阮華等
1引言
植物油是人類生活的必需消費(fèi)品,其質(zhì)量安全直接關(guān)系到消費(fèi)者的身體健康。我國(guó)規(guī)定了棉籽油、花生油、大豆油及菜籽油中擬除蟲菊酯類和有機(jī)磷類農(nóng)藥的殘留限量(005~05 mg/kg)\[1\]。目前,對(duì)于植物油的農(nóng)藥多殘留檢測(cè)前處理方法主要是采用液液萃?。↙LE)\[2\],結(jié)合固相萃取(SPE)\[3,4\],凝膠色譜(GPC)\[5\]或基質(zhì)固相分散(MSPD)\[6\]進(jìn)行。隨著前處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展,新的前處理技術(shù)被應(yīng)用到植物油中農(nóng)藥殘留的檢測(cè)中,如在線GPC系統(tǒng)\[7,8\]及QuEChERS法\[9~12\]。這類方法的出現(xiàn),使得樣品前處理變得簡(jiǎn)單,有時(shí)甚至不需進(jìn)行前處理。但也存在如基質(zhì)干擾較嚴(yán)重\[7,8\]、檢出限偏高\[7\]、處理時(shí)間長(zhǎng)\[9~12\]等問題。
本研究將QuEChERS方法結(jié)合在線GPCGCMS系統(tǒng)用于檢測(cè)植物油中的多農(nóng)藥殘留,將毒鼠強(qiáng)以及多種中高毒農(nóng)藥納入到研究范圍,與已報(bào)道的方法\[9~13\]相比,采用QuEChERS法處理樣品時(shí)不需調(diào)節(jié)pH值,無需進(jìn)行冷凍除脂,且所需樣品量少,進(jìn)一步減小溶劑消耗; 在線GPCGCMS系統(tǒng)中的GPC部分可以很好地彌補(bǔ)QuEChERS法去除干擾物質(zhì)不徹底的問題,利用大體積進(jìn)樣(LVI)技術(shù),可將GCMS的靈敏度進(jìn)一步提高,而且能夠抑制部分基質(zhì)效應(yīng)。本方法具有較高的靈敏度及精密度,較低的分析成本,可用于葵花油、大豆油和玉米油中34種農(nóng)藥殘留快速篩查與檢測(cè)。
23實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
對(duì)濃度為100 mg/L的13種農(nóng)藥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(甲拌磷、地蟲硫磷、治螟磷、苯線磷、甲基對(duì)硫磷、對(duì)硫磷、特丁硫磷、乙基嘧啶磷、蠅毒磷、狄氏劑、異狄氏劑、克百威、氟蟲腈等)各2支,毒鼠強(qiáng)取用1支,全部轉(zhuǎn)移至50 mL容量瓶。對(duì)20種農(nóng)藥固體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(久效磷、殺螟硫磷、甲胺磷、氯唑磷、丁基嘧啶磷、亞胺硫磷、乙硫磷、殺撲磷、甲基立枯磷、伏殺磷、丙溴磷、乙拌磷、丙線磷、三氯殺螨醇、林丹、氰戊菊酯、p,p滴滴滴、p,p滴滴伊、o,p滴滴涕、p,p滴滴涕)每種稱取10 mg,加入到10 mL容量瓶中,先用少量丙酮溶解,然后用正己烷定容, 配制成質(zhì)量濃度均為1000 mg/L的儲(chǔ)備液,吸取200 μL儲(chǔ)備液轉(zhuǎn)移到同一50 mL容量瓶中本研究采用氟胺氰菊酯和滅螨猛校準(zhǔn)混合物(10 mg/L)進(jìn)行時(shí)間定位(大多數(shù)農(nóng)藥分子量介于氟胺氰菊酯和滅螨猛之間),在22節(jié)GPC條件下,氟胺氰菊酯和滅螨猛保留時(shí)間相差小于2 min(圖1)。本研究收集340~540 min餾分到200 μL定量環(huán)中,使得34種農(nóng)藥完全進(jìn)入GCMS系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)行分析檢測(cè)。其它餾分由GPC排到系統(tǒng)外,由此可使樣品中的雜質(zhì)進(jìn)一步去除,進(jìn)而減小基質(zhì)效應(yīng)、降低分析背景、改善色譜峰形,且GPC系統(tǒng)克服了常規(guī) GPC消耗溶劑量大、自動(dòng)化差、操作繁瑣等問題。
GPC系統(tǒng)與GCMS系統(tǒng)采用程序升溫大體積進(jìn)樣口連接(PTVLVI),利用大體積進(jìn)樣技術(shù),可將GCMS的靈敏度進(jìn)一步提高, PTVLVI技術(shù)可以快速的加熱或者冷卻,減少熱不穩(wěn)定農(nóng)藥的分解,且較高的載氣流速可以減少目標(biāo)分析物在襯管中的停留時(shí)間,在一定程度上抑制基質(zhì)效應(yīng)。
32萃取劑及萃取方式的選擇
按24節(jié)處理步驟,在3支10 mL玻璃試管中各加入040 g葵花油樣品,并按01 μg/g加入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液。比較了乙腈丙酮(1∶1, V/V)、正己烷飽和的乙腈及乙腈3種萃取劑的萃取效率。樣品經(jīng)不同萃取劑萃取后的凈化效果見圖2。結(jié)果表明,采用乙腈丙酮(1∶1, V/V)萃取時(shí)基質(zhì)干擾嚴(yán)重,不適合作為此方法的萃取劑;
34基質(zhì)效應(yīng)
基質(zhì)效應(yīng)是農(nóng)藥分析需要考慮的問題\[18\]。本研究在采用純?nèi)軇┡渲频臉?biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線進(jìn)行定量時(shí),除甲胺磷、治螟磷、林丹、氯唑磷、丁基嘧啶磷、甲基立枯磷、乙基嘧啶磷,其余24種農(nóng)藥(除p,p′DDE, p,p′DDD, p,p′DDT)均有不同程度的基質(zhì)增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)。采用歐盟DG SANCO\[15\]中的規(guī)定,利用不含農(nóng)藥的空白基質(zhì)匹配制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液,使之達(dá)到與樣品中農(nóng)藥同等的響應(yīng)。
