国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

復(fù)雜肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折手術(shù)治療的臨床探討

2014-07-05 13:20:07趙龍宋有鑫崔成喜張宇軒張寶琦龔平武云鶴尚瑞松陳賓
中華肩肘外科電子雜志 2014年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:鷹嘴肘關(guān)節(jié)肱骨

趙龍 宋有鑫 崔成喜 張宇軒 張寶琦 龔平 武云鶴 尚瑞松 陳賓

復(fù)雜肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折手術(shù)治療的臨床探討

趙龍 宋有鑫 崔成喜 張宇軒 張寶琦 龔平 武云鶴 尚瑞松 陳賓

目的評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)治療復(fù)雜肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的療效。方法我院自2004年1月至2013年12月治療肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者24例(AO/OTA分型為A3、B1、B2、C3型),根據(jù)不同的骨折分型采取個(gè)性化治療,并對(duì)手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果術(shù)后隨訪3~6個(gè)月,平均4.5個(gè)月。根據(jù)肘關(guān)節(jié)返修術(shù)后功能評(píng)價(jià)(Mayo Clinic),術(shù)后一周肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分:良好12例,一般10例,較差2例,優(yōu)良率為50.0%;術(shù)后3個(gè)月肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分:良好15例,一般7例,較差2例,優(yōu)良率為62.5%。AO/OTA分型:A3型平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(186±45.9)min,平均術(shù)中出血量(161.1±69.7)ml,平均引流量(109.4±39.2)ml;B1、B2型平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(115±42.9)min,平均術(shù)中出血量(75.8±66.5)ml;平均引流量(17.0±28.2)ml;C3型平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(206.7±37.4)min,平均術(shù)中出血量(237.8±140.4)ml,平均引流量(132.8±17.9)ml。結(jié)論合理的手術(shù)入路及內(nèi)固定方式結(jié)合早期功能鍛煉有利于肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能的恢復(fù),可提高肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者的治療效果,減少并發(fā)癥。

肱骨骨折,遠(yuǎn)端;手術(shù)治療;療效

肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折是肘關(guān)節(jié)周圍的一種嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,約占成人骨折的2%,占肱骨骨折的50%,多見于青壯年,是臨床上較難處理的骨折之一[1]。由于肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折類型復(fù)雜,多為粉碎性骨折且復(fù)位困難,因此術(shù)后易發(fā)生骨折再移位和關(guān)節(jié)黏連,是當(dāng)今公認(rèn)的創(chuàng)傷骨科難題之一。現(xiàn)總結(jié)我院2004年1月至2013年12月收治的24例肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者(AO/OTA分型為 A3、B1、B2、C3型)的臨床表現(xiàn)、治療方法及效果,報(bào)道如下:

資料和方法

一、一般資料

選擇我院自2004年1月至2013年12月收治的24例肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者,其中,男性15例,女性9例,年齡17~73歲,平均41歲。按AO/OTA分型:A3型9例,B1、B2型6例,C3型9例。術(shù)前傷肢合并神經(jīng)損傷患者2例,合并糖尿病、高血壓等全身性系統(tǒng)疾病的患者2例。

二、手術(shù)方法

患者入院后以長(zhǎng)臂石膏托固定,完善相關(guān)術(shù)前檢查,均于入院后12~72h手術(shù),平均1.5d。臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉(22例)或全麻(2例)成功后,患者均取側(cè)臥位,患肢置于胸前,常規(guī)消毒術(shù)區(qū)后手術(shù)。部分患者術(shù)中使用氣囊止血帶。

