楊 波,龐廷田,孫顯松,胡 克,邱 杰,張福泉
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院放療科,北京 100730
·論 著·
直腸癌術(shù)前容積調(diào)強(qiáng)與固定野調(diào)強(qiáng)技術(shù)的劑量學(xué)比較
楊 波,龐廷田,孫顯松,胡 克,邱 杰,張福泉
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院放療科,北京 100730
目的 比較對(duì)直腸癌術(shù)前患者應(yīng)用固定野調(diào)強(qiáng)(fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy,F(xiàn)F-IMRT)和容積調(diào)強(qiáng)(volumetric modulated arc therapy,VMAT)兩種計(jì)劃方式進(jìn)行術(shù)前放射治療的劑量學(xué)差異。方法 選擇15例直腸癌術(shù)前進(jìn)行調(diào)強(qiáng)放療的患者行CT模擬定位,勾畫(huà)靶區(qū)及危及器官,對(duì)同一CT圖像設(shè)計(jì)FF-IMRT計(jì)劃和VMAT計(jì)劃。評(píng)估靶區(qū)及危及器官的劑量分布。結(jié)果 VMAT計(jì)劃組和FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組靶區(qū)覆蓋度均能滿(mǎn)足處方劑量要求。與FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組相比,VMAT計(jì)劃組計(jì)劃靶區(qū)(planning target volume,PTV)105%覆蓋度、Dmean及Dmax均增加(P=0.011,P=0.017,P=0.006),適形度指數(shù)減低(P=0.008),而均勻性指數(shù)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.193)。與FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組相比,VMAT計(jì)劃組膀胱V50增加約15%(P=0.009),Dmax平均值增加0.7 Gy(P=0.003);小腸V30降低10%(P=0.004),Dmax平均值增加0.9 Gy(P=0.000);骨髓V10、V30、V40分別降低2%、10%、10%(P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.000),Dmean平均值降低1.7 Gy(P=0.000);左右股骨頭D5分別降低3.2 Gy、2.4 Gy(P=0.000,P=0.000);全身V10、V20、V30、V40也明顯降低(P=0.003,P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.004)。VMAT計(jì)劃組較FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組機(jī)器跳數(shù)(monitor units,MU)平均值減少50%(P=0.000)。結(jié)論 直腸癌術(shù)前患者采用VMAT技術(shù),可以獲得等同于或優(yōu)于FF-IMRT計(jì)劃的劑量分布,患者治療時(shí)間明顯縮短,MU明顯降低。
直腸癌;放射治療;劑量學(xué);固定野調(diào)強(qiáng)放療;容積調(diào)強(qiáng)放療
MedJPUMCH,2014,5(2):179-183
隨著近年來(lái)固定野調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy,F(xiàn)F-IMRT)在直腸癌術(shù)前患者治療中的應(yīng)用[1],與三維適形放療相比,采用FF-IMRT可以明顯降低放療的毒副作用,有可能提高腫瘤的局部控制率及生存率[2]。但是FF-IMRT的主要缺點(diǎn)是治療時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),低劑量體積較大。容積調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(volumetric modulated arc therapy,VMAT)是近年來(lái)發(fā)展的一種新的調(diào)強(qiáng)實(shí)施方式,臨床研究結(jié)果顯示:該方式在大多數(shù)腫瘤中體現(xiàn)了靶區(qū)劑量均勻、高適形度指數(shù)、更好地保護(hù)危及器官以及縮短治療時(shí)間的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3]。本研究目的是通過(guò)對(duì)直腸癌術(shù)前患者應(yīng)用FF-IMRT和VMAT兩種計(jì)劃方式進(jìn)行比較,研究二者在直腸癌術(shù)前放射治療中的劑量學(xué)差異。
對(duì)象
隨機(jī)選擇北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院放療科2011年2月至2011年10月間15例直腸癌術(shù)前行新輔助放療患者?;颊吣挲g40~80歲,中位年齡65歲?;颊呔炇鹬橥鈺?shū)。
模擬定位
定位前2 h,排空膀胱、直腸,口服60%的泛影葡胺(20 ml+300 ml水稀釋),膀胱充盈。仰臥位,熱塑體膜固定,靜脈增強(qiáng)造影,使用Philips Briliance 16排大孔徑CT模擬機(jī)進(jìn)行掃描。掃描范圍從L2椎體到坐骨結(jié)節(jié)下5 cm,層厚0.5 cm。傳輸圖像至Varian Eclipse 8.6計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)(ECLIPSE,Varian Medical Systems)。
靶區(qū)及危及器官勾畫(huà)
臨床靶區(qū)(clinical target volume,CTV)包括瘤床及周?chē)?~5 cm區(qū)域和直腸系膜區(qū)域、骶前、閉孔、髂內(nèi)、部分髂外、部分髂總淋巴結(jié)。CTV三維方向均勻外放1 cm形成計(jì)劃靶區(qū)(planning target volume,PTV)。危及器官包括膀胱、小腸、骨髓、股骨頭。
