羅嘉瑩+黃嘉敏+韋金師+黃笑敏+高夢(mèng)雅+張雪雯
[摘要] 目的 調(diào)查分析廣州市高校大學(xué)生的睡眠情況,了解不同專業(yè)及不同年級(jí)大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量和嗜睡現(xiàn)狀。 方法 隨機(jī)抽取1200名大學(xué)生作為調(diào)查對(duì)象,采用匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)(PSQI)評(píng)定大學(xué)生的睡眠質(zhì)量及愛潑沃斯嗜睡量表(ESS)評(píng)定大學(xué)生的嗜睡程度。 結(jié)果 回收有效問卷858份。男、女生的PSQI總分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.481),ESS得分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.003);PSQI總分及ESS得分在不同年級(jí)的學(xué)生中差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.205,P=0.281);不同專業(yè)學(xué)生的PSQI總分及ESS得分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.001,P=0.000)。 結(jié)論 專業(yè)對(duì)大學(xué)生嗜睡程度和睡眠質(zhì)量有影響,學(xué)校及家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)重視大學(xué)生的睡眠問題。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 睡眠質(zhì)量;學(xué)生;匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù);Epworth嗜睡量表
[中圖分類號(hào)] R163[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2014)05(c)-0168-04
Investigation on sleep quality and sleepiness of students in guangzhou college
LUO Jia-Ying1 HUANG Jia-Ming2 WEI Jin-Shi2 HUANG Xiao-min1 GAO Meng-Ya2 ZHANG Xue-Wen2
1.Sleep Center,the First Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University,Guangzhou 510120,China;2.Guangzhou Medical University,Guangzhou 510182,China
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the sleep situation of college students in Guangzhou City to know sleep quality and sleepiness in different professional and different grade of students in Guangzhou College. Methods 1200 students were selected by random,Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was used to assess students′ sleep quality and Epworth sleep score (ESS) was used to assess students′ degree of sleepiness. Results 858 questionnaires were valid.There were no significant difference between male and female in PSQI score (P=0.481),but there were significant difference in ESS score (P=0.003).There was no significant difference between different grade in PSQI score and ESS score(P=0.062,P=0.281). The score of PSQI and ESS were significant difference among different professional(P=0.001,P=0.000). Conclusion Different professional impact sleep quality and sleepiness of students in college, parents and teachers in college should pay more attention to sleep problems of students.
[Key words] Sleep quality;Students;Pittsburgh sleep quality index;Epworth sleep score
充足、良好的睡眠是人類生存的基礎(chǔ),容易受眾多因素影響。睡眠具有促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,形成記憶的功能。缺乏睡眠或睡眠質(zhì)量差除會(huì)對(duì)個(gè)體的功能產(chǎn)生影響外,還會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生一定的影響。睡眠問題除了存在于成人外,也存在于學(xué)生中,有調(diào)查[1-2]顯示, 在大學(xué)生群體中存在睡眠障礙的人數(shù)在13.93%~42.90%之間。大學(xué)生面臨繁重的學(xué)業(yè)壓力、激烈的就業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和復(fù)雜的人際關(guān)系問題,容易產(chǎn)生不同的睡眠問題。為了解廣州市大學(xué)生的睡眠質(zhì)量以及分析其影響因素,我們對(duì)市內(nèi)大學(xué)不同專業(yè)的大學(xué)生進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
