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經(jīng)皮空心螺釘與保守治療第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折的效果比較

2014-08-08 15:54李佳張巍郝明梁向黨張立海唐佩福
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2014年15期
關(guān)鍵詞:保守治療手術(shù)治療

李佳+張巍+郝明+梁向黨+張立海+唐佩福

[摘要] 目的 探討經(jīng)皮空心螺釘與保守治療第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折的臨床效果。 方法 回顧性分析2007年1月~2010年12月解放軍總醫(yī)院收治52例第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折患者,其中34例采取經(jīng)皮空心螺釘手術(shù)治療(空心螺釘組),18例患者采取保守治療(保守治療組),比較分析兩組患者愈合時(shí)間、愈合及預(yù)后情況(功能評分及疼痛評分)。 結(jié)果 52例患者獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間為12~36個(gè)月,平均18個(gè)月;經(jīng)皮空心螺釘組骨折愈合時(shí)間為(10.2±2.3)周,美國足踝協(xié)會(AOFAS)中前足功能評分為(92.3±4.2)分,VAS疼痛評分為(0.9±0.4)分;保守治療組骨折愈合時(shí)間為(12.2±1.2)周,AOFAS中前足功能評分為(89.0±3.2)分,視角模擬評分法(VAS)疼痛評分為(1.2±0.4)分;經(jīng)皮空心螺釘組在骨折愈合時(shí)間(P=0.012)及AOFAS評分(P=0.005)方面優(yōu)于保守治療組,兩組之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論 經(jīng)皮空心螺釘治療第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折愈合時(shí)間短,骨折愈合佳,功能恢復(fù)良好,但部分患者存在腓腸神經(jīng)刺激癥狀。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 第五跖骨;撕脫骨折;手術(shù)治療;保守治療

[中圖分類號] R683.420.5[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A[文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)05(c)-0007-03

Comparing efficacy of percutaneous screw fixation and conservative treatment for the fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures

LI Jia ZHANG Wei HAO Ming LIANG Xiangdang ZHANG Lihai TANG Peifu▲

Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China

[Abstract] Objective To compare the curative effect of percutaneous screw fixation and conservative treatment for the fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures. Methods From January 2007 to December 2010, 52 cases with the fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures were selected. 34 patients were treated with percutaneous screw fixation (percutaneous screw fixation group), 18 patients were treated with conservative treatment (conservative treatment group). The bone healing time and outcomes (function scores and pain score) between the two groups were compared. Results All the 52 patients were followed up for 12 to 36 months, with an mean duration of 18 months. In the percutaneous screw fixation group, the fracture healing time was (10.2±2.3) weeks, the average score of the forefoot and midfoot scale (AOFAS) was (92.3±4.2) points, the average score of VAS was (0.9±0.4) points. In the conservative treatment group, the fracture healing time was (12.2±1.2) weeks, the average score of AOFAS was (89.0±3.2) points, the average score of VAS was (1.2±0.4) points. The fracture healing time (P=0.012) and the average scores of AOFAS (P=0.005) in the percutaneous screw fixation group were better than the conservative treatment group, with statistically significant differences. Conclusion Percutaneous screw fixation treatment for the fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures has less fracture healing time, better effects and functional recovery, but some patients have sural nerve irritation.

[Key words] The fifth metatarsal base; Avulsion fracture; Surgical treatment; Conservative treatment

第五跖骨骨折發(fā)生率很高,約占所有跖骨的68%[1],其中,第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折是急診最為常見的足部骨折之一[2-3],踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)翻暴力是其主要受傷機(jī)制,也可伴發(fā)于踝關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)副韌帶損傷及外踝尖部撕脫骨折[4-7]。對于第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折治療的手段也多種多樣,例如克氏針張力帶、保守治療、接骨板等,各有優(yōu)劣。本研究選取解放軍總醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)治療的第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折患者52例,探討經(jīng)皮空心螺釘治療的臨床效果。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