處方劑量和計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)
對(duì)每例患者分別設(shè)計(jì)FF-IMRT計(jì)劃(sliding window技術(shù))和VMAT計(jì)劃。CTV處方劑量50 Gy/25次,每次2 Gy。要求處方劑量至少包繞95%的PTV,平均劑量Dmean<104%,最大劑量Dmax<110%。危及器官劑量限值為:膀胱D50≤25~30 Gy,小腸D50≤20~25 Gy,骨髓D50≤30~35 Gy,股骨頭D5≤40~45 Gy。FF-IMRT計(jì)劃采用7野共面照射(180°、146°、113°、80°、280°、247°、214°),劑量率400機(jī)器跳數(shù)(monitor units,MU)/min;VMAT計(jì)劃采用2部分弧照射(80°~280°不出束),準(zhǔn)直器±20°,峰值劑量率600 MU/min。劑量計(jì)算采用AAA模型,計(jì)算矩陣0.25 cm。為計(jì)劃評(píng)估的一致性,劑量歸一要求處方劑量包繞95%的PTV。
設(shè)備及照射條件
FF-IMRT及VMAT照射使用Varian Trilogy加速器,60對(duì)多葉準(zhǔn)直器(multileaf collimator,MLC),射線(xiàn)能量6 MV。
計(jì)劃評(píng)估
使用劑量體積直方圖(dose-volume histogram,DVH)評(píng)估靶區(qū)和危及器官的劑量分布。靶區(qū)評(píng)估參數(shù)包括:接受處方劑量95%、105%體積百分比(PTV95%、PTV105%)、Dmean和Dmax,以及靶區(qū)的均勻性指數(shù)(homogeneity index,HI)和適形度指數(shù)(conformity index,CI)。HI定義為D5%/D95%(5%最高劑量區(qū)的PTV接受的最小劑量/95%最高劑量區(qū)的PTV接受的最小劑量)。CI按下式計(jì)算:CI=CF(Cover Factor)×SF(Spill Factor),其中CF定義為PTV接受處方劑量的體積與PTV體積之比,SF定義為接受處方劑量的PTV體積與接受處方劑量的全身體積之比。危及器官評(píng)估參數(shù)包括:膀胱、小腸、骨髓、全身的V5、V10、V20、V30、V40和V50,及Dmean和Dmax;股骨頭D5。計(jì)劃參數(shù)包括:MU及照射時(shí)間。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。采用配對(duì)樣本均數(shù)的t檢驗(yàn)分析比較兩組計(jì)劃各參數(shù)的差異,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
靶區(qū)劑量分布
VMAT計(jì)劃組和FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組靶區(qū)覆蓋度均能滿(mǎn)足處方劑量要求。FF-IMRT計(jì)劃和VMAT計(jì)劃PTV的劑量分布見(jiàn)表1。與FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組相比,VMAT計(jì)劃組PTV105%覆蓋度、Dmean及Dmax均增加(P=0.011,P=0.017,P=0.006),CI減低(P=0.008),而兩組間HI差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.193)。
危及器官劑量分布
VMAT計(jì)劃組和FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組危及器官限量均滿(mǎn)足放射治療腫瘤協(xié)作組(Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,RTOG)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。與FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組相比,VMAT計(jì)劃組膀胱V50增加約15%(P=0.009),Dmax平均值增加0.7 Gy(P=0.003);小腸V30降低10%(P=0.004),Dmax平均值增加0.9 Gy(P=0.000);骨髓V10、V30、V40分別降低2%、10%、10%(P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.000),Dmean平均值降低1.7 Gy(P=0.000);左右股骨頭D5分別降低3.2 Gy、2.4 Gy(P=0.000,P=0.000);全身V10、V20、V30、V40也明顯降低(P=0.003,P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.004)(表2)。 FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組和VMAT計(jì)劃組左股骨頭D5分別為(39.34±3.28)Gy和(36.18±4.18)Gy,右股骨頭D5分別為(38.40±2.90)Gy和(36.08±2.84)Gy,VMAT計(jì)劃組均較FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組明顯降低(t=-5.082,P=0.000;t=-6.488,P=0.000)。
表 1 FF-IMRT計(jì)劃和VMAT計(jì)劃PTV的劑量分布
FF-IMRT:固定野調(diào)強(qiáng)放療;VMAT:容積調(diào)強(qiáng)放療;PTV:計(jì)劃靶區(qū);Dmean:平均劑量;Dmax:最大劑量;HI:均勻性指數(shù);CI:適形度指數(shù)
表 2 FF-IMRT計(jì)劃和VMAT計(jì)劃膀胱、小腸、骨髓、全身的劑量分布
FF-IMRT、VMAT、Dmean、Dmax:同表1
MU評(píng)估