A3型肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者9例、B1、B2型骨折6例、C3型骨折7例,選擇經(jīng)縱行分離三頭肌入路。肘部后正中切口長(zhǎng)約15cm,依次切開皮膚、皮下組織、深筋膜,顯露肱三頭肌后,在肱骨遠(yuǎn)端鈍性分離肱三頭肌遠(yuǎn)端并向內(nèi)、外側(cè)牽開,顯露骨折端。直視下解剖復(fù)位骨折,用2枚克氏針橫行臨時(shí)固定骨折端,注意保持肱骨干的提攜角和肱骨髁的前傾角。然后以外側(cè)單鋼板或雙鋼板固定骨折端。術(shù)中用C臂X線機(jī)透視,確定骨折復(fù)位滿意、內(nèi)固定牢固后拔除臨時(shí)固定骨塊的克氏針,徹底沖洗切口,放置引流管,逐層縫合。

部分C3型肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折(2例),采用肘后經(jīng)尺骨鷹嘴截骨入路或縱行分離肱三頭肌入路。選擇肘后S形切口,起于肱骨中下1/3,止于尺骨干,長(zhǎng)約15cm。暴露肱三頭肌內(nèi)側(cè)緣的尺神經(jīng),充分游離后牽引保護(hù),沿肱三頭肌肌腱兩側(cè)分離,遠(yuǎn)端至尺骨近端,從內(nèi)側(cè)或外側(cè)剝離鷹嘴后側(cè)骨面,先用擺鋸在鷹嘴尖、肱三頭肌肌腱附著點(diǎn)近端的關(guān)節(jié)外緣作V形截骨,深度為尺骨鷹嘴的3/4,然后用骨鑿截至軟骨下骨,撬撥截?cái)帔椬?,截?cái)嗟您椬爝B同肱三頭肌肌腱一同翻向近端,充分暴露肱骨內(nèi)、外髁及滑車部關(guān)節(jié)面。復(fù)位髁間骨折,將髁間骨折變?yōu)轺辽瞎钦郏钦蹚?fù)位滿意后屈曲肘關(guān)節(jié),將骨折遠(yuǎn)端與近端復(fù)位,并用2~4枚克氏針臨時(shí)固定。取2塊AO解剖型鎖定加壓板,分別植于干骺端的外側(cè)柱和內(nèi)側(cè)柱的骨嵴上,注意保護(hù)血運(yùn),不剝離骨表面軟組織。然后垂直鋼板方向植入螺釘,并保證螺釘不進(jìn)入鷹嘴窩或冠狀窩?;蛐g(shù)中使用單鋼板輔助克氏針固定骨折端。術(shù)中采用C臂X線機(jī)透視確定骨折復(fù)位滿意、內(nèi)固定牢固。移除克氏針,活動(dòng)肘關(guān)節(jié),確定固定牢靠后,將截下的鷹嘴骨塊復(fù)位,打入平行的雙克氏針,“8”字張力帶鋼絲固定,探查尺神經(jīng),放置引流管,縫合傷口。

三、術(shù)中注意事項(xiàng)

術(shù)中操作輕柔,注意神經(jīng)、血管的保護(hù)。易疆鶯等[2]認(rèn)為在骨折復(fù)位過程中應(yīng)注意恢復(fù)上肢提攜角及肱骨髁的前傾角。對(duì)于C3型骨折術(shù)中應(yīng)先恢復(fù)髁間骨折,變髁間骨折為肱骨髁上骨折,之后復(fù)位肱骨遠(yuǎn)端內(nèi)外側(cè)柱,重點(diǎn)是恢復(fù)肱骨滑車關(guān)節(jié)面。在手術(shù)操作時(shí)注意保護(hù)骨折塊的血供及神經(jīng)。

四、術(shù)后處理

術(shù)后患者常規(guī)應(yīng)用抗生素3~5d。術(shù)后48~72h內(nèi)拔除引流管,2周后拆線。根據(jù)骨折的分型和患者實(shí)際情況輔助上肢長(zhǎng)石膏拖或可拆卸式肘關(guān)節(jié)支具功能位固定。術(shù)后早期即進(jìn)行功能鍛煉,進(jìn)行上肢肌肉的等長(zhǎng)收縮及肩、腕、各手指關(guān)節(jié)等的功能鍛煉。術(shù)后一周左右鼓勵(lì)患者主動(dòng)進(jìn)行肘關(guān)節(jié)屈伸活動(dòng),以主動(dòng)活動(dòng)為主、被動(dòng)鍛煉為輔。由于A3及C3型骨折屬粉碎性骨折,因此鍛煉結(jié)束后繼續(xù)石膏拖或支具外固定。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道:肘關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉應(yīng)逐漸增加鍛煉幅度,6~8周后允許上肢適當(dāng)負(fù)重[3]。有2例患者因骨折粉碎嚴(yán)重、內(nèi)固定不牢固,術(shù)后石膏托固定3周后行肘關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉。