采取隨機(jī)取樣法抽取廣州市不同大學(xué)大一到大四的本科生進(jìn)行調(diào)查。發(fā)出問卷1200份,回收有效問卷858份,年齡19±2歲。其中男生460人(53.6%),女生398人(46.4%);大一學(xué)生375人(43.7%),大二學(xué)生328人(38.2%),大三學(xué)生89人(10.4%),大四學(xué)生66人(7.7%);醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)317人(36.9%),體育專業(yè)235人(27.4%),綜合專業(yè)306人(35.7%)。
1.2 研究方法
采用匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI) 作為評(píng)價(jià)睡眠質(zhì)量的量表[1],量表由9道題組成,前4題為填空題,后5題為選擇題,其中第5題包含10道小題,統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)為睡眠質(zhì)量、入睡時(shí)間、睡眠時(shí)間、睡眠效率、睡眠障礙、催眠藥物和對(duì)日間功能障礙7個(gè)成分,每個(gè)成分按0~3等級(jí)計(jì)分,累積各成分得分為PSQI總分,總分范圍為0~20分。PSQI用于評(píng)定受訪者最近1個(gè)月的睡眠質(zhì)量,以PSQI≥8分作為判定睡眠質(zhì)量問題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],得分越高,表示睡眠質(zhì)量越差。采用愛潑沃斯嗜睡量表(Epworth sleep score,ESS) 評(píng)估學(xué)生白天的嗜睡程度[4]。ESS總分為0~24分,得分越高,嗜睡程度越嚴(yán)重。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行資料的錄入和分析,計(jì)量資料用x±s表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)和方差分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量情況
不同專業(yè)大學(xué)生的BMI及PSQI、ESS得分見表1;不同專業(yè)大學(xué)生PSQI各維度的得分比較見表2;不同年級(jí)大學(xué)生的BMI及PSQI、ESS得分見表3。
表1 不同專業(yè)類大學(xué)生的基本資料表(x±s)
表2 不同專業(yè)大學(xué)生PSQI各維度得分的比較(分,x±s)
表3 不同年級(jí)大學(xué)生的基本資料表(x±s)
2.2 睡眠質(zhì)量與性別
有225人(26.2%)的大學(xué)生在睡眠質(zhì)量上存在問題,其中男生有睡眠質(zhì)量問題有117人(13.6%),女生有睡眠質(zhì)量問題有108人(12.6%)。男生的PSQI總分為(5.72±2.94)分,女生為(5.86±2.75)分,不同性別學(xué)生的PSQI得分比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.481)。
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2.3 睡眠質(zhì)量與專業(yè)、年級(jí)
經(jīng)方差分析,PSQI總分在不同專業(yè)學(xué)生中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.001)(表1)。PSQI總分在不同年級(jí)學(xué)生中差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.205)(表3)。
2.4 嗜睡程度與性別、專業(yè)、年級(jí)
根據(jù)[5]研究顯示,ESS得分>10考慮為嗜睡。結(jié)果示,ESS>10分有161人,其中男生占8.97%(77人),女生占9.79%(84人)。男生ESS得分[(6.14±3.55)分]與女生ESS得分[(6.87±3.55)分]差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.003)。經(jīng)方差分析,ESS得分(6..48±3.57)在不同專業(yè)的學(xué)生中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.000)(表1)。ESS得分在不同年級(jí)的學(xué)生差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.281)(表3)。
3 討論
睡眠是日間生物節(jié)律的一部分,是維持人類身體健康及身體各個(gè)功能的重要組成部分,盡管如此,在現(xiàn)今社會(huì),由于日常社會(huì)交往及工作的安排,睡眠時(shí)間容易被工作占據(jù),睡眠節(jié)律被打亂,成人易患有睡眠障礙或睡眠質(zhì)量差,已有很多的研究證明[6]這些睡眠問題會(huì)引起人體生理學(xué)上的負(fù)反饋反應(yīng),并可增高人類的病死率及致殘率。睡眠問題在青少年中表現(xiàn)并不明顯,這可能與青少年的睡眠形式會(huì)被許多因素影響有關(guān),包括生物行為及環(huán)境因素[7]。處于大學(xué)的青少年仍處于學(xué)習(xí)階段,但學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間較初中高中更能主動(dòng)安排,可能會(huì)由于每周課程的安排不同,導(dǎo)致夜間上床時(shí)間的延后、或?qū)е掳滋炱鸫矔r(shí)間提早,因課程增多而導(dǎo)致睡眠時(shí)間減少,在周末時(shí)間睡眠時(shí)間相對(duì)增多,這些都是容易導(dǎo)致大學(xué)生出現(xiàn)睡眠問題的因素。本次調(diào)查采用評(píng)價(jià)睡眠質(zhì)量的量表PSQI及ESS評(píng)分結(jié)合,評(píng)估大學(xué)生白天的嗜睡情況及睡眠質(zhì)量情況。