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正常成人立體心電圖心室復(fù)極參數(shù)分析

2014-08-07 08:26范惠娟△  劉志紅△  宋潔  王紅宇▲
中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué) 2014年9期

范惠娟△  劉志紅△  宋潔  王紅宇▲

[摘要] 目的 分析正常成人立體心電圖心室復(fù)極參數(shù)范圍。 方法 選擇正常成年男女各50例采集立體心電圖,并對(duì)QRS-T夾角、QRS-T比值、ST段和T環(huán)各主要參數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。 結(jié)果 正常成年男女空間QRS-T夾角均值分別為(50.6°±33.1°)(95%可信區(qū)間為41.2°~60.1°)和(48.2°±28.7°)(95%可信區(qū)間為40.1°~56.3°),QRS-T比值均值分別為(3.12±1.51)(95%可信區(qū)間為2.69~3.55)和(3.71±2.61)(95%可信區(qū)間為2.96~4.45)。男女相比,ST時(shí)間[(88.9±24.7)ms比(108.5±13.2)ms,P<0.05]、T環(huán)運(yùn)行時(shí)間[(187.2±28.9)ms比(174.9±24.5)ms,P<0.05]和離支時(shí)間[(118.3 ±33.2)比(102.6±33.1),P<0.05],差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論 與女性相比,男性T環(huán)運(yùn)行時(shí)間和離支時(shí)間更長,ST時(shí)間更短。

[關(guān)鍵詞]正常成人;立體心電圖;心室復(fù)極

[中圖分類號(hào)] R540.41???[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B???[文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2014)09-14-03

Analysis of the ventricular repolarizing parameters of three-dimensional ECGof healthy adults

FAN?Huijuan1??LIU?Zhihong1??SONG?Jie2??WANG?Hongyu2

1.Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; 2.Department of Electrocardiography Information, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the ranges of the ventricular repolarizing parameters of three-dimensional ECG in healthy population. Methods To collect three-dimensional ECG of fifty healthy males and fifty healthy females, and contrast the QRS-T angle, the QRS-T ratio the running time, the main parameters of S-T segment and T loops, between males and females. Results In healthy males and females, the spatial QRS-T angle was (50.6 °± 33.1 °) (95% confidence interval was from 41.2° to 60.1°) and (48.2°± 28.7°)(95% confidence interval was from 40.1 ° to 56.3 °),respectively, while the QRS-T ratios were (3.12 ± 1.51) (95% confidence interval was from2.69 to 3.55) and (3.71 ± 2.61) (95% confidence interval was from2.96 to 4.45) , the difference between men and women has no statistically significance. To compare males with females, the S-T segment time(88.9±24.7ms ratio 108.5±13.2ms, P<0.05),the running time(187.2±28.9ms ratio 174.9±24.5ms, P<0.05)and the leaving branch's time(118.3 ±33.2 ratio 102.6±33.1, P<0.05)of the T loop the has statistically difference. Conclusion Compared with the females, the T-loop running time and the leaving branch's time longer are greater, the ST segment time is shorter.

[Key words] Healthy adults; Three-dimensional electrocardiography; Ventricular repolarization

自1903年Einthoven發(fā)明心電圖機(jī)并將其應(yīng)用于臨床至今,心電圖在心血管病和心律失常的診斷、治療及預(yù)防中始終居于不可取代的地位[1]。心電圖由平面向量環(huán)在各心電導(dǎo)聯(lián)上的投影形成,而后者又由空間向量環(huán)在額面、橫面、側(cè)面3個(gè)相互垂直的平面上投影形成,也就是說心電圖實(shí)質(zhì)上是空間P-QRS-T環(huán)在各導(dǎo)聯(lián)軸上的二次投影。反復(fù)投影必然會(huì)引起信息損失,故我們有理由認(rèn)為立體

心電圖較常規(guī)心電圖包含更多信息。立體心電圖是心臟瞬間綜合心電向量的集合,其與臨床和心臟解剖、病理改變相結(jié)合,有助于對(duì)心房、心室肌病變、傳導(dǎo)異常、起源異常的分析和鑒別,彌補(bǔ)心電圖的不足[2]?,F(xiàn)有研究表明立體心電圖在心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間和除極角度、振幅的無創(chuàng)性整體評(píng)價(jià)[3]、判斷心肌缺血的程度和范圍[4]、陳舊性心肌梗死的診斷[5]、無癥狀心肌梗死的診斷[6]、左心室肥大[7]等方面均有重要價(jià)值。