4結(jié)論
本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用QuEChERS方法對(duì)葵花油樣品前處理方法進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化,結(jié)合GPCGCMS建立了一套可同時(shí)測(cè)定葵花油、大豆油和玉米油中31種 (不包括p,p′DDE, p,p′DDD, p,p′DDT) 中高毒農(nóng)藥的快速篩查方法,檢出限、定量限、回收率和相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差均能滿足農(nóng)藥多殘留檢測(cè)方法的要求, p,p′DDE, p,p′DDD, p,p′DDT滿足定性要求。采用QuEChERS法結(jié)合GPCGCMS在線聯(lián)用,一方面GPC系統(tǒng)彌補(bǔ)了QuEChERS前處理方法去干擾物質(zhì)不徹底的問題,提高了方法的靈敏度、分析結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,且在線GPC系統(tǒng)從進(jìn)樣到完成色譜柱沖洗僅需要使用10 mL有機(jī)溶劑,符合綠色化學(xué)的理念; 另一方面,采用QuEChERS法進(jìn)行樣品前處理,食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)食品中農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量 中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) GB/T 27632012
2Anagnostopoulos C, Miliadis G E Talanta, 2013, 112: 1-10
3Muhamad H, Zainudin B H, Abu Bakar N K Food Chem, 2012, 134(4): 2489-2496
4Chee B Y, Chiew L C Eur J Lipid Sci, 2012, 114(12): 1358-1361
5Hoh E, Lehotay S J, Mastovska K, Ngo H L, Vetter W, Pangallo K C, Reddy C M Environ Sci Technol, 2009, 43(9): 3240-3247
6García Reyes J F, Ferrer C, Thurman E M, FernndezAlba A R, Ferrer I J Agric Food Chem, 2006, 54(18): 6493-6500
7Díaz Plaza E M, Cortés J M, Vzquez A, Villén J J Chromatogr A, 2007, 1174(1): 145-150
8Jongenotter B, Janssen H LCGC, 2002, 15(6): 338-357
9Jiang Y, Li Y, Jiang Y, Li J, Pan C J Agric Food Chem, 2012, 60(20): 5089-5098
10Sobhanzadeh E, Bakar N K A, Abas M R B, Nemati K Environ Monit Assess, 2012, 184(9): 5821-5828
11Park J Y, Yang A, Park J H, ElAty A MA, Oh J H, Do J A, Kwon K, Shim K H, Choi O J, Shim J H J Korean Chem Soc, 2012, 55(4): 541-549
12DONG Jing, PAN YuXiang, ZHU LiPing, SUN Jun, PAN ShouQi Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2008, 27(1): 66-69
董 靜, 潘玉香, 朱莉萍, 孫 軍, 潘守奇 分析測(cè)試學(xué)報(bào), 2008, 27(1): 66-69
13YU YanBin, LIU ZongXing, TAN PiGong, L ChunYing, HOU YanZhuo Chinese J AnalChem, 2013, 41(8): 1259-1263
于彥彬, 譚丕功, 劉宗興, 呂春瑩, 侯彥卓 分析化學(xué), 2013, 41(8): 1259-1263
14Hercegov A, Dmtrov M, Krulicov D, Matisov E J Sep Sci, 2006, 29(8): 1102-1109
15European Commission Document No SANCO/12495/2011 Method Validation and Quality Control Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed http: //eceuropaeu/food/plant/plant_protection_products/guidance_documents/docs/qualcontrol_enpdf
16WANG LianZhu, ZHOU Yu, CHEN Yong, WANG RuiLong, LIN ZiXu, LIN DeJuan, ZHEN ShaoHui Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2012, 30(2): 146-153
王連珠, 周 昱, 陳 泳, 王瑞龍, 林子旭, 林德娟, 鄭少惠 色譜, 2012, 30(2): 146-153
17Polgr L, Kmellr B, GarcíaReyes J F, Fodor P Anal Methods, 2012, 4(4): 1142-1148