結(jié) 果

24例患者均順利完成手術(shù),手術(shù)時(shí)間55~270min(平均143min),術(shù)中出血量為50~400ml(平均183ml),見表1。24例患者切口均I期愈合,未出現(xiàn)切口紅腫、滲液、感染。術(shù)后隨訪3~6個(gè)月(平均4.5個(gè)月),骨折端可見明顯骨痂形成。隨訪期間無(wú)內(nèi)固定松動(dòng)、骨化性肌炎、骨折畸形愈合、延遲愈合或不愈合的發(fā)生。按照肘關(guān)節(jié)返修術(shù)后功能評(píng)價(jià)(Mayo Clinic):術(shù)后1周:優(yōu)良率為50.0%;術(shù)后3個(gè)月:優(yōu)良率為62.5%,見表2。

表1 三種類型手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量和術(shù)后引流量數(shù)據(jù)分析(ml,±s)

表1 三種類型手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量和術(shù)后引流量數(shù)據(jù)分析(ml,±s)

分型 例數(shù) 手術(shù)時(shí)間(min) 術(shù)中出血量 術(shù)后引流量A3 型 9 186.0±45.9 161.1±69.7 109.4±39.2 B1、2 型 6 115.0±42.9 75.8±66.5 17.0±28.2 C3 型 9 206.7±37.4 237.8±140.4 132.8±17.9

表2 肘關(guān)節(jié)返修術(shù)后功能評(píng)價(jià)(Mayo Clinic)(例)

討 論

一、肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的AO/OTA分型

肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折目前常用的AO/OTA分型分為:A型骨折為關(guān)節(jié)外骨折;B型骨折為部分關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折;C型骨折為完全關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,即髁間骨折。近年來有學(xué)者提出肱骨遠(yuǎn)端的“雙柱”概念[4],即肱骨遠(yuǎn)端的冠狀三角,三角中央為冠狀窩及鷹嘴窩,內(nèi)外髁由近端向遠(yuǎn)端延伸構(gòu)成雙柱。在肱骨遠(yuǎn)端冠狀三角結(jié)構(gòu)中,任何一邊斷裂都會(huì)破壞肱骨遠(yuǎn)端力學(xué)的穩(wěn)定性。肱骨遠(yuǎn)端A型骨折中雙柱斷裂,而肱骨遠(yuǎn)端C型骨折中冠狀三角三邊均遭到破壞,手術(shù)重點(diǎn)是恢復(fù)三邊的穩(wěn)定性[5]。因此在肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的處理中,應(yīng)同時(shí)恢復(fù)肱骨遠(yuǎn)端關(guān)節(jié)面和內(nèi)外側(cè)雙柱的完整性。在AO/OTA分型中C3型骨折為關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)粉碎性骨折(包括肱骨滑車及雙柱均為粉碎性骨折),術(shù)中骨折復(fù)位及內(nèi)固定實(shí)施都較為困難,導(dǎo)致肘關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)較差。Charissoux等[6]進(jìn)行流行病學(xué)調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由于中老年患者骨質(zhì)疏松,肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折多為C型。

骨折分型決定了手術(shù)方式的選擇[7],因此術(shù)前評(píng)估十分重要。CT掃描及三維重建可更好反映骨折的移位情況,尤其是肱骨遠(yuǎn)端C型骨折,可指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)師進(jìn)一步治療,在患者手術(shù)方式的選擇中發(fā)揮了重要作用。

