和家旭
[摘要]目的研究妊娠期子癇前期患者32~34周胎兒大腦中動(dòng)脈(MCA)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化規(guī)律,探討其在預(yù)測(cè)小于孕齡兒的價(jià)值。方法 對(duì)孕32~34周正常胎兒和妊娠期高血壓疾病胎兒應(yīng)用彩色多普勒超聲檢測(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈的搏動(dòng)指數(shù)(PI)、阻力指數(shù)(RI)、收縮期/舒張期比值(S/D),計(jì)算MCA-PI、MCA-RI、MCA-S/D的比值,均取平均值;通過測(cè)量BPD、FL、AC、HC等計(jì)算胎兒體重,進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析。結(jié)果 MCA-PI與MCA-RI、MCA-S/D值在輕度子癇前期(P<0.05)、重度子癇前期(P<0.01)與正常組比較差異有顯著性。在輕度子癇前期組與正常組比較差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 孕婦子癇前期胎兒MCA的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)有明顯變化,對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)小于孕齡兒具有一定實(shí)用價(jià)值。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 輕度子癇前期;重度子癇前期;彩色多普勒;大腦中動(dòng)脈
[中圖分類號(hào)] R445.1;R714.5???[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B???[文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2014)09-128-05
A study on the values of color doppler ultrasonography in testing middle cerebral artery of fetuses from pregnant patients with pre-eclampsia
HE?Jiaxu
Outpatient Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the principle of hemodynamic changes of middle cerebral artery(MCA) of fetuses of 32-34 weeks from pregnant patients with pre-eclampsia, and to explore its value in predicting small for gestational age fetuses. Methods Healthy fetuses of 32-34 weeks and fetuses from pregnant patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension were tested via color Doppler ultrasonography to test the pulse index(PI), resistance index(RI) and S/D ratio of MCA, and calculate the average values of MCA-PI, MCA-RI and MCA-S/D ratio; the weights of fetuses were calculated by measuring BPD,FL,HC,AC values, and related analysis was carried out. Results The values of MCA-PI, MCA-RI and MCA-S/D ratio in the group of mild pre-eclampsia(P<0.05) and the group of severe pre-eclampsia(P<0.01) was significantly different from that in the healthy group. The values in the group of mild pre-eclampsia were not significantly different from those in the healthy group(P>0.05). Conclusion The MCA of fetuses from pregnant women with pre-eclampsia shows significant hemodynamic changes, which is worthy of predicting small for gestational age fetuses.
[Key words] Mild pre-eclampsia; Severe pre-eclampsia; Color doppler ultrasonography; Middle cerebral artery
子癇前期是一種妊娠期特發(fā)性疾病,其病因尚未闡明[1]。其基本病理變化為全身小動(dòng)脈痙攣,內(nèi)皮損傷及局部缺血,子癇前期腦血管痙攣,通透性增加,腦血管阻力和腦灌注壓均增加[2]。研究認(rèn)為,子癇與腦血管自身調(diào)節(jié)功能有關(guān)[3]。檢測(cè)胎兒大腦中動(dòng)脈(MCA)血流,是研究胎兒-胎盤循環(huán)及顱腦循環(huán)的有效方法[4]。本文應(yīng)用彩色多普勒血流顯像技術(shù)檢測(cè)子癇患者的胎兒MCA血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo),探討子癇前期疾病患者胎兒大腦中動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)與小于胎齡兒的關(guān)系,以評(píng)估其臨床診斷價(jià)值。
1?資料與方法
1.1?一般資料
選取 2013年3~12 月就診于山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科門診的孕婦 96例,年齡 25~32歲,平均28歲,孕齡為32~34周,平均33周,其中正常孕婦32例,診斷輕度子癇前期32例,重度子癇前期32例,采用GE E8彩色多普勒超聲檢查儀,經(jīng)腹部超聲探頭頻率為3.5~5MHz。檢測(cè)胎兒大腦中動(dòng)脈(MCA)血流參數(shù):收縮期與舒張期血流速度比值(S/D)、血流阻力指數(shù)(RI)、搏動(dòng)指數(shù)(PI),并測(cè)量胎兒BPD、FL、AC、HC等數(shù)據(jù)估算體重。
