王新艷

一、引言

《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（普通高中）》指出，對(duì)學(xué)生的作文主要從內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、語(yǔ)言使用效果、結(jié)構(gòu)和連貫性、格式和語(yǔ)域及目標(biāo)讀者的交流五個(gè)方面進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。在現(xiàn)今學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)重的壓力下，學(xué)生少有機(jī)會(huì)接觸社會(huì)生活，加上不善觀察、思考，難以獲得寫作題材，寫起作文來總覺得腦子空空，無從下筆，無話可寫，可謂“巧婦難為無米之炊”。如何才能解決這些問題，攻克英語(yǔ)作文教學(xué)這個(gè)難關(guān)？筆者認(rèn)為，把作文教學(xué)與課文閱讀文本教學(xué)結(jié)合起來，通過閱讀教學(xué)指導(dǎo)作文寫作，將讀和寫結(jié)合起來，讀是寫的基礎(chǔ)，閱讀為寫作鋪路，這樣不僅會(huì)提高學(xué)生的寫作能力，更會(huì)帶來閱讀、寫作教學(xué)的雙豐收。

二、課例呈現(xiàn)與評(píng)析

（一）基于課文閱讀文本的遷移拓展

筆者在進(jìn)行模塊十第二單元“People on the Move”（江蘇牛津版）的閱讀教學(xué)時(shí)，首先要求學(xué)生結(jié)合課文閱讀內(nèi)容進(jìn)行以下問題的討論：

Which city will you choose to stay when you graduate from the university， the big cities or the countryside？ Why or why not？

1. Moving to live in big cities.

Reasons：for work， for study， family moves...

Advantages：lots of entertainment， better quality of life...

Disadvantages：pollution， too crowded， traffic problems， crime...

2. Moving to live in the countryside.

Reasons：：old age， start a family...

Advantages：a slower pace of living，safer than a big city， closer community...

Disadvantages：lack of job opportunities， lack of entertainment...

接著要求學(xué)生根據(jù)討論的內(nèi)容寫一篇議論文體的作文：

According to the discussion just now and the Chart below， please write a passage about “Living in the City”. Your own opinion should be included.

Recently，our class have had a heated discussion about whether should we live in the city. The opinions are divided

范文：Recently，our class have had a heated discussion about whether should we live in the city. The opinions are divided.

Some of my classmates are in favor of living in the city. Firstly， there are more career opportunities in big cities which they think are very important to their future development. Because big companies have their headquarters located in big cities. Secondly， they think living in a big city is very comfortable. For one thing， it is convenient to take a bus or a taxi. On top of these， cities have parks， restaurants and other entertainment places where they can seek excitement. But small towns have none of these.

However， some other students hold a different opinion. They think the expenses of living are high in big cities. Furthermore， big cities are very crowded with too many people. The air is polluted which contributes to the poor living environment.

As far as Im concerned， every coin has two sides. But no matter where we live， we should work hard， protect our natural environment and save energy. Lets fill the world with love.

討論豐富了學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言、詞匯、寫作素材，激發(fā)了學(xué)生的寫作欲望，幫助學(xué)生領(lǐng)會(huì)和掌握了議論文體的基本寫作規(guī)律。

在進(jìn)行了模塊十第四單元“Fight against Cybercrime”（江蘇牛津版）的閱讀教學(xué)后，筆者把課文閱讀理解和話題寫作結(jié)合起來。設(shè)計(jì)了如下話題：

隨著科技的發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪成了世界性的問題，給全世界造成了越來越大的危害。

現(xiàn)狀：個(gè)人用戶：病毒損壞電腦，信息丟失，被騙錢；

大公司和政府部門：安全系統(tǒng)遭到入侵，數(shù)據(jù)被盜，重要秘密泄露；

原因：1.個(gè)人缺乏安全意識(shí)，容易輕信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的話；

2.政府還未立法，法律有漏洞；

3.國(guó)際上沒有立法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，難以追蹤跨國(guó)犯罪分子。

建議：1.……2.……

參考范文：

With the development of science and technology， cybercrime has become a worldwide problem， which has been doing a greater and greater harm to the whole world.

Cybercrime has affected all the Internet users. Many individuals find their computers broken and information gone because of the speed of computer viruses. Some users are cheated of much money on the Internet. Big companies and government departments have had their security systems broken into. As a result， important datum and secrets have been stolen and leaked. This has made all the Internet users suffer a heavy loss.

There are three factors accounting for the terrible crime. Firstly， individual users are commonly lacking in security awareness. They are easily convinced of false information online. Secondly， many governments havent yet passed laws against cybercrime and there are many holes in their legal systems. Finally， international standards havent been set， so it is hard to catch criminals across borders.

In my opinion， in a bid to secure our online security， we should put strict laws in place to fight against cybercrime. In addition， we must strengthen international cooperation so that we can keep up with the advances in technology used by the criminals.

