitation(LOQ) were from 1.2 to 5.4 μg/L and from 3.9 to 18 μg/L, respectively. The method could be applied to determine the quinolones in spicy soup.

KeywordsSpicy soup; Quinolones; Packed fiber solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Fluorimetric detection

曹 鵬, 牟 妍, 高 飛, 耿金培, 張禧慶, 隋 濤, 梁君妮, 沙美蘭, 關(guān)麗麗. 色譜, 2013, 31(9): 862-868

15Kang X J, Pan C, Zhang Y Y , Gu Z Z . Anal. Chim. Acta, 2007, 587(1): 75-81

16SUN Jing, MA YuQin, KANG XueJun. Environment Chemistry, 2010, 29(1): 105-108

孫 靜, 馬玉琴, 康學(xué)軍. 環(huán)境化學(xué), 2010, 29(1): 105-108

17QU ZiJian, KANG XueJun, WU WeiWei, CHEN BaoAn, GU ZhongZe. Chinese J. Anal. Chem.,2011, 39(3): 312-316

曲子健, 康學(xué)軍, 吳瑋瑋, 陳寶安, 顧忠澤. 分析化學(xué), 2011, 39(3): 312-316

18CHEN LiQin, KANG XueJun, YAN Yan, GU ZhongZe, LU ZuHong. Chinese J. Anal. Chem.,2012, 40(1): 124-128

陳利琴, 康學(xué)軍, 晏 嫣, 顧忠澤, 陸祖宏. 分析化學(xué), 2012, 40(1): 124-128

19Yan Y, Deng J J, Deng S W, Wang Y, Wang F, Xiao M, Kang X J. Journal of Southeast University ( English Edition),2012, 28(4): 464-468

20ZHAO SiJun, LI Cun, JIANG HaiYang, LI BingYu, SHEN JianZhong. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2007, 35(3): 786-790

趙思俊, 李 存, 江海洋, 李炳玉, 沈建忠. 分析化學(xué), 2007, 35(3): 786-790

AbstractAn analytical method for simultaneous determination of five quinolones in spicy soup was developed. Spicy soup samples were firstly extracted by EDTAMcllvaine buffer at pH 4, then purified and concentrated by a novel Packed fiber solid phase extraction (PFSPE) coulumn. The extracted liquid supernatant was loaded onto the column, rinsed with water, and then eluted with 2% ammoniated methanol. The mobile phase was methanolwaterphosphoric acid (25∶75∶0.1, V/V, adjusting the pH to 2.8 with triethylamine). These analytes were quantified by high performance liquid chromatographyfluorimetric detector(HPLCFLD) at excitation and emission wavelength of 280 nm and 450 nm respectively. Recoveries of spiked quinolone antibiotics in spicy soup were from 72.1% to 110.3% with intraday relative standard deviation (RSD) between 1.6% and 4.3% and interday RSD from 2.0% to 4.3%. Limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantitation(LOQ) were from 1.2 to 5.4 μg/L and from 3.9 to 18 μg/L, respectively. The method could be applied to determine the quinolones in spicy soup.

KeywordsSpicy soup; Quinolones; Packed fiber solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Fluorimetric detection

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