VMAT計(jì)劃組MU值明顯低于FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組,其平均值分別是553.13和1092.87,VMAT計(jì)劃組較FF-IMRT計(jì)劃組減少約50%(P=0.000)。
VMAT是一種全新的IMRT技術(shù)[4]。與FF-IMRT不同,除MLC、劑量率可調(diào)外,VMAT引入第三個(gè)變量:機(jī)架旋轉(zhuǎn)速度。機(jī)架旋轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中射線(xiàn)出束,劑量率、射野形狀、機(jī)架旋轉(zhuǎn)速度同時(shí)可變、可調(diào)。機(jī)架旋轉(zhuǎn)360°,共由177個(gè)控制點(diǎn)組成,機(jī)架旋轉(zhuǎn)速度4.8°/s,最大劑量率可達(dá)600 MU/min,葉片最大速度2.5 cm/s,機(jī)架旋轉(zhuǎn)一周約75 s。VMAT技術(shù)最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,與FF-IMRT技術(shù)相比,在不降低劑量分布的同時(shí),進(jìn)一步減少治療時(shí)間和MU,從而提高靶區(qū)的生物效應(yīng)、提高單位時(shí)間內(nèi)患者治療的數(shù)量[5];由于MU的明顯減少,進(jìn)一步降低了機(jī)頭散射線(xiàn)的數(shù)量,理論上可降低二次致癌的概率[6]。
隨著VMAT技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用及不斷改進(jìn)、完善,其高CI、較少的MU和對(duì)危及器官較好的保護(hù)等優(yōu)勢(shì)已在頭頸部腫瘤、前列腺癌等腫瘤中得到確認(rèn)。Yoo等[7]比較前列腺癌FF-IMRT與VMAT的劑量學(xué)差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)直腸、膀胱、小腸的平均劑量分別降低約3.6%、4.8%、3.1%。Vanetti等[8]分析頭頸部腫瘤的劑量學(xué)差異,結(jié)果表明采用VMAT技術(shù)腮腺的平均劑量由40 Gy降至34 Gy。但是,直腸癌術(shù)前放療與這些病變?cè)诎袇^(qū)、危及器官、幾何分布、劑量分布和危及器官耐受性方面有著完全不同的特點(diǎn),目前國(guó)內(nèi)尚未見(jiàn)直腸癌術(shù)前VMAT的劑量學(xué)研究報(bào)道。本研究探討直腸癌術(shù)前FF-IMRT計(jì)劃與VMAT計(jì)劃的劑量學(xué)差異,分析比較靶區(qū)、危及器官、MU的差異,揭示VMAT技術(shù)在直腸癌術(shù)前患者放射治療的劑量學(xué)特點(diǎn),為臨床治療提供定量數(shù)據(jù),也為臨床治療計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)提供指導(dǎo)性依據(jù)。
本研究通過(guò)對(duì)15例直腸癌術(shù)前患者的FF-IMRT計(jì)劃與VMAT計(jì)劃分析和比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組計(jì)劃均能滿(mǎn)足臨床靶區(qū)覆蓋的要求,靶區(qū)的均勻性相當(dāng),但是VMAT計(jì)劃CI稍差。另外通過(guò)DVH圖分析可以看出,VMAT技術(shù)降低了小腸、骨髓、股骨頭、全身的劑量,尤其是中高劑量區(qū)域的劑量。
直腸癌術(shù)前患者放射治療的反應(yīng)因素主要相關(guān)于危及器官劑量和受照體積的大小,與三維適形技術(shù)相比,F(xiàn)F-IMRT技術(shù)可更好地保護(hù)直腸、小腸等危及器官,在靶區(qū)得到控制的同時(shí),進(jìn)一步減少危及器官的急性放射反應(yīng)和晚期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,但是FF-IMRT技術(shù)的缺陷也較明顯,如治療時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)、MU較多,可能進(jìn)一步增加二次致癌的概率[6]。而VMAT技術(shù)的劑量分布等同于或優(yōu)于FF-IMRT技術(shù),其技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)恰好能彌補(bǔ)以上不足,治療時(shí)間縮短至3~5 min,MU降至FF-IMRT的40%~50%。首先,F(xiàn)F-IMRT治療時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)限制每天每臺(tái)機(jī)器治療患者的數(shù)量。其次,患者在治療床上的時(shí)間增加,會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者的舒適度降低、分次內(nèi)危及器官和靶區(qū)的照射風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提高。再者,延長(zhǎng)治療時(shí)間也會(huì)對(duì)生物效應(yīng)有一定的影響。文獻(xiàn)證實(shí),延長(zhǎng)治療時(shí)間,腫瘤細(xì)胞DNA修復(fù)、增殖的概率增加[9]。通過(guò)研究、模擬細(xì)胞的死亡和修復(fù),理論上,延長(zhǎng)治療時(shí)間降低了腫瘤的控制概率。Wang等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)治療時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)10~15min,腫瘤控制概率明顯降低。Moiseenko等[10]分別照射3株宮頸癌細(xì)胞簇,照射時(shí)間分別為 75 s、5 min、10 min,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)3株宮頸癌細(xì)胞的存活率分別為39%、53%和59%,但是體內(nèi)腫瘤的變化是否與細(xì)胞簇的變化一致還需更深一步的研究。
