胡溯帆
(江西陶瓷工藝美術(shù)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院 景德鎮(zhèn)市 333001)
近年來(lái),國(guó)際陶瓷工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,新的科研和技術(shù)層出不窮。我們?cè)絹?lái)越多地接觸到最新的英文的資訊。閱讀過(guò)程中,能否快速準(zhǔn)確地捕捉到原文的主旨和意思,取決于你對(duì)陶瓷專業(yè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句特征的了解。一般說(shuō)來(lái),專業(yè)讀物注重事實(shí),表達(dá)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),闡述問(wèn)題時(shí)邏輯嚴(yán)密,說(shuō)理清晰,因而導(dǎo)致復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。在許多陶瓷專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)和資料中,大量使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、從句和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,致使句式復(fù)雜,長(zhǎng)句多,這些都是閱讀者需要面對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)。
我們先來(lái)看看被動(dòng)句的運(yùn)用。被動(dòng)句在英漢語(yǔ)中都存在,但在使用頻率和措辭方面卻有很大差別,因而在許多情況下英漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句的翻譯并不總是對(duì)應(yīng)的。陶瓷專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用極為廣泛,幾乎隨處可見(jiàn):
例1. Ceramic raw material are constituted by various non-metallic minerals and chemicals. (陶瓷原料由各種非金屬礦物質(zhì)和化工原料組成。)
例2 The composition and preparation of actual ceramic stains or colorants is influenced by a number of considerations derived from the decorative method for which they are to be used and possible action that may occur on them in the finished article.(事實(shí)上,陶瓷色料或著色劑的組成和制備要受到許多因素的影響,要考慮到所要使用的裝飾方法以及在成品陶瓷上可能發(fā)生的反應(yīng)。)
上面2個(gè)例句,將原文中“被”的含義,轉(zhuǎn)譯成了我們更習(xí)慣用的“由”或“受”的意義。這類句子,從語(yǔ)法上講是主動(dòng)句,但就意義看,其主語(yǔ)卻是邏輯上的承受著,表示的是被動(dòng)意義。
例3.The clay may be defined as an earthy material substance composed largely of anhydrous silicate of alumina which becomes plastic when wet and hard and rock like when fired. (我們可以將粘土定義為一種主要有無(wú)水硅酸鹽組成的土質(zhì)原料,這種土質(zhì)原料在濕潤(rùn)的時(shí)候變得有塑性,燒制后變得堅(jiān)硬如石。)
此句將原句中的主語(yǔ)翻成賓語(yǔ),同時(shí)增補(bǔ)泛指性的詞(我們、人們、大家),將原句翻成主動(dòng)形式。這類句子重點(diǎn)在謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),而不是主語(yǔ)。
漢語(yǔ)中有大量的無(wú)主語(yǔ)的句子。它們并非被動(dòng)句,也不含被動(dòng)意義,一般表示客觀事實(shí),不帶個(gè)人色彩。這跟英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句注重?cái)⑹鍪聦?shí)的特點(diǎn)相符,常把它們用于被動(dòng)句的翻譯上。如:
例4. There has been proposed an arbitrary line of demarcation, namely that the underglazed product, such as has been described, which absorbs not more than 1%of its weight upon and after immersion in water, shall be termed porcelain, otherwise it shall be called earthware.(已經(jīng)提出了一個(gè)人為的劃分界限,即:象已經(jīng)提過(guò)的,浸在水中和浸過(guò)水后,吸收水分不超過(guò)其自身重量1%的無(wú)釉陶瓷制品稱為瓷器,否則就稱為陶器。)
在下面的例5和例6中,作為動(dòng)作承受者的主語(yǔ)不變,謂語(yǔ)卻由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)直接翻譯成含有被動(dòng)意義的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),這樣更符合漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法習(xí)慣,并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)原文的誤解:
例5. Mechanics of materials can be defined as branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected too various types of loading. (材料力學(xué)可定義為應(yīng)用力學(xué)的一個(gè)分支,它研究固體材料在遭受不同的外力時(shí)的反應(yīng)。)
例6. Designs and colors may be placed, as is commonly done, on the glaze and refired, or as less commonly and more recently with fine effect, directly on the body under the glaze, in which case the glaze when produced covers and protect both of the ware and the decoration. (采用通用的做法,裝飾圖案和色彩是施在釉上,然后將其重新燒成,最近有一種不常用卻效果良好的一種作法,即直接把裝飾圖案和色料施在釉下的陶坯上,在這種情況下,所生成的釉層能夠保護(hù)坯體及裝飾層。)
由此可見(jiàn),在處理不同的被動(dòng)句時(shí),其翻譯方法也各有不同,在對(duì)原文充分理解的前提下,不同的情況,區(qū)別對(duì)待,靈活掌握。
在專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)句還常常用下列句型來(lái)表達(dá):
It is asserted that … (有人主張…)
It is believed that … (有人認(rèn)為…)
It is well-known that … (眾所周知…)
It is generally considered that … (人們/大家認(rèn)為…)
It is said that… (據(jù)說(shuō)…)
It is reported that… (據(jù)報(bào)道…)
It is supposed that… (據(jù)推測(cè)…)
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that …(可以毫不夸張地說(shuō)….)