目前尚無關(guān)于正常成年人立體心電圖心室復(fù)極參數(shù)范圍的資料。本文目的旨在對(duì)正常成年人的立體心電圖心室復(fù)極參數(shù)范圍進(jìn)行分析,從而為其正常范圍的制定提供依據(jù)。

表1??空間復(fù)極向量參數(shù)

觀測(cè)指標(biāo) 男性 女性 t P

95%可信區(qū)間* 95%可信區(qū)間*

ST時(shí)間(ms) 88.9±24.7 (81.9,95.9) 108.5±13.2 (101.7,115.4) -4.029 <0.001a

ST向量值(mv) 0.13±0.13 (0.10,0.17) 0.22±0.53 (0.06,0.37) -1.065 0.290

仰角(°) 82.8±33.4 (73.3,92.3) 78.9±36.9 (68.4,89.4) 0.550 0.584

水平角(°) 5.59±5.17 (4.12,7.06) -6.54±5.67 (-8.15,-4.93) 11.20 0.001a

T環(huán)運(yùn)行時(shí)間(ms) 187.2±28.9 (180.0,195.4) 174.9±24.5 (167.9,181.8) 2.304 0.023a

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T環(huán)離支時(shí)間(ms) 118.3±33.2 (108.9,127.8) 102.6±33.1 (93.2,112.0) 2.364 0.020a

T環(huán)回支時(shí)間(ms) 68.9 ±28.5 (60.8,77.0) 72.2±31.7 (63.2,81.3) -0.554 0.581

T 環(huán) 長 0.32±0.26 (0.24,0.39) 0.45±0.84 (0.21,0.68) -1.021 0.310

T 環(huán) 寬 0.36±0.28 (0.28,0.44) 0.47±0.83 (0.23,0.71) -0.896 0.372

T 環(huán) 長/寬 0.88±0.14 (0.84,0.92) 0.95±0.20 (0.89,1.00) -1.945 0.055

T 環(huán) 面積 69.8±8.8 (44.9,94.7) 91.5±14.8 (49.4,133.6) -0.891 0.375

最大向量值(mv) 0.53±0.57 (0.37,0.69) 0.76±1.41 (0.36,1.16) -1.084 0.281

水平角(°) 31.9 ±48.0 (18.3,45.5) 14.0±5.1 (-5.7,2.9) 1.800 0.075

仰角(°) 77.2 ±28.8 (69.0,85.4) 71.1±29.1 (62.9,79.4) 1.052 0.296

注: * ()內(nèi)依次為雙側(cè)95%可信區(qū)間的下限和上限;a:表示男女之間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異

表2??空間除、復(fù)極聯(lián)合參數(shù)

觀測(cè)指標(biāo) 男性 女性 t P

95%可信區(qū)間* 95%可信區(qū)間*

QRS-T比值 3.12±1.51 (2.69,3.55) 3.71±2.61 (2.96,4.45) -1.375 0.173

QRS-T夾角(°) 50.6±33.1 (41.2,60.1) 48.2±28.7 (40.1,56.3) 0.394 0.694

注: * ()內(nèi)依次為雙側(cè)95%可信區(qū)間的下限和上限

1?資料與方法

1.1?一般資料

山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院2013年9~12月參加體檢的人員,選擇血糖、血壓,肝腎功、血脂、心肌酶、凝血系列、甲狀腺系列、血尿便常規(guī)(上述化驗(yàn)的各指標(biāo)均在正常范圍),心電圖、心臟彩超、腹部彩超均正常,無心肺疾病的男女各50人(男性年齡范圍:25~71歲,平均年齡:46.5±12.9歲;女性年齡范圍24~72歲:平均年齡:42.3±11.5歲),采集立體心電圖參數(shù)。正常血糖定義為空腹靜脈血糖(己糖激酶法測(cè)定,范圍4.2~6.1mmol/L)及糖化血紅蛋白(HPLC法測(cè)定,<6.0%)均正常。血壓正常定義為既往無高血壓病病史,且測(cè)量3次不同時(shí)間段血壓均<140/90mm Hg。

1.2?方法與指標(biāo)

立體心電圖參數(shù),使用北京卡迪斯醫(yī)療科技有限公司生產(chǎn)的立體心電圖儀,采用Frank導(dǎo)聯(lián)體系[8],取平臥位采集。