表1??三組間各指標(biāo)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果[,M(QR)]
組別 體重 PI* RI* S/D*
正常組 2078.81±223.67 1.43(0.42) 0.79(0.08) 2.21(0.84)
輕度子癇前期組 1938.56±249.94a 1.27(0.38)a 0.72(0.07)a 2.85(1.95)a
重度子癇前期組 1548.81±244.11ab 1.14(0.31)ab 0.54(0.13)ab 3.38(0.60)a
F/x2 39.86 37.91 76.02 25.53
P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
注:*表示采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果;a表示與正常組比較,P<0.05,b表示與輕度子癇前期組比較,P<0.05
1.2?測(cè)量方法
1.2.1?胎兒大腦中動(dòng)脈的解剖及測(cè)量?孕婦仰臥位時(shí),大腦中動(dòng)脈是最重要的血管供應(yīng)大腦半球。大腦中動(dòng)脈位于腦底下方,環(huán)繞視交叉,與前、后交通動(dòng)脈、兩側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈始段、兩側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈末段、兩側(cè)大腦后動(dòng)脈始段吻合而成基底動(dòng)脈環(huán),即Wilis環(huán)[5]。首先將探頭置于胎兒頭顱雙側(cè)于顳部,作水平掃查,顯示大腦Wilis環(huán),呈紅藍(lán)色彩環(huán)狀,左側(cè)探測(cè)時(shí),左側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈呈藍(lán)色,左側(cè)大腦中、大腦后動(dòng)脈呈紅色,探頭置右側(cè)時(shí),顯示彩色多普勒血流顏色相反(圖1)。當(dāng)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈血流信號(hào)適當(dāng)放大信號(hào)多普勒取樣線和小于度的角的流動(dòng)方向,曲線的大腦中動(dòng)脈血流速度脈沖多普勒取樣。測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn):大腦中動(dòng)脈取樣均獲取3個(gè)以上形態(tài)一致、完整清晰的脈沖多普勒頻譜圖,測(cè)量S/D、PI、RI。測(cè)量胎兒血流時(shí),盡量在無胎動(dòng)或無胎兒呼吸樣運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)進(jìn)行。測(cè)量胎兒大腦中動(dòng)脈血流參數(shù)由固定的高年資醫(yī)師操作,在同一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)切面上進(jìn)行(圖2)。
圖1??彩色多普勒顯示大腦Wilis環(huán)
圖2??大腦中動(dòng)脈血流頻譜圖
1.2.2?估算體重?孕婦仰臥位,胎兒系統(tǒng)檢查和胎兒雙頂徑測(cè)量二維超聲胎兒BPD(雙頂徑)、FL(股骨長(zhǎng))、AC(腹圍)、HC(頭圍)等數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算體重。FL(股骨長(zhǎng))測(cè)量方法:橫切盆腔,顯示髂骨,然后髂骨一側(cè)顯示胎兒股骨長(zhǎng)軸切面并測(cè)量其長(zhǎng)度,BPD(雙頂徑)及HC(頭圍)測(cè)量平面;標(biāo)準(zhǔn)平面要求清楚地顯示透明隔,丘腦和第三腦室狹縫之間背側(cè)丘腦對(duì)稱的空腔,在同一時(shí)間,顱骨環(huán)為橢圓形,左右對(duì)稱[6]。在此平面內(nèi)主要可見以下結(jié)構(gòu):透明隔,大腦腦結(jié)構(gòu)中線,丘腦,如側(cè)裂第三室[7]。AC(腹圍):膈肌是腹腔與胸腔的分界線,胎兒仰臥位時(shí),縱向掃查最清晰。測(cè)量所得各數(shù)據(jù)估算體重。
1.3?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用SPSS13.0軟件進(jìn)行分析,定量資料滿足正態(tài)性統(tǒng)計(jì)描述采用,統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷采用完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方差分析,后續(xù)兩兩比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn);不滿足正態(tài)性統(tǒng)計(jì)描述采用M(QR),統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn),后續(xù)兩兩比較采用檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)適當(dāng)調(diào)低進(jìn)行比較。相關(guān)性分析由于指標(biāo)不滿足正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),采用秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)均為0.05。
2?結(jié)果
孕婦子癇前期胎兒MCA的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)有明顯變化,對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)小于胎齡兒具有一定實(shí)用價(jià)值。三組間各指標(biāo)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果詳見表1,PI、RI、S/D分別與體重的相關(guān)性分析詳見表2,三組體重的柱狀圖見圖3,三組PI、RI、S/D柱狀圖詳見圖4。
正常孕婦組、輕度子癇前期孕婦組和重度子癇前期孕婦組胎兒體重及PI、RI、S/D差異總的來說均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。進(jìn)一步后續(xù)比較發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于體重、PI、RI三個(gè)指標(biāo)而言,均正常組最高,輕度子癇前期組次之,重度子癇前期組胎兒最低;S/D是正常孕婦組胎兒最低,輕度子癇前期組、重度子癇前期組胎兒較高,但后兩者差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