這樣的設(shè)計(jì)能有效幫助學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)課文話題詞匯，從閱讀中汲取素材、語(yǔ)言，歷練思想，陶冶情操，提升境界，真正把閱讀和寫作當(dāng)成交流與表達(dá)的方式及媒介，成為教學(xué)中不可或缺的一部分。

（二）基于課本閱讀文本的再創(chuàng)作

課文中的句子就是規(guī)范的地道的英文，借助課文中的詞匯、句型要求學(xué)生改寫或縮寫課文是練習(xí)寫作的極好機(jī)會(huì)。筆者在進(jìn)行了模塊九第四單元“Biblical Idioms”（江蘇牛津版）的閱讀教學(xué)后，要求學(xué)生根據(jù)課文的中文提示寫一篇英語(yǔ)小短文：

習(xí)語(yǔ)是詞組，它的含義與其組成單詞的字面意思可能完全不同。除非你能識(shí)別習(xí)語(yǔ)運(yùn)用，否則你很容易誤解所讀到的或聽到的內(nèi)容。英語(yǔ)中存在大量習(xí)語(yǔ)，其中相當(dāng)一部分來源于《圣經(jīng)》，被稱為圣經(jīng)習(xí)語(yǔ)。起初它們有直接明了的意義強(qiáng)調(diào)故事的寓意，但現(xiàn)在許多習(xí)語(yǔ)與其原意只有隱晦或松散的聯(lián)系。盡管如此，我們?nèi)匀粫?huì)對(duì)許多圣經(jīng)習(xí)語(yǔ)感到樂在其中，如“泥腳”，“宰一頭肥?！保翱匆妷ι系淖帧?，“種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆”，“掌上明珠”。

習(xí)語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)言的重要組成部分，掌握它們能幫助我們改善或加強(qiáng)自身的語(yǔ)言技能，將交際技能提升到較高水平。更重要的是，我們能透徹了解英語(yǔ)國(guó)家，因?yàn)榱?xí)語(yǔ)是歷史和文化的載體。

范文：An idiom is a group of words whose meaning can be completely different from its components. Unless you can recognize an idiom， you can easily misunderstand what you read or hear spoken. Many English idioms being used now have their origins in the Bible， so they are referred to as Biblical idioms. They originally had straightforward meanings to underline the moral of a story. But now many have only a vague or loose connection to the idioms in the original. Still， we enjoy many such ones， like “feet of clay”， “kill the fatted calf” ， “see the handwriting on the wall”，“you reap what you sow” and “the apple of somebodys eyes” .

Idioms are now an important part of the English language. A good knowledge of them can help us polish up or sharpen our language skills and develop a high level of competence in communication skills. Above all， we can have a through understanding of English-speaking counties because idioms are carriers of history and culture.

三、反思與總結(jié)

（一）充分開發(fā)課文閱讀文本的寫作資源，可以彌補(bǔ)學(xué)生生活閱歷淺、積累不足的缺陷，能為學(xué)生的寫作鋪路搭橋。同時(shí)，學(xué)生通過多讀多悟多寫，不僅可以得到一種精神享受和樂趣，而且可以大大提高寫作水平，當(dāng)寫作不再成為一種沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，而成為一種興趣愛好時(shí)，作文“難”就會(huì)離我們遠(yuǎn)去。

（二）每篇文章都有題目、結(jié)構(gòu)、材料、語(yǔ)言等，寫作文就是各個(gè)部分的綜合訓(xùn)練。在日常教學(xué)中，教師應(yīng)制訂一整套系統(tǒng)的作文教學(xué)計(jì)劃，把作文教學(xué)分解開來，從易到難，逐步推進(jìn)。

（三）教師在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中應(yīng)充分意識(shí)到閱讀與寫作的關(guān)系是極其密切的。古人云：“操千曲而后曉聲，觀千劍而后識(shí)器?！睕]有對(duì)大量文學(xué)作品內(nèi)涵的把握及由閱讀獲取的情感體驗(yàn)而形成的深沉積淀，是很難創(chuàng)作出內(nèi)蘊(yùn)豐富的優(yōu)秀之作的。

（四）學(xué)生應(yīng)多讀一些英語(yǔ)課外讀物，如《中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)》、《中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)讀寫》（高中版）、《英語(yǔ)周報(bào)》、《21世紀(jì)報(bào)》等。這些刊物上都有寫作導(dǎo)練、單元練習(xí)、期中期末檢測(cè)題的書面表達(dá)范文等。這些作文比較適合中學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平，不僅可以幫助學(xué)生鞏固和活用所學(xué)課本知識(shí)，還可以為提高寫作能力打下更堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)生不妨把它們抄下來背熟，這樣持之以恒地堅(jiān)持下去，對(duì)寫作會(huì)有很大幫助。