綜上,直腸癌術(shù)前患者采用VMAT技術(shù),可以獲得等同于或優(yōu)于FF-IMRT計(jì)劃的劑量分布,患者治療時(shí)間明顯縮短,MU明顯降低,單位時(shí)間內(nèi)每天每臺(tái)機(jī)器治療患者的數(shù)量增加,減少患者的等待時(shí)間。但其療效還需進(jìn)一步的臨床評(píng)估。
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Dosimetric Comparison between Preoperative Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and Fixed-field Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer
YANG Bo,PANG Ting-tian,SUN Xian-song,HU Ke,QIU Jie,ZHANG Fu-quan
Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730,China
QIU Jie Tel: 010-69155481, E-mail:qj_ww@139.com
Objective To compare the dosimetric characteristics of preoperative volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (FF-IMRT) for rectal cancer. Methods The CT images of 15 patients with rectal cancer were transferred into Eclipse planning system. FF-IMRT and VMAT plans were optimized on an Eclipse treatment planning system using beam data generated for Varian Trilogy linear accelerator. Same institutional dose-volume constraints for rectal cancer were used in both techniques. Targets and organs at risk were evaluated. Results The target volume coverage could meet the requirement of described dosage in both VMAT plan group and FF-IMRT plan group. Compared with the FF-IMRT plan group, the planning target volume (PTV) 105% (PTV105%) coverage, Dmean, and Dmax significantly increased in the VMAT plan group (P=0.011,P=0.017, andP=0.006, respectively), the radiation conformity index (CI) significantly decreased(P=0.008), and the homogeneity index showed no significant difference (P=0.193). Compared with the FF-IMRT plan group, the V50of the bladder in the VMAT plan group was increased by about 15% (P=0.009), and the Dmax increased by 0.7 Gy(P=0.003); the V30of the small intestine decreased by 10%(P=0.004), and the Dmax was increased by 0.9 Gy(P=0.000); the V10, V30, and V40of the bone marrow reduced by 2%, 10%, and 10% (P=0.000,P=0.000, andP=0.000),and the Dmean reduced by 1.7 Gy (P=0.000); the D5of the left and right femoral heads reduced by 3.2 Gy and 2.4 Gy (P=0.000,P=0.000); the V10, V20, V30, and V40of the body also significantly decreased (P=0.003,P=0.000,P=0.000, andP=0.004). The VMAT group also had significantly lower number of monitor units (MU) when compared with the FF-IMRT plan group (P=0.000). Conclusions In patients with rectal cancer, preoperative VMAT can achieve equivalent or superior dose distribution compared with the FF-IMRT. In addition, VMAT can increase the number of patients treated per hour and reduce waiting time by shortening treatment time and reducing treatment MU.
rectal cancer;radiotherapy;dosimetry;fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy;volumetric modulated arc therapy
邱 杰 電話(huà):010-69155481,E-mail:qj_ww@139.com
R735.3
A
1674-9081(2014)02-0179-05
10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2014.02.011
2013- 08- 15)