表2??PI、RI、S/D分別與體重的相關(guān)性分析(秩相關(guān)系數(shù)rs)
正常組 輕度子癇 重度子癇
PI與體重 0.512(P=0.003) 0.602(P<0.001) 0.462(P=0.008)
RI與體重 0.620(P<0.001) 0.359(P=0.043) 0.678(P<0.001)
S/D與體重 -0.440(P<0.012) -0.555(P=0.001) -0.580(P=0.001)
注:三組中體重與PI、RI 均呈正相關(guān),但三組中體重與S/D均呈負(fù)相關(guān)
圖3??三組體重的柱狀圖
圖4??三組PI、RI、S/D柱狀圖
3?討論
輕度子癇前期與重度子癇前期中,胎兒體內(nèi)血液的分配導(dǎo)致胎兒供氧不足,影響胎兒宮內(nèi)發(fā)育[8]。大腦中動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化與新生兒體重的相關(guān)性大部分血液由左心室胎3分支分配頭、頸、上肢,頭分支的血流量,以充分供給胎兒頭部發(fā)育所需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和氧氣[9-10]。胎兒左心室大部分血液經(jīng)3大分支分布到頭、頸、上肢,頭部分支血流量大,以充分供給胎兒頭部發(fā)育所需營(yíng)養(yǎng)和氧[11]。在缺氧情況下,胎兒有自身調(diào)節(jié)“腦保護(hù)效應(yīng)”發(fā)揮作用[12-13]。大范圍腦水腫所致中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀主要表現(xiàn)為感覺遲鈍,思維混亂,胎兒出現(xiàn)缺氧現(xiàn)象,就會(huì)啟動(dòng)“腦保護(hù)效應(yīng)”[14],使胎兒的血液重新分配身體,于是上半部分血流量增加,并且下半部血流量減少[15],即升主動(dòng)脈各分支血流量增加,而降動(dòng)脈血流量減少。所以如果缺氧狀況得不到糾正,胎兒血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的變化將維持“腦保護(hù)效應(yīng)”狀態(tài)并形成惡性循環(huán)[16-17],從而就會(huì)引起胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)遲滯[18-19]。因此,缺氧時(shí)胎兒MCA的RI、PI應(yīng)降低;而對(duì)這些異常情況相關(guān)血管血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變將作進(jìn)一步的研究。
具有潛在側(cè)枝循環(huán)作用的是胎兒大腦中位于腦底的Wilis環(huán),它附近的血管血流量減少,Wilis環(huán)便不能保證足夠的血液重新分布[20-21]。構(gòu)成Wilis環(huán)的各組成血管的大小及其形態(tài)決定了Wilis環(huán)血流重新分布的能力,其表現(xiàn)為大腦中動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力Wilis顱腦血管循環(huán)的阻力指標(biāo)[22-24]。但是,正常妊娠時(shí),胎兒MCA各血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)均隨孕齡增長(zhǎng)而呈下降[25-26]。說明胎兒腦血管隨孕齡逐漸發(fā)育,管徑增粗,于是阻力下降,于Wilis流量增加,其血液供養(yǎng)量增加[27-29]。正常孕婦組胎兒MCA: RI平均為1.54±0.23,PI平均為2.85±1.42,S/D平均2.20±0.62,體重平均值為(2078.81±223.67)kg;本研究胎兒缺血缺氧時(shí),臍動(dòng)脈、腎動(dòng)脈、腹主動(dòng)脈的PI、RI、S/D升高,大腦中動(dòng)脈的血流阻力指標(biāo)減低、流速加快,使得血流量增加2~3倍,用來保障腦的血液供應(yīng),此現(xiàn)象稱為腦保護(hù)效應(yīng)(brain-sparing effect)[30]。輕度子癇前期孕婦組胎兒MCA:RI平均為0.71±0.06,PI平均為1.34±0.19,S/D平均2.98±0.93,體重平均值為(1938.56±249.94)kg;胎兒缺氧時(shí),腦血流各動(dòng)力學(xué)指數(shù)降低,腦血流量增加。輕度子癇前期大腦中動(dòng)脈各阻力指標(biāo)均輕度降低,而在重度子癇前期,大腦中動(dòng)脈的各項(xiàng)阻力指標(biāo)明顯下降[31],在重度子癇前期時(shí),由于孕婦全身小動(dòng)脈痙攣,于是胎盤循環(huán)阻力增加[32],導(dǎo)致子宮胎盤灌注不足,便造成胎兒-胎盤循環(huán)障礙,使胎兒臍動(dòng)脈血流減少,造成胎兒低氧,從而啟動(dòng)腦保護(hù)效應(yīng)[33]。重度子癇前期孕婦組胎兒MCA:RI平均為0.51±0.08,PI平均為1.13±0.33,S/D平均3.23±0.68,體重平均值為(1548.81±244.11)kg。從病理生理角度說明胎兒MCA血流PI、RI、S/D值變化因胎兒-胎盤血流變化而變化。MCA阻力指標(biāo)低于正常組(P<0.05),部分胎兒MCA阻力指標(biāo)明顯改變。宮內(nèi)缺氧不明顯時(shí),MCA阻力指標(biāo)改變不明顯的時(shí)候,宮內(nèi)缺氧,Mare認(rèn)為當(dāng)MCA血流頻譜出現(xiàn)異常后,孕婦還可以繼續(xù)妊娠,并觀察[34]。
隨著影像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,學(xué)者們廣泛地研究了胎兒MCA的血流參數(shù),本研究重在探討大腦中動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)頻譜變化在預(yù)測(cè)小于孕齡兒的價(jià)值,結(jié)合胎兒有關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)生物學(xué)測(cè)量綜合地評(píng)價(jià)SGA,以便臨床及時(shí)進(jìn)行干預(yù)和治療。總體來看,通過彩色多普勒檢測(cè)技術(shù)加強(qiáng)子癇前期患者圍生兒檢測(cè),對(duì)提高圍生醫(yī)學(xué)質(zhì)量具有重要臨床意義。
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(收稿日期:2014-03-18)