二、肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折手術(shù)入路的選擇

治療肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折目前國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的常用手術(shù)入路主要有:(1)肱三頭肌舌形瓣入路;(2)經(jīng)肱三頭肌內(nèi)外側(cè)聯(lián)合入路;(3)尺骨鷹嘴截骨入路。在本研究中有2例患者采用肱三頭肌舌瓣入路,雖然未用鷹嘴截骨,但仍對(duì)肱三頭肌的損傷較大。該術(shù)式早期可造成術(shù)后肌肉水腫,同時(shí)進(jìn)行肘關(guān)節(jié)制動(dòng),不利于肘關(guān)節(jié)早期功能鍛煉。遠(yuǎn)期可造成肌肉萎縮、黏連和瘢痕愈合等,而影響肘關(guān)節(jié)功能。并且該入路對(duì)肱骨遠(yuǎn)端關(guān)節(jié)面及肘前方顯露較差,目前臨床已較少使用,尤其是在肱骨遠(yuǎn)端C型骨折手術(shù)中。

本研究中的21例患者選擇縱行劈開肱三頭肌或經(jīng)肱三頭肌一側(cè)入路。該術(shù)式對(duì)于除肱骨滑車外的肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折端暴露較為理想。該術(shù)式保留了肱三頭肌的連續(xù)性,避免了肱三頭肌舌形瓣入路的一些并發(fā)癥。有利于早期進(jìn)行肘關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉,防止關(guān)節(jié)僵硬。同時(shí),該術(shù)式在最大程度上減少肘關(guān)節(jié)周圍肌肉及關(guān)節(jié)囊的損傷,保留了骨折塊的血運(yùn),防止肘關(guān)節(jié)黏連、關(guān)節(jié)囊攣縮及骨折塊缺血壞死。然而,對(duì)于復(fù)雜的肱骨遠(yuǎn)端C3型骨折具有一定的局限性,該入路不能充分暴露肱骨滑車粉碎性骨折塊。

另外1例患者通過鷹嘴截骨充分暴露肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折端,尤其是肱骨滑車的顯露。該術(shù)式避免了肱三頭肌的損傷,有利于對(duì)粉碎性骨折解剖復(fù)位。與肱三頭肌舌形瓣入路相比,經(jīng)鷹嘴截骨入路對(duì)骨折暴露、復(fù)位更容易[8]。然而,人為的造成鷹嘴骨折,術(shù)后可能出現(xiàn)創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎、異位骨化、骨不愈合等并發(fā)癥,影響肘關(guān)節(jié)功能的恢復(fù)。但只要鷹嘴截骨做到解剖復(fù)位、堅(jiān)強(qiáng)內(nèi)固定、早期功能鍛煉,仍能取得滿意的療效[8]。采用鷹嘴基底部“V”形截骨,可簡(jiǎn)化骨折復(fù)位及增加截骨的接觸面積,有利于截骨面的骨性愈合,減少并發(fā)癥。該術(shù)式保護(hù)了肱三頭肌,避免其在肱骨遠(yuǎn)端的黏連,有利于術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)。鷹嘴截骨入路較其他手術(shù)入路對(duì)骨折端的暴露更充分,有利于粉碎性骨折的直視下復(fù)位和固定,并且不影響肘關(guān)節(jié)的早期功能鍛煉。但不足之處是人為地造成一次骨折,不易被患者接受。

手術(shù)入路的選擇明顯影響術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)[9]。因此根據(jù)骨折情況選擇入路方式,對(duì)于AO/OTA分型中A、B、C1及C2型骨折,肱骨滑車關(guān)節(jié)面相對(duì)完整者,可采用縱行劈開肱三頭肌或肱三頭肌內(nèi)外側(cè)入路。對(duì)于C3型骨折,因術(shù)中需要對(duì)肱骨滑車粉碎性關(guān)節(jié)面進(jìn)行復(fù)位,以及肌肉發(fā)達(dá)、肥胖等骨折暴露困難者,應(yīng)選用尺骨鷹嘴截骨入路。