18Fenik J, Tankiewicz M, Biziuk M TrAC, Trends Anal Chem, 2011, 30(6): 814-826
19Lehotay S J, Kok A D, Hiemstra M, Bodegraven P V J AOAC Int , 2005, 88(2): 595-614
20Li L, Xu Y, Pan C, Zhou Z, Jiang S, Liu F J AOAC Int, 2007, 90(5): 1387-1394
21García Reyes J F, Ferrer C, Gómez Ramos M J, Fernndez Alba A R, MolinaDíaz A TrAC, Trends Anal Chem, 2007, 26(3): 239-251
AbstractA method for the simultaneous determination of 34 pesticides in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil was developed The samples were extracted and purified by a modified QuEChERS method, and then the supernatant was analyzed by online gel permeation chromatographygas chromatographymass spectrometry (GPCGCMS) The linear range was from 001 to 02 mg/L with a good correlation coefficients (r≥09913) The average recoveries of 31 pesticides (except p,p′DDE, p,p′DDD, p,p′DDT For detail, please reference to section 36) ranged from 703% to 1154%, 695% to 1126% and 702% to 1161% spiked at 005 μg/g and 01 μg/g with the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) less than 133%, 135% and 121% in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil samples, respectively The LODs of this method ranged from 00692 to 228, 00559 to 201 and 00584 to 214 μg/kg (S/N=3) in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil samples respectively The convenient operation and versatility of this method are suitable for the fast screening and detection of 34 pesticide residues in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil
KeywordsQuEChERS; Gel permeation chromatographygas chromatographymass spectrometry; Vegetable oil; Pesticide residues; Fast screening
6García Reyes J F, Ferrer C, Thurman E M, FernndezAlba A R, Ferrer I J Agric Food Chem, 2006, 54(18): 6493-6500
7Díaz Plaza E M, Cortés J M, Vzquez A, Villén J J Chromatogr A, 2007, 1174(1): 145-150
8Jongenotter B, Janssen H LCGC, 2002, 15(6): 338-357
9Jiang Y, Li Y, Jiang Y, Li J, Pan C J Agric Food Chem, 2012, 60(20): 5089-5098
10Sobhanzadeh E, Bakar N K A, Abas M R B, Nemati K Environ Monit Assess, 2012, 184(9): 5821-5828
11Park J Y, Yang A, Park J H, ElAty A MA, Oh J H, Do J A, Kwon K, Shim K H, Choi O J, Shim J H J Korean Chem Soc, 2012, 55(4): 541-549
12DONG Jing, PAN YuXiang, ZHU LiPing, SUN Jun, PAN ShouQi Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2008, 27(1): 66-69
董 靜, 潘玉香, 朱莉萍, 孫 軍, 潘守奇 分析測(cè)試學(xué)報(bào), 2008, 27(1): 66-69
13YU YanBin, LIU ZongXing, TAN PiGong, L ChunYing, HOU YanZhuo Chinese J AnalChem, 2013, 41(8): 1259-1263
于彥彬, 譚丕功, 劉宗興, 呂春瑩, 侯彥卓 分析化學(xué), 2013, 41(8): 1259-1263
14Hercegov A, Dmtrov M, Krulicov D, Matisov E J Sep Sci, 2006, 29(8): 1102-1109