回顧性分析2007年1月~2010年12月我院收治的52例第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折患者,其中34例采用經(jīng)皮空心螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù),作為空心螺釘組;18例采取保守治療,作為保守治療組。男32例,女20例;左側(cè)骨折28例,右側(cè)24例;均為不慎扭傷所致的閉合性骨折;按照第五跖骨基底部骨折分型,均為Lawrence Ⅰ區(qū)骨折;受傷至入院時(shí)間為1~4 d,平均2.3 d。兩組一般情況比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。所有患者均經(jīng)X線片檢查確診,分型則按照Lawrence分型[8]進(jìn)行。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):按照Lawrence分型為Ⅰ區(qū)骨折且明顯移位超過2 mm或累及第五跖骨、骰骨關(guān)節(jié)面超過30%。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①Lawrence分型為Ⅱ區(qū)或Ⅲ區(qū)骨折;②骨折無明顯移位;③骨折足部的血液供應(yīng)情況差或皮膚切口處的軟組織條件差。

表1 兩組患者一般資料比較

1.2 手術(shù)方法

空心螺釘組患者采取硬膜外麻醉,患者采取仰臥位,麻醉起效后,在大腿根部上止血帶,消毒,鋪巾。在C臂機(jī)透視下閉合復(fù)位,復(fù)位鉗臨時(shí)固定,經(jīng)透視確認(rèn)位置良好后,在透視引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮用1枚空心釘導(dǎo)針從第五跖骨近段粗隆尖部通過骨折線穿入,斜向內(nèi)上穿透對側(cè)骨皮質(zhì)。在導(dǎo)針進(jìn)釘點(diǎn)皮膚開一個(gè)約l cm刀口,用鈍性撐開軟組織,采用空心電鉆擴(kuò)開皮質(zhì),然后沿導(dǎo)針擰入4.0 mm空心螺釘進(jìn)行固定,若患者骨質(zhì)疏松,可在螺釘尾部加一墊片,所有患者均采用可吸收縫線縫合皮膚。

保守治療組患者采用手法復(fù)位,經(jīng)X線證實(shí)位置良好后,給予石膏固定。

1.3 術(shù)后處理

空心螺釘組術(shù)后無需固定,3 d后可穿前足免負(fù)重鞋下地負(fù)重行走,無需拆線,術(shù)后6~8周復(fù)查X線片,骨折愈合情況良好后完全下地負(fù)重;保守治療組石膏固定6~8周,定期復(fù)查X線片,根據(jù)骨折愈合情況確定下地負(fù)重時(shí)間。

1.4 功能評估

采用X線片檢查、美國足踝協(xié)會(AOFAS)中前足功能評分[9]、視覺模擬評分法(VAS)(0~10分,0分為無痛,10分最痛)對患者術(shù)后或保守治療半年后的效果進(jìn)行評估。主要觀察指標(biāo):骨折愈合情況、愈合時(shí)間及是否存在腓腸神經(jīng)刺激癥狀。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

應(yīng)用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確性檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組愈合時(shí)間、AOFAS中前足評分及VAS評分比較

52例患者均獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間為12~36個(gè)月,平均18個(gè)月??招穆葆斀M二次手術(shù)取出內(nèi)固定、時(shí)間為8~14個(gè)月;空心螺釘組在骨折愈合時(shí)間及功能評分方面優(yōu)于保守治療組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.012、0.005),術(shù)后VAS評分兩組之間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.128)。見表2。

表2 兩組愈合時(shí)間、AOFAS中前足評分及VAS評分比較(x±s)

2.2 兩組患者相關(guān)并發(fā)癥比較

空心螺釘組存在腓腸神經(jīng)刺激8例,保守治療組無一例患者出現(xiàn)此癥狀(P=0.012);空心螺釘組無一例出現(xiàn)延遲愈合及畸形愈合,保守治療組中有6例出現(xiàn)延遲愈合(P=0.057),5例出現(xiàn)畸形愈合(P=0.025)。見表3。

表3 兩組相關(guān)并發(fā)癥比較(例)

3 討論

根據(jù)Lawrence分型,第五跖骨近端分成三個(gè)區(qū)域:Ⅰ區(qū)骨折是跖骨粗隆部撕脫骨折;Ⅱ區(qū)骨折是干骺端與骨干連接部骨折,又稱Jones骨折,因血運(yùn)原因容易發(fā)生不愈合;Ⅲ區(qū)骨折是跖骨干部的疲勞骨折,多見于運(yùn)動(dòng)員;其中,Ⅰ區(qū)骨折發(fā)病率最高[10]。Ⅰ區(qū)是第五跖骨的結(jié)節(jié)區(qū),在第五跖骨的結(jié)節(jié)向近側(cè)和外側(cè)延伸,腓骨短肌止于第五跖骨基底部的背外側(cè)。以往認(rèn)為,第五跖骨撕脫性骨折是由于腓骨短肌的收縮引起的,但是最近的研究表示,跖筋膜的外側(cè)束、小趾收肌、跖方展肌和小趾短屈肌也在其中起到了作用[10-11]。