王靜等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn):肱骨髁間骨折C2及C3型患者尺骨鷹嘴截骨入路內(nèi)固定術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分的優(yōu)良率(82.32%與79.38%)均高于肱三頭肌兩側(cè)入路術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分的優(yōu)良率(70.59%與64.71%);C1型患者兩種入路術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分的優(yōu)良率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。目前肱骨髁間骨折首選切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù),常用入路為鷹嘴截骨入路[10]。Ahern等[11]通過動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證明鷹嘴截骨入路可以更好地暴露骨折端,尤其是復(fù)雜的肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折。

三、肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折內(nèi)固定方式的選擇

骨折治療過程中堅(jiān)強(qiáng)內(nèi)固定是保證術(shù)后早期進(jìn)行功能鍛煉和獲得良好療效的前提。以往的單鋼板、Y形鋼板、克氏針、克氏針張力帶等內(nèi)固定方法療效較差。克氏針由于穩(wěn)定性差,易出現(xiàn)松動(dòng)、退針,術(shù)后常需要較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的石膏外固定,影響術(shù)后早期功能鍛煉。而單鋼板為平面固定,不符合“雙柱”概念的生物力學(xué)要求,對(duì)于粉碎性的C3型骨折遠(yuǎn)端固定有限?!癥”形鋼板采用分叉角度固定,置于肘關(guān)節(jié)后方與肱骨遠(yuǎn)端的貼附差,對(duì)肱骨遠(yuǎn)端的C型骨折關(guān)節(jié)面的恢復(fù)和固定強(qiáng)度有限?!癥”型鋼板如果放置過低有可能進(jìn)入鷹嘴窩,影響肘關(guān)節(jié)伸直。

由AO組織推薦的垂直雙鋼板技術(shù)和由O′Driscoll[12]推薦的平行雙鋼板技術(shù)可提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的內(nèi)固定,早期進(jìn)行肘關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉。該方法符合近年來國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者提出的“雙柱固定”理念。此外,肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折恢復(fù)滑車關(guān)節(jié)面是整個(gè)肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折復(fù)位的關(guān)鍵,也是術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)的重要前提[5]。在恢復(fù)髁間骨折穩(wěn)定性后,采用垂直或平行雙鋼板固定肱骨遠(yuǎn)端的內(nèi)外側(cè)柱,在解剖復(fù)位的基礎(chǔ)上提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的內(nèi)固定。Kaiser等[13]采用垂直雙鋼板治療22例肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折,垂直雙鋼板可提供最大的強(qiáng)度和抗疲勞特性,術(shù)后功能理想。Xie等[14]研究證實(shí),內(nèi)外側(cè)雙鋼板固定治療肱骨遠(yuǎn)端關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折效果滿意。Theivendran等[15]對(duì)16例肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者運(yùn)用平行雙鋼板治療,可達(dá)到較好的功能要求。Self等[16]通過生物力學(xué)試驗(yàn)表明,雙鋼板固定在肘關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)時(shí)牢固性最佳。Schemitsch等[17]研究認(rèn)為內(nèi)外雙接骨板法是最佳的生物力學(xué)固定模式。雙鋼板固定有助于重建雙柱結(jié)構(gòu),固定牢固、穩(wěn)定,適用于C型骨折。