15European Commission Document No SANCO/12495/2011 Method Validation and Quality Control Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed http: //eceuropaeu/food/plant/plant_protection_products/guidance_documents/docs/qualcontrol_enpdf
16WANG LianZhu, ZHOU Yu, CHEN Yong, WANG RuiLong, LIN ZiXu, LIN DeJuan, ZHEN ShaoHui Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2012, 30(2): 146-153
王連珠, 周 昱, 陳 泳, 王瑞龍, 林子旭, 林德娟, 鄭少惠 色譜, 2012, 30(2): 146-153
17Polgr L, Kmellr B, GarcíaReyes J F, Fodor P Anal Methods, 2012, 4(4): 1142-1148
18Fenik J, Tankiewicz M, Biziuk M TrAC, Trends Anal Chem, 2011, 30(6): 814-826
19Lehotay S J, Kok A D, Hiemstra M, Bodegraven P V J AOAC Int , 2005, 88(2): 595-614
20Li L, Xu Y, Pan C, Zhou Z, Jiang S, Liu F J AOAC Int, 2007, 90(5): 1387-1394
21García Reyes J F, Ferrer C, Gómez Ramos M J, Fernndez Alba A R, MolinaDíaz A TrAC, Trends Anal Chem, 2007, 26(3): 239-251
AbstractA method for the simultaneous determination of 34 pesticides in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil was developed The samples were extracted and purified by a modified QuEChERS method, and then the supernatant was analyzed by online gel permeation chromatographygas chromatographymass spectrometry (GPCGCMS) The linear range was from 001 to 02 mg/L with a good correlation coefficients (r≥09913) The average recoveries of 31 pesticides (except p,p′DDE, p,p′DDD, p,p′DDT For detail, please reference to section 36) ranged from 703% to 1154%, 695% to 1126% and 702% to 1161% spiked at 005 μg/g and 01 μg/g with the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) less than 133%, 135% and 121% in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil samples, respectively The LODs of this method ranged from 00692 to 228, 00559 to 201 and 00584 to 214 μg/kg (S/N=3) in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil samples respectively The convenient operation and versatility of this method are suitable for the fast screening and detection of 34 pesticide residues in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil
KeywordsQuEChERS; Gel permeation chromatographygas chromatographymass spectrometry; Vegetable oil; Pesticide residues; Fast screening
6García Reyes J F, Ferrer C, Thurman E M, FernndezAlba A R, Ferrer I J Agric Food Chem, 2006, 54(18): 6493-6500
7Díaz Plaza E M, Cortés J M, Vzquez A, Villén J J Chromatogr A, 2007, 1174(1): 145-150
8Jongenotter B, Janssen H LCGC, 2002, 15(6): 338-357
9Jiang Y, Li Y, Jiang Y, Li J, Pan C J Agric Food Chem, 2012, 60(20): 5089-5098
10Sobhanzadeh E, Bakar N K A, Abas M R B, Nemati K Environ Monit Assess, 2012, 184(9): 5821-5828
11Park J Y, Yang A, Park J H, ElAty A MA, Oh J H, Do J A, Kwon K, Shim K H, Choi O J, Shim J H J Korean Chem Soc, 2012, 55(4): 541-549