第五跖骨粗隆部撕脫骨折移位的概率小,通過保守治療即可痊愈。保守治療有多種方式,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道各種保守治療之間無明顯差異[12]。本研究患者骨折明顯移位超過2 mm或累及第五跖骨、骰骨關(guān)節(jié)面超過30%,有明確手術(shù)治療指征[12-14],但部分患者由于某些原因而采取了保守治療。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道保守治療延遲愈合率較高,本研究延遲愈合率為33.3%,影響了患者恢復(fù)正常生活的時(shí)間。本組中32例行經(jīng)皮空心螺釘固定取得了良好效果,其手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,未破壞骨折端的血運(yùn);術(shù)中導(dǎo)針是從尖端打入而穿出對側(cè)皮質(zhì),這樣生物力學(xué)強(qiáng)度最佳,固定效果可靠,能有效防止術(shù)后骨折再移位的發(fā)生。同時(shí),在骨折端維持一定的加壓作用,使骨折端緊密接觸,給骨折愈合提供了良好的條件。另外,牢固固定后允許早期功能鍛煉,從而有利于肢體功能的恢復(fù)[5]。但手術(shù)操作要在透視監(jiān)視下進(jìn)行,術(shù)后由于尾帽存在刺激腓腸神經(jīng)的可能,需要二期取出內(nèi)固定。

關(guān)于空心螺釘?shù)氖褂茫瑖H上是公認(rèn)的,但是對于其直徑的大小,尚存在有爭議。不過可以肯定的是,直徑越大的螺釘,其穩(wěn)定性越好[15-18]。我國人口的跖骨普遍較國外人細(xì)小,本文采用的是直徑為4.0 mm的空心螺釘,效果良好。

綜上所述,經(jīng)皮空心螺釘治療第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折,骨折愈合時(shí)間短、愈合效果佳,功能恢復(fù)良好,且手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,但部分患者存在腓腸神經(jīng)刺激癥狀。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Urteaga AJ,Lynch M. Fractures of the central metatarsals [J]. Clin Podiatr Med Surg,1995,12(4):759-772

[2]Ekstrand J,van Dijk CN. Fifth metatarsal fractures among male professional footballers:a potential career-ending disease [J]. Br J Sports Med,2013,47(12):754-758.

[3]Ramponi DR. Proximal fifth metatarsal fractures [J]. Adv Emerg Nurs J,2013,35(4):287-292.

[4]袁鋒,李兵,俞光榮,等.第五跖骨骨折的手術(shù)治療[J].中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)損傷雜志,2010,25(8):689-692.

[5]朱輝,祝曉忠.經(jīng)皮螺釘治療第五跖骨基底部撕脫骨折的臨床研究[J].同濟(jì)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2011,32(3):85-87.

[6]Ekrol I,Court-Brown CM.Fractures of the base of the 5th metatarsal [J]. The Foot,2004,14(2):96-98.

[7]Buddecke DE,Polk MA,Barp EA. Metatarsal fractures [J]. Clin Podiatr Med Surg,2010,27(4):601-624.

[8]Lawrence SJ,Botte MJ. Jones fractures and related fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal [J]. Foot Ankle,1993,14(6):358-365.

[9]Niki H,Aoki H,Inokuchi S,et al. Development and reliability of a standard rating system for outcome measurement of foot and ankle disorders I:development of standard rating system [J]. J Orthop Sci,2005,10 (5):457-465.

[10]Dameron TB. Fractures and anatomical variations of the proximal portion of the fifth metatarsal [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1975,57(6):788-792.

[11]Richli W,Rosenthal D. Avulsion fracture of the fifth metat arsal:experimental study of pathomechanics [J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,1984,143:889-891.

[12]Shahid MK,Punwar S,Boulind C,et al. Aircast walking boot and below-knee walking cast for avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal:a comparative cohort study [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2013,34(1):75-79.

[13]Lee SK,Park JS,Choy WS. LCP distal ulna hook plate as alternative fixation for fifth metatarsal base fracture [J]. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol,2013,23(6):705-713.