It must be admired / admitted that … (必須承認(rèn)…)
It will be seen from this that … (由此可見(jiàn)….)
除大量使用被動(dòng)句以外,陶瓷專業(yè)英語(yǔ)讀物中,帶有復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(尤其是定語(yǔ)從句)的長(zhǎng)句也屢見(jiàn)不鮮,這些句子里,短語(yǔ)和從句相互搭配、相互修飾,翻譯時(shí)常使人感到頭緒紛繁、無(wú)所適從。如:
例7. The Chinese use of the term porcelain at this time included not only the “pure” porcelain but also those with gray and dusky bodies which had been fired to such a state of vitrification that they emitted a musical note. (這時(shí)期,在中國(guó),瓷器這術(shù)語(yǔ)不僅僅包括“純白色的”白瓷,也包括灰色和暗色的陶瓷品,那陶瓷品被燒成完全玻璃化,所以當(dāng)敲打時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)出清脆悅耳的聲音。)
例8. Their ceramic properties are subject to the wide variation among different occurrences depending upon the geological environment in which mineral deposits were formed and physical and chemical modification that have taken place during subsequent geological history. (與礦物形成的地質(zhì)環(huán)境有關(guān)的各種情況的變化,以及在隨后的地質(zhì)演變過(guò)程中所發(fā)生的物理和化學(xué)變化的變化,都會(huì)影響到性質(zhì)。)
例9. The term refractories in its common uses designates that class of ceramic raw materials which are resistant to melting and deformation at very high temperature. (耐火材料這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)通常是指那類在高溫不易熔化、不變形的陶瓷原料。)
例10. The term Kaoling is derived from the Chinese word “KAOLING” which is a name of a hill in China from where the clay was used for making porcelain for the first time. (高嶺土這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)源于漢語(yǔ)“高嶺”,“高嶺”是中國(guó)境內(nèi)的一座小山的名字,在那里人們首先用粘土制作瓷器。 )
上面這4個(gè)句子中的劃線部分,都包括了2個(gè)從句,整個(gè)句子層次眾多,結(jié)構(gòu)縝密。在遇到這類的句子時(shí),一定要冷靜,辨明句子的主次結(jié)構(gòu),突出主句框架,確定修飾和被修飾間的關(guān)系,分解歸類,化繁為簡(jiǎn),逐層推進(jìn),看懂原文意思就不會(huì)太難。此外,多讀多訓(xùn)練是提高閱讀能力的捷徑。
前面的例2、例3、例4和例6也都屬于這類句子。
此外,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也頻頻出現(xiàn)陶瓷專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中,它們的運(yùn)用,使本來(lái)長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)變得言簡(jiǎn)意賅、句法明了,因而,非謂語(yǔ)是科技英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中不可或缺的一部分。如:
例11. They must withstand the temperature of the glost firing without reacting with the glaze and thereby appearing to run. (它們必須能經(jīng)受住釉燒的溫度,不至于與釉發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)而看起來(lái)要出現(xiàn)流釉。)
例12. In the case of clay refractories, it is customary to use prefired clay or crushed, fired rejects to increase the density and to reduce the firing shrinkage.(就粘土耐火材料來(lái)說(shuō),通常的作法是采用預(yù)燒過(guò)的粘土或經(jīng)粉碎和培燒過(guò)的廢料以增加耐火材料的密度,降低燒結(jié)收縮率。)
例13.If one keeps on heating up such a material, one eventually reached a temperature at which the crystalline area melt; this temperature is known as Tm and represents the melting point of the crystalline phase. (如果你繼續(xù)加熱這種材料,最終會(huì)達(dá)到結(jié)晶區(qū)域熔化的溫度,這個(gè)溫度就叫做熔點(diǎn)(Tm),它是晶相開(kāi)始熔化的溫度。)
例2中的“derived、finished” ,例3中的“composed、fired”,例6中的“ produced”和 例10中的“making”都是非謂語(yǔ)運(yùn)用的實(shí)例。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),在閱讀陶瓷相關(guān)的外文書籍和資料時(shí),要充分認(rèn)識(shí)到專業(yè)科技文獻(xiàn)所特有的邏輯性、正確性、精密型和專業(yè)性等特點(diǎn),力求從原文所包含的專業(yè)技術(shù)方面去加以理解,同時(shí)對(duì)其語(yǔ)句特點(diǎn)做到心中有數(shù),通過(guò)一定數(shù)量的閱讀,積累閱讀經(jīng)驗(yàn),掌握一些翻譯技巧,達(dá)到正確理解原文主旨和內(nèi)容的閱讀目的。
《英漢語(yǔ)比較與科技翻譯》 周志培 馮文池 華東理工大學(xué)出版社
《無(wú)機(jī)非金屬材料專業(yè)英語(yǔ)閱讀教程》 魏萬(wàn)德主編武漢大學(xué)出版社