12DONG Jing, PAN YuXiang, ZHU LiPing, SUN Jun, PAN ShouQi Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2008, 27(1): 66-69
董 靜, 潘玉香, 朱莉萍, 孫 軍, 潘守奇 分析測(cè)試學(xué)報(bào), 2008, 27(1): 66-69
13YU YanBin, LIU ZongXing, TAN PiGong, L ChunYing, HOU YanZhuo Chinese J AnalChem, 2013, 41(8): 1259-1263
于彥彬, 譚丕功, 劉宗興, 呂春瑩, 侯彥卓 分析化學(xué), 2013, 41(8): 1259-1263
14Hercegov A, Dmtrov M, Krulicov D, Matisov E J Sep Sci, 2006, 29(8): 1102-1109
15European Commission Document No SANCO/12495/2011 Method Validation and Quality Control Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed http: //eceuropaeu/food/plant/plant_protection_products/guidance_documents/docs/qualcontrol_enpdf
16WANG LianZhu, ZHOU Yu, CHEN Yong, WANG RuiLong, LIN ZiXu, LIN DeJuan, ZHEN ShaoHui Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2012, 30(2): 146-153
王連珠, 周 昱, 陳 泳, 王瑞龍, 林子旭, 林德娟, 鄭少惠 色譜, 2012, 30(2): 146-153
17Polgr L, Kmellr B, GarcíaReyes J F, Fodor P Anal Methods, 2012, 4(4): 1142-1148
18Fenik J, Tankiewicz M, Biziuk M TrAC, Trends Anal Chem, 2011, 30(6): 814-826
19Lehotay S J, Kok A D, Hiemstra M, Bodegraven P V J AOAC Int , 2005, 88(2): 595-614
20Li L, Xu Y, Pan C, Zhou Z, Jiang S, Liu F J AOAC Int, 2007, 90(5): 1387-1394
21García Reyes J F, Ferrer C, Gómez Ramos M J, Fernndez Alba A R, MolinaDíaz A TrAC, Trends Anal Chem, 2007, 26(3): 239-251
AbstractA method for the simultaneous determination of 34 pesticides in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil was developed The samples were extracted and purified by a modified QuEChERS method, and then the supernatant was analyzed by online gel permeation chromatographygas chromatographymass spectrometry (GPCGCMS) The linear range was from 001 to 02 mg/L with a good correlation coefficients (r≥09913) The average recoveries of 31 pesticides (except p,p′DDE, p,p′DDD, p,p′DDT For detail, please reference to section 36) ranged from 703% to 1154%, 695% to 1126% and 702% to 1161% spiked at 005 μg/g and 01 μg/g with the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) less than 133%, 135% and 121% in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil samples, respectively The LODs of this method ranged from 00692 to 228, 00559 to 201 and 00584 to 214 μg/kg (S/N=3) in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil samples respectively The convenient operation and versatility of this method are suitable for the fast screening and detection of 34 pesticide residues in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil
KeywordsQuEChERS; Gel permeation chromatographygas chromatographymass spectrometry; Vegetable oil; Pesticide residues; Fast screening