分析參數(shù)包括:空間QRS-T夾角:即平均空間QRS電軸和平均空間T電軸間的夾角;QRS-T比值:即最大QRS向量、T向量振幅比值;S-T時(shí)間、ST向量振幅、ST向量仰角、ST向量水平角;空間T環(huán)運(yùn)行時(shí)間、離支時(shí)間、回支時(shí)間,最大空間T向量振幅、仰角、水平角,T環(huán)長、寬、長/寬、面積。(注[9]:仰角:相應(yīng)向量與Y軸正向夾角;水平角:相應(yīng)向量與X軸正向夾角;位X軸前,水平角為正;位X軸后,水平角為負(fù))

1.3?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

使用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料采用()表示,男女兩組比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2?結(jié)果

2.1?空間復(fù)極向量參數(shù)

正常成年男女立體心電圖空間復(fù)極參數(shù)的正常值及雙側(cè)95%可信區(qū)間見表1。男女相比,女性ST時(shí)間更長,而T環(huán)運(yùn)行時(shí)間和離支時(shí)間更短;女性的ST向量位于X軸后,與X軸正向夾角為(-6.54°±5.67°),而男性的ST向量位于X軸前,與X軸正向的夾角為(5.59°±5.17°)。余參數(shù)男女間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2.2?空間除、復(fù)極聯(lián)合參數(shù)

正常成年男女立體心電圖除、復(fù)極向量聯(lián)合參數(shù)—QRS-T比值和QRS-T夾角的正常值及雙側(cè)95%可信區(qū)間見表2,男女相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

3?討論

立體心電圖是利用計(jì)算機(jī)成像技術(shù),按心臟激動(dòng)時(shí)間順序連接各瞬間心臟綜合向量而形成的三維空間心電向量環(huán)[2],具有安全無創(chuàng)、操作簡單的優(yōu)點(diǎn),且較常規(guī)心電圖可提供更多信息。

研究表明空間QRS-T夾角增大者心血管相關(guān)疾病的死亡率更大[10-12],故該夾角的預(yù)后作用是目前研究焦點(diǎn),但究竟空間QRS-T夾角達(dá)到多少,對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)惡性心律失常的發(fā)生價(jià)值最大?多個(gè)研究中[12-13],提出了不同的界值,但目前對(duì)正常QRS-T夾角的范圍及異常界值的劃分尚無定論。國外Draisma等[14]對(duì)660個(gè)健康青年男女進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),男女性空間QRS-T夾角的均值分別為:(80°±24°)(98%可信區(qū)間為30°~ 130°)、(66°±23°)(98%可信區(qū)間為20°~ 116°)。國內(nèi)李俊偉[15]等對(duì)33個(gè)冠造陰性者進(jìn)行了分析發(fā)現(xiàn)其空間QRS-T夾角值為(59.6°±46°),與本研究結(jié)果相似。ST段和T環(huán)的改變,對(duì)心肌缺血的診斷意義重大,故制定這些參數(shù)的正常參考值也很重要。本研究分析后得出ST段和T環(huán)各參數(shù)的正常范圍見前文所述。此外,空間QRS-T比值代表最大QRS向量與最大T向量振幅比值,心肌缺血時(shí)心電圖上該值大于4。既往也有文獻(xiàn)[16] 將平面QRS-T比值<4,作為心電向量圖診斷冠心病心肌缺血的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一,但未見有關(guān)空間QRS-T比值正常值的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。本研究測(cè)得正常男女的空間QRS-T比值分別為(3.12±1.51)(95%可信區(qū)間為2.69~3.55)、(3.71±2.61)(95%可信區(qū)間為2.96~4.45),有參考價(jià)值。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1] 朱明星,李北方,劉仁光.常規(guī)心電圖—立體心電圖應(yīng)用研究現(xiàn)狀[J].心血管病學(xué)進(jìn)展2010,31(4):612-616.

[2] Mullinger KJ,Morgan PS,Bowtell RW.Improved a rtifact cor rection for combined e lectroencepha lography/functional MRI by means of synchronization and use of vectorcardiogram recordings[J].J Magn Reson Imaging, 2008,27(3):607-616.

[3] 蔣鵬,夏云龍,張樹龍,等.立體心電圖分析陣發(fā)性房顫患者心房的電生理特性[J].J 臨床心電學(xué)雜志,2009,18(2):104-107.

[4] Eriksson P,Gunnarsson G.Diagnosis of acute myocardial 12-lead electrocardiogram compared with dynamic vectorcardiography[J].Cardiology,1998,90(1):58-62.

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[5] 范書英,柯元南,崔超英,等.立體心電圖對(duì)陳舊心肌梗死的診斷價(jià)值[J].臨床心電學(xué)雜志,2008,17(4):292-294.