近年隨著手術(shù)器械及內(nèi)固定器械的不斷發(fā)展,肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折內(nèi)固定方法越來越科學(xué)。由最早的重建鋼板逐漸出現(xiàn)了解剖鋼板和鎖定鋼板。解剖鋼板利于骨折的復(fù)位,并且可為骨折復(fù)位提供一定的參考。而鎖定鋼板由于其內(nèi)支架作用,在治療嚴(yán)重粉碎性骨折及老年骨質(zhì)疏松患者具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。因此,AO雙鋼板固定中出現(xiàn)了肱骨遠(yuǎn)端解剖鎖定鋼板[18]。相關(guān)臨床研究報(bào)道了應(yīng)用肱骨遠(yuǎn)端解剖鎖定鋼板治療肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的滿意效果[13]。由于其價(jià)格高昂,應(yīng)用較為有限。對(duì)于高齡、骨質(zhì)疏松嚴(yán)重、嚴(yán)重粉碎的髁間骨折患者,全肘關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)可作為一種有效的治療方法[10]。切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)和全肘關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)在治療肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折C型骨折中遠(yuǎn)期療效、并發(fā)癥、再手術(shù)率沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[19]。也有研究報(bào)道對(duì)于肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折選擇過關(guān)節(jié)外固定架治療,尤其對(duì)開放肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折有一定的療效[20]。

本研究中13例采用單鋼板固定,4例采用雙鋼板固定,7例采用雙空心螺釘及克氏針固定。在早期功能鍛煉中采用雙鋼板固定者,開始肘關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉時(shí)間明顯早于其他內(nèi)固定方式,并且術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)明顯優(yōu)于其他方式。

四、肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)選擇、并發(fā)癥及預(yù)防

肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折由于骨折復(fù)雜,解剖復(fù)位困難,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥多,是當(dāng)今公認(rèn)的創(chuàng)傷骨科治療難題之一。手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)的選擇對(duì)骨折復(fù)位及肘關(guān)節(jié)功能的恢復(fù)非常重要。本文所涉及病例均于入院后12~72h手術(shù),平均1.5d,骨折早期行切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定,軟組織易分離。對(duì)于軟組織張力較高的患者采用減張縫合,均獲得了較好的療效。閉合性骨折一般在傷后24~72h腫脹不顯著時(shí)手術(shù)最好,術(shù)前時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)可增加術(shù)中骨折復(fù)位的難度,使得復(fù)位不理想,影響肘關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后功能的恢復(fù)。黃雷等[21]認(rèn)為傷后超過1周再手術(shù)的患者,優(yōu)良率明顯下降。因此,手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)的把握可明顯降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。

肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折常見的并發(fā)癥有關(guān)節(jié)攣縮、黏連、創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎、異位骨化、尺神經(jīng)炎、骨折不愈合或畸形愈合等。根據(jù)骨折類型及軟組織損傷程度,選擇合理的手術(shù)入路、內(nèi)固定方式,重建關(guān)節(jié)面才能保證關(guān)節(jié)功能的恢復(fù),減少創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生[22]。術(shù)中操作仔細(xì)、輕柔,減?。ㄝp或少)術(shù)中醫(yī)源性損傷。術(shù)后早期進(jìn)行正確的功能鍛煉是肘關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)的關(guān)鍵[10]。本研究鼓勵(lì)患者早期進(jìn)行主動(dòng)肘關(guān)節(jié)屈伸功能鍛煉,4例垂直雙鋼板固定的患者術(shù)后早期進(jìn)行功能鍛煉,肘關(guān)節(jié)恢復(fù)良好,選擇單鋼板固定的5例患者術(shù)后進(jìn)行功能鍛煉較晚,肘關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)一般。對(duì)于單純克氏針及螺釘固定的患者,術(shù)后輔助石膏托外固定,術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)欠佳。因此堅(jiān)強(qiáng)內(nèi)固定是肘關(guān)節(jié)早期進(jìn)行功能鍛煉的基礎(chǔ),可有效預(yù)防肘關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟組織黏連。有學(xué)者報(bào)道[23]術(shù)后當(dāng)天即開始服用非甾體類藥物,抑制炎性反應(yīng),同時(shí)能抑制間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的遷移和增殖,阻斷向成骨細(xì)胞分化,防止局限性骨化性肌炎形成。