PSQI量表經(jīng)多次修訂[6,8]適用于我國(guó)健康人及臨床患者的睡眠質(zhì)量評(píng)估,ESS評(píng)分是由國(guó)外睡眠機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),用于評(píng)價(jià)日間嗜睡情況已被廣泛認(rèn)可[8]。本次調(diào)查結(jié)果的ESS及PSQI總分表明,廣州市大學(xué)生有睡眠問題者占26.2%,與國(guó)外調(diào)查結(jié)果相似[9-10]。據(jù)報(bào)道[11-12],大學(xué)生睡眠自評(píng)得分與睡眠質(zhì)量存在性別差異,但也有研究[13]提出,男女睡眠質(zhì)量并無(wú)差異,以往得出的差異可能是由于抑郁、焦慮等心理因素造成。本次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)男女大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能由于現(xiàn)今男女平等的觀念加強(qiáng),在大學(xué)社團(tuán)活動(dòng)中,女男生所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)慕巧喈?dāng),需煩惱或擔(dān)憂的事情一樣多,因此,影響睡眠的因素也就類似,造成睡眠質(zhì)量男女生無(wú)差異。此次調(diào)查男女生的ESS評(píng)分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,女生的嗜睡程度高的人數(shù)比男生多,這與國(guó)外調(diào)查[14]結(jié)果相符,可能與非恢復(fù)性睡眠或夜間驚醒有關(guān)。
本次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)睡眠狀況問題的人數(shù)較多,不同專業(yè)學(xué)生的PSQI總分、ESS評(píng)分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,我們推測(cè)是因?yàn)楦鲗I(yè)面臨的課程教學(xué)任務(wù),特別是大家最關(guān)心的就業(yè)形勢(shì)不同所造成的,這與國(guó)外的調(diào)查[3]相類似。普遍反映醫(yī)科學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)課程多,記憶內(nèi)容多,時(shí)間較為緊張。醫(yī)學(xué)生肩負(fù)著未來(lái)救死扶傷的使命,就需要不斷地學(xué)會(huì)臨床技能及掌握前沿醫(yī)學(xué)信息。因?yàn)樗麄冎灰杂兴尚?,患者的性命就?huì)受到威脅,所以醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)的同學(xué)也就比其他專業(yè)的同學(xué)責(zé)任和壓力更大。綜合專業(yè)及體育專業(yè)的同學(xué)相對(duì)沒有那么大壓力,且課程較為輕松,因此專業(yè)對(duì)大學(xué)生的睡眠質(zhì)量及嗜睡程度也就有影響。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),不同年級(jí)的大學(xué)生睡眠狀況差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但Lemma的研究[15]顯示大二或大三的大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量更差,這種差異可能與國(guó)內(nèi)外大學(xué)課程設(shè)置有關(guān)。在國(guó)內(nèi),大學(xué)生在各年級(jí)面臨的困難有所不同:大一時(shí),由于剛進(jìn)入大學(xué),大學(xué)生活及學(xué)習(xí)的新鮮感及隨之產(chǎn)生的壓力容易產(chǎn)生睡眠問題;大二時(shí),學(xué)生大都會(huì)當(dāng)上干部或有更大的交際圈,干部舉辦很多的學(xué)生會(huì)活動(dòng)或組織活動(dòng)會(huì)耗費(fèi)很多的精力及熬夜,又或許跟朋友出去玩或通宵等都會(huì)對(duì)睡眠的質(zhì)量造成影響,也就會(huì)出現(xiàn)睡眠問題;大三時(shí),學(xué)校課業(yè)逐漸加重,考研、就業(yè)等問題的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致睡眠障礙的發(fā)生;而大四學(xué)生面對(duì)考研失敗,或工作沒有著落等各方面的打擊而出現(xiàn)睡眠問題。研究顯示[13]腦力組的睡眠障礙發(fā)生率(11.58%)明顯高于體力組(6.74%),所以有必要防止大學(xué)生因?qū)W習(xí)過于緊張而導(dǎo)致的睡眠問題。有研究表明,不經(jīng)常參加體育鍛煉的大學(xué)生發(fā)生睡眠質(zhì)量差的危險(xiǎn)度是經(jīng)常參加體育鍛煉大學(xué)生的1.219 倍[16]。要想保證睡眠安穩(wěn)、舒適,必須心情愉快,平靜輕松,而適當(dāng)?shù)捏w育鍛煉則有助于壓力的釋放和心靈的平靜。最容易做到每天都鍛煉的就是體育專業(yè)的學(xué)生了,而此次調(diào)查也顯示體育專業(yè)有睡眠質(zhì)量的人數(shù)確實(shí)較少。
調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,大部分學(xué)生認(rèn)為充足睡眠時(shí)間應(yīng)為8 h,但青少年每晚的睡眠時(shí)間應(yīng)該為9 h[17]。當(dāng)晚上睡眠不佳時(shí),大多數(shù)人白天會(huì)出現(xiàn)情緒低落、身體功能(體力或精神、記憶力、注意力等)受到影響、學(xué)習(xí)效率低下等情況[18-19]。大學(xué)生由于環(huán)境等多重因素影響容易導(dǎo)致睡眠問題發(fā)生,這些多重的因素包括父母的影響力的減少或消除,自由選擇睡眠時(shí)間,課業(yè)要求的增加,經(jīng)濟(jì)的壓力,工作或社團(tuán)活動(dòng)時(shí)間的增加,這些行為會(huì)影響睡眠形式的改變(如睡眠-清醒時(shí)間的時(shí)相延遲及總睡眠時(shí)間的減少)[20]。睡眠不足和(或)非恢復(fù)性睡眠會(huì)影響神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及心理的識(shí)別能力。