[14]Polzer H,Polzer S,Mutschler W,et al. Acute fractures to the proximal fifth metatarsal bone:development of classification and treatment recommendations based on the current evidence [J]. Injury,2012,43(10):1626-1632.

[15]Wright R,F(xiàn)ischer D,Shively R,et al. Refracture of proximal fifth metatarsal(Jones) fracture after intramedullary screw fixation in athletes [J]. Am J Sports Med,2000,28(5):732-736.

[16]Nunley J,Glisson R. A new option for intramedullary fixation of Jones fractures:the charlotte Carolina Jones fracture system [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2008,29:1216-1221.

[17]Horst F,Gilbert B,Glisson R,et al. Torque resistance after fixation of Jones fractures with intramedullary screws [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2004,25(12):914-919.

[18]Kelly I,Glisson R,F(xiàn)ink C,et al. Intramedullary screw fixation of Jones fractures [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2001,22(7):585-589.

(收稿日期:2014-01-20本文編輯:程銘)

[基金項(xiàng)目] 國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(863計(jì)劃)課題(編號2012AA041604)。

▲通訊作者

[11]Richli W,Rosenthal D. Avulsion fracture of the fifth metat arsal:experimental study of pathomechanics [J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,1984,143:889-891.

[12]Shahid MK,Punwar S,Boulind C,et al. Aircast walking boot and below-knee walking cast for avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal:a comparative cohort study [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2013,34(1):75-79.

[13]Lee SK,Park JS,Choy WS. LCP distal ulna hook plate as alternative fixation for fifth metatarsal base fracture [J]. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol,2013,23(6):705-713.

[14]Polzer H,Polzer S,Mutschler W,et al. Acute fractures to the proximal fifth metatarsal bone:development of classification and treatment recommendations based on the current evidence [J]. Injury,2012,43(10):1626-1632.

[15]Wright R,F(xiàn)ischer D,Shively R,et al. Refracture of proximal fifth metatarsal(Jones) fracture after intramedullary screw fixation in athletes [J]. Am J Sports Med,2000,28(5):732-736.

[16]Nunley J,Glisson R. A new option for intramedullary fixation of Jones fractures:the charlotte Carolina Jones fracture system [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2008,29:1216-1221.

[17]Horst F,Gilbert B,Glisson R,et al. Torque resistance after fixation of Jones fractures with intramedullary screws [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2004,25(12):914-919.

[18]Kelly I,Glisson R,F(xiàn)ink C,et al. Intramedullary screw fixation of Jones fractures [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2001,22(7):585-589.

(收稿日期:2014-01-20本文編輯:程銘)

[基金項(xiàng)目] 國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(863計(jì)劃)課題(編號2012AA041604)。

▲通訊作者

[11]Richli W,Rosenthal D. Avulsion fracture of the fifth metat arsal:experimental study of pathomechanics [J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,1984,143:889-891.

[12]Shahid MK,Punwar S,Boulind C,et al. Aircast walking boot and below-knee walking cast for avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal:a comparative cohort study [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2013,34(1):75-79.

[13]Lee SK,Park JS,Choy WS. LCP distal ulna hook plate as alternative fixation for fifth metatarsal base fracture [J]. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol,2013,23(6):705-713.

[14]Polzer H,Polzer S,Mutschler W,et al. Acute fractures to the proximal fifth metatarsal bone:development of classification and treatment recommendations based on the current evidence [J]. Injury,2012,43(10):1626-1632.

[15]Wright R,F(xiàn)ischer D,Shively R,et al. Refracture of proximal fifth metatarsal(Jones) fracture after intramedullary screw fixation in athletes [J]. Am J Sports Med,2000,28(5):732-736.

[16]Nunley J,Glisson R. A new option for intramedullary fixation of Jones fractures:the charlotte Carolina Jones fracture system [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2008,29:1216-1221.

[17]Horst F,Gilbert B,Glisson R,et al. Torque resistance after fixation of Jones fractures with intramedullary screws [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2004,25(12):914-919.

[18]Kelly I,Glisson R,F(xiàn)ink C,et al. Intramedullary screw fixation of Jones fractures [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2001,22(7):585-589.

(收稿日期:2014-01-20本文編輯:程銘)

[基金項(xiàng)目] 國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(863計(jì)劃)課題(編號2012AA041604)。

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