我們主張患者術(shù)后早期進(jìn)行上肢肌肉主動(dòng)收縮及肩、腕、各手指關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉。指導(dǎo)患者循序漸進(jìn)地進(jìn)行肘關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉,主動(dòng)活動(dòng)結(jié)合被動(dòng)活動(dòng),同時(shí)鍛煉前臂旋轉(zhuǎn)功能,使功能鍛煉合理有效[21]。對(duì)于術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)屈伸功能不佳者,也可配合外固定架松解肘關(guān)節(jié)。因此,早期合理的功能鍛煉可有效防止肘關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)骨折愈合及肘關(guān)節(jié)功能的恢復(fù)。

綜上所述,對(duì)于肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折利用影像學(xué)資料進(jìn)行骨折分型,早期選擇合適的手術(shù)方式治療。在滿意的骨折復(fù)位和堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的內(nèi)固定前提下,術(shù)后早期進(jìn)行功能鍛煉,對(duì)肘關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)具有重要意義。

[1] 蘆浩.姜保國(guó),付中國(guó),等.肱骨近端骨折合并肱骨髁間骨折一例[J].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2013,1(1):48-49.

[2] 易疆鶯,李浩,鄒遠(yuǎn)云,等.復(fù)雜肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的雙鋼板內(nèi)固定治療[J].華西醫(yī)學(xué),2010(12):2249-2251.

[3] Pollock JW,Athwal GS,Steinmann SP.Surgical exposures for distal humerus fractures:a review[J].Clin Anat,2008,21(8):757-768.

[4] Ring D,Jupiter JB.Fractures of the distal humerus[J].Orthop Clin North Am,2000,31(1):103-113.

[5] 范存義,姜佩珠,蔡培華,等.雙柱理論在骨質(zhì)疏松性C型肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折治療中的應(yīng)用[J].中華創(chuàng)傷骨科雜志,2007,9(3):221-224.

[6] Charissoux JL, Vergnenegre G, Pelissier M, et al.Epidemiology of distal humerus fractures in the elderly[J].Orthop Traumatol Surg Res,2013,99(7):765-769.

[7] Bégué T.Articular fractures of the distal humerus[J].Orthop Traumatol Surg Res,2014,100(1Suppl):S55-S63.

[8] 王靜,姜保國(guó),張培訓(xùn).尺骨鷹嘴截骨與肱三頭肌兩側(cè)入路內(nèi)固定治療肱骨髁間骨折的療效比較[J].中華骨科雜志,2009,29(3):235-240.

[9] 姜保國(guó),張殿英,付中國(guó).切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定治療肱骨髁間骨折的療效分析[J].中華創(chuàng)傷雜志,2007,23(2):97-99.

[10] 羅偉,姜保國(guó).肱骨髁間骨折的治療進(jìn)展[J].中華外科雜志,2009,47(12):903-905.

[11] Ahern BJ,Richardson DW.Distal humeral Salter Harris(Type II)fracture repair by an ulnar osteotomy approach in a horse[J].Vet Surg,2010,39(6):729-732.

[12] O′Driscoll SW.Optimizing stability in distal humeral fracture fixation[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2005,14(1):186S-194S.

[13] Kaiser T,Brunner A,Hohendorff B,et al.Treatment of supra-and intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus with the LCP Distal Humerus Plate:a 2-year follow-up[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2011,20(2):206-212.

[14] Xie X,Qin H,Shen L,et al.Open reduction and bicolumnar internal fixation of intra-articular distal humerus fractures through a combined medial and lateral approach[J],2013.[in print]

[15] Theivendran K, Duggan PJ, Deshmukh SC.Surgical treatment of complex distal humeral fractures:functional outcome after internal fixation using precontoured anatomic plates[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2010,19(4):524-532.

[16] Self J,Viegas SF,Buford WL,et al.A comparison of double-plate fixation methods for complex distal humerus fractures[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,1995,4(1Pt 1):10-16.

[17] Schemitsch EH,Tencer AF,Henley MB.Biomechanical evaluation of methods of internal fixation of the distal humerus[J].J Orthop Trauma,1994,8(6):468-475.