睡眠質(zhì)量與學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)有關(guān),睡眠時(shí)間減少,學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)會(huì)較差。本次調(diào)查顯示專業(yè)對(duì)大學(xué)生嗜睡程度及睡眠質(zhì)量有影響,學(xué)校及家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)重視大學(xué)生的睡眠問題,多開展大學(xué)生課外體育鍛煉,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生體質(zhì),并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生正確處理所面對(duì)的困難,保證其睡眠質(zhì)量。
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[11]Martin JS,Hébert M,Ledoux E,et al. Relationship of chronotype to sleep,light exposure,and work-related fatigue in student workers[J].Chronobiol Int,2012,29(3):295-304.
[12]劉賢臣,唐茂芹,胡蕾,等.大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量與心理健康狀況的相關(guān)性研究[J].中國(guó)臨床心理學(xué)雜志,1995. 3(1):26-31.
[13]Voderholzer U,Al-Shajlawi A,Weske G,et al.Are there gender differences in objective and subjective sleep measures:A study of insomniacs and healthy controls[J].Depress Anxiety,2003,17(3):162-172.
[14]Kilincaslan A,Yilmaz K,Oflaz SB,et al.An epidemiological study of self-reported sleep problems in Turkish high school adolescents[J].Pediatr Int,2014.[Epub ahead of print]
[15]Lemma S,Gelaye B,Berhane Y,et al.Sleep quality and its psychological correlates among university students in Eth iopia: a cross-sectional study[J].BMC Psychiatry, 2012, 12:237.
[16]王靜, 謝宜鵬.安徽省大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量及其影響因素的分析[J].中國(guó)校醫(yī),2003,17(2):127-8.
[17]Wolfson AR,Carskadon MA.Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents[J].Child Dev,1998,69(4):875-887.
[18]Abdulghani HM,AI-Drees AA,Khalil MS,el al.What factors detemine academic achievement in high achieving undergraduate medical students?A qualitative study[J].Med Teach,2014,36(Suppl 1):S43-S48.
[19]Sanders AF. Towards a model of stress and human performance[J].Acta Psychol (Amst),1983,53(1):61-97.
[20]Taras H,Potts-Datema W.Sleep and student performance at school[J].J Sch Health,2005,75(7):248-254.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04本文編輯:許俊琴)
endprint
[7]Carkadon MA,Dement WC.Normal human sleep:an overview//Kryger MH,Roth T,Dement WC.Principles and practice of sleep medicine[M].4th. Amsterdam:Elsevier Medicine,2005: 12-23.
[8]Liu SA,Li HY,Tsai WC,et al.Associated factors to predict outcomes of uvulopharyngopalatoplasty plus genioglossal advancement for obstructive sleep apnea[J].Laryngoscope,2005,115(11):2046-2050.
[9]Pagel JF,F(xiàn)orister N,Kwiatkowki C.Adolescent sleep disturbance and school performance:the confounding variable of socioeconomics[J].J Clin Sleep Med, 2007,3(1):19-23.
[10]Roane BM,Taylor DJ.Adolescent insomnia as a risk factor for early adult depression and substance abuse[J].Sleep,2008,31(10):1351-1356.
[11]Martin JS,Hébert M,Ledoux E,et al. Relationship of chronotype to sleep,light exposure,and work-related fatigue in student workers[J].Chronobiol Int,2012,29(3):295-304.