[6] 孟祥睿,王紅宇.立體心電向量圖T環(huán)復(fù)極參數(shù)在無癥狀心肌缺血診斷中的價(jià)值[J].中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué),2013,3(9):15-17.

[7] Man S,Rahmattulla C,Maan AC,et al.Role of the vectorcardiogram-derived spatial QRS-T angle in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy[J].Journal of Electrocardiology,2012,45(2):154-160.

[8] Frank E.An Accurate,Clinically Practical System For Spatial Vectorcadiography[J]. Circulation,1956, 13(5):737-749.

[9] Rubulis A,Jensen J,Lundahl G,et al.Ischemia induces aggravation of baseline repolarization abnormalities in left ventricular hypertrophy:a deleterious interaction[J].Appl Physiol,2006,101(1):102-110.

[10] Lipton JA,Nelwan SP,van Domburg RT,et al.Abnormal spatial QRS-T angle predicts mortality in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography for suspected coronary artery disease[J].Cornonary Artery Disease,2010,21(1):26-32.

[11] de Bie MK,Koopman MG,Gaasbeek A,et al.Incremental prognostic value of an abnormal baseline spatial QRS-T angle in chronic dialysis patients[J].Europace,2013,15(2):290-296.

[12] William W,Shimbo D,Levitan EB,et al.Relations between QRS|T Angle, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III)[J].Am J Cardiol, 2012,109(7):981-987.

[13] Zhang ZM,Prineas RJ,Case D,et al.Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(5):844-849.

[14] Draisma HH,Schalij MJ,van der Wall EE,et al.Elucidation of the spatial ventricular gradient and its link with dispersion of repolarization[J].Heart Rhythm,2006,3(9):1092,1099.

[15] 李俊偉,王建理,王紅宇.立體心電向量圖心室復(fù)極參數(shù)的分析[J].中國醫(yī)藥指南,2012,6(10):1-2.

[16] 陳珙,鐘俊芳.頻譜心電圖和心電圖陽性的臨床意義[J].上海醫(yī)學(xué),1998,21(8):477-478.

(收稿日期:2014-03-31)

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[5] 范書英,柯元南,崔超英,等.立體心電圖對(duì)陳舊心肌梗死的診斷價(jià)值[J].臨床心電學(xué)雜志,2008,17(4):292-294.

[6] 孟祥睿,王紅宇.立體心電向量圖T環(huán)復(fù)極參數(shù)在無癥狀心肌缺血診斷中的價(jià)值[J].中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué),2013,3(9):15-17.

[7] Man S,Rahmattulla C,Maan AC,et al.Role of the vectorcardiogram-derived spatial QRS-T angle in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy[J].Journal of Electrocardiology,2012,45(2):154-160.

[8] Frank E.An Accurate,Clinically Practical System For Spatial Vectorcadiography[J]. Circulation,1956, 13(5):737-749.

[9] Rubulis A,Jensen J,Lundahl G,et al.Ischemia induces aggravation of baseline repolarization abnormalities in left ventricular hypertrophy:a deleterious interaction[J].Appl Physiol,2006,101(1):102-110.

[10] Lipton JA,Nelwan SP,van Domburg RT,et al.Abnormal spatial QRS-T angle predicts mortality in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography for suspected coronary artery disease[J].Cornonary Artery Disease,2010,21(1):26-32.

[11] de Bie MK,Koopman MG,Gaasbeek A,et al.Incremental prognostic value of an abnormal baseline spatial QRS-T angle in chronic dialysis patients[J].Europace,2013,15(2):290-296.

[12] William W,Shimbo D,Levitan EB,et al.Relations between QRS|T Angle, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III)[J].Am J Cardiol, 2012,109(7):981-987.

[13] Zhang ZM,Prineas RJ,Case D,et al.Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(5):844-849.

[14] Draisma HH,Schalij MJ,van der Wall EE,et al.Elucidation of the spatial ventricular gradient and its link with dispersion of repolarization[J].Heart Rhythm,2006,3(9):1092,1099.

[15] 李俊偉,王建理,王紅宇.立體心電向量圖心室復(fù)極參數(shù)的分析[J].中國醫(yī)藥指南,2012,6(10):1-2.

[16] 陳珙,鐘俊芳.頻譜心電圖和心電圖陽性的臨床意義[J].上海醫(yī)學(xué),1998,21(8):477-478.

(收稿日期:2014-03-31)

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[5] 范書英,柯元南,崔超英,等.立體心電圖對(duì)陳舊心肌梗死的診斷價(jià)值[J].臨床心電學(xué)雜志,2008,17(4):292-294.

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(收稿日期:2014-03-31)

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