[12]劉賢臣,唐茂芹,胡蕾,等.大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量與心理健康狀況的相關(guān)性研究[J].中國(guó)臨床心理學(xué)雜志,1995. 3(1):26-31.
[13]Voderholzer U,Al-Shajlawi A,Weske G,et al.Are there gender differences in objective and subjective sleep measures:A study of insomniacs and healthy controls[J].Depress Anxiety,2003,17(3):162-172.
[14]Kilincaslan A,Yilmaz K,Oflaz SB,et al.An epidemiological study of self-reported sleep problems in Turkish high school adolescents[J].Pediatr Int,2014.[Epub ahead of print]
[15]Lemma S,Gelaye B,Berhane Y,et al.Sleep quality and its psychological correlates among university students in Eth iopia: a cross-sectional study[J].BMC Psychiatry, 2012, 12:237.
[16]王靜, 謝宜鵬.安徽省大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量及其影響因素的分析[J].中國(guó)校醫(yī),2003,17(2):127-8.
[17]Wolfson AR,Carskadon MA.Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents[J].Child Dev,1998,69(4):875-887.
[18]Abdulghani HM,AI-Drees AA,Khalil MS,el al.What factors detemine academic achievement in high achieving undergraduate medical students?A qualitative study[J].Med Teach,2014,36(Suppl 1):S43-S48.
[19]Sanders AF. Towards a model of stress and human performance[J].Acta Psychol (Amst),1983,53(1):61-97.
[20]Taras H,Potts-Datema W.Sleep and student performance at school[J].J Sch Health,2005,75(7):248-254.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04本文編輯:許俊琴)
endprint
[7]Carkadon MA,Dement WC.Normal human sleep:an overview//Kryger MH,Roth T,Dement WC.Principles and practice of sleep medicine[M].4th. Amsterdam:Elsevier Medicine,2005: 12-23.
[8]Liu SA,Li HY,Tsai WC,et al.Associated factors to predict outcomes of uvulopharyngopalatoplasty plus genioglossal advancement for obstructive sleep apnea[J].Laryngoscope,2005,115(11):2046-2050.
[9]Pagel JF,F(xiàn)orister N,Kwiatkowki C.Adolescent sleep disturbance and school performance:the confounding variable of socioeconomics[J].J Clin Sleep Med, 2007,3(1):19-23.
[10]Roane BM,Taylor DJ.Adolescent insomnia as a risk factor for early adult depression and substance abuse[J].Sleep,2008,31(10):1351-1356.
[11]Martin JS,Hébert M,Ledoux E,et al. Relationship of chronotype to sleep,light exposure,and work-related fatigue in student workers[J].Chronobiol Int,2012,29(3):295-304.
[12]劉賢臣,唐茂芹,胡蕾,等.大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量與心理健康狀況的相關(guān)性研究[J].中國(guó)臨床心理學(xué)雜志,1995. 3(1):26-31.
[13]Voderholzer U,Al-Shajlawi A,Weske G,et al.Are there gender differences in objective and subjective sleep measures:A study of insomniacs and healthy controls[J].Depress Anxiety,2003,17(3):162-172.
[14]Kilincaslan A,Yilmaz K,Oflaz SB,et al.An epidemiological study of self-reported sleep problems in Turkish high school adolescents[J].Pediatr Int,2014.[Epub ahead of print]
[15]Lemma S,Gelaye B,Berhane Y,et al.Sleep quality and its psychological correlates among university students in Eth iopia: a cross-sectional study[J].BMC Psychiatry, 2012, 12:237.
[16]王靜, 謝宜鵬.安徽省大學(xué)生睡眠質(zhì)量及其影響因素的分析[J].中國(guó)校醫(yī),2003,17(2):127-8.
[17]Wolfson AR,Carskadon MA.Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents[J].Child Dev,1998,69(4):875-887.
[18]Abdulghani HM,AI-Drees AA,Khalil MS,el al.What factors detemine academic achievement in high achieving undergraduate medical students?A qualitative study[J].Med Teach,2014,36(Suppl 1):S43-S48.
[19]Sanders AF. Towards a model of stress and human performance[J].Acta Psychol (Amst),1983,53(1):61-97.
[20]Taras H,Potts-Datema W.Sleep and student performance at school[J].J Sch Health,2005,75(7):248-254.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04本文編輯:許俊琴)
endprint