[18] 楊明輝,李庭,蔣協(xié)遠(yuǎn).肱骨髁間骨折的內(nèi)固定選擇[J].中華關(guān)節(jié)外科雜志:電子版,2011,5(3):364-368.

[19] Wang Y,Zhuo Q,Tang P,et al.Surgical interventions for treating distal humeral fractures in adults[Z],2013:CD009890.

[20] Lewandowski L,Tintle SM,Daniel C,et al.Circular external fixation for treatment of distal humerus fractures:case report[J].J Hand Surg Am,2013,38(6):1155-1160.

[21] 黃雷,張波,王滿宜,等.肱骨髁間骨折的手術(shù)治療[J].中華骨科雜志,2001,21(3):158-162.

[22] Throckmorton TW,Zarkadas PC,Steinmann SP.Distal humerus fractures[J].Hand Clin,2007,23(4):457-469.

[23] 王慧勇,陳本鈺,王希鵬.31例肱骨遠(yuǎn)端關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折患者的手術(shù)治療效果分析[J].中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2011,4(8):158.

Clinical evaluation of operative treatment of complicated distal humerus fractures

Zhao Long,Song Youxin,Cui Chengxi,Zhang Yuxuan,Zhang Baoqi,Gong Ping,Wu Yunhe,Shang Ruisong,Chen Bin.Sixth Department of Orthopaedics,Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College,Chengde 067000,China

BackgroundDistal humeral fracture is a severe damage around the elbow joint,and is often seen in young adults.It accounts for 2%of all adult fractures and about 50%of all humerus fractures.It′s one of the fractures that is difficult to deal with.The types of distal humeral fracture are divergent.Distal humerus fractures are often comminuted which make operative reduction difficult.Secondary loss of reduction and elbow ankylosis are common postoperative complications.All these difficulties make the distal humerus fracture one of the unresolved problems in fracture treatment.This study is to evaluate the clinical outcome of complex distal humeral fractures treated by operation.Methods(1)General data:twenty-four cases of operative treated distal humerus fractures in author′s hospital from January 2004to December 2013were included in this study.There were 15 males and 9females,aging from 17to 73,averaged 41.AO/OTA Classification:A3:9cases;B1,B2:6cases;C3:9cases.Two cases were combined with nerve injury.Two cases had histories of high blood pressure and diabetes.(2)Operative method:The patient was placed in the supine position,and the elbow to be operated on was positioned at 90°of abduction and supported on a lucent operating table.A pneumatic tourniquet was placed as proximally as possible on the arm.With the elbow flexed at about 60°,the first incision was made about 7cm proximal to the tip of the medial epicondyle.In the initial cases,the ulnar nerve was isolated,released from the ulnar nerve groove,and protected carefully.In later cases,the nerve was only exposed.The medial and anteromedial side of the distal humerus was exposed through the opening between the brachial muscle and the medial intermuscularseptum.The common origin of the flexor muscles was partially dissected and reflected distally,leaving a 5-mm strut to be re-sutured in situ at completion of surgery.The anterior capsule was incised.The articular surface of the trochlea was then exposed.A second incision was begun approximately 8 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle.The space between the triceps posteriorly,the origins of the extensor carpi radialis longus and the brachioradialis anteriorly,and the anterior side of the distal articular surface were exposed.The space between the anconeus and the extensor carpi ulnaris was opened,and the most distal articular surface of the capitulum and the lateral part of the trochlea was exposed.The elbow was then flexed about 80°,and the biceps and brachial–bronchial muscles were retracted anteriorly.Any hematoma among the fragments was debrided,and the number and displacement of articular fragments were identified.The main medial articular fragment,usually associated with the metaphyseal fragment,was first reduced to the medial column and temporally fixed with K-wires.Definitive fixation with a reconstruction plate (usually 6holes)could be completed if the metaphyseal fragment was anatomically reduced.Displaced small articular fragments were reduced to the main lateral fragment and fixed with 0.8K-wires.The main lateral articular fragment was then reduced medially to the medial articular fragment and proximally to the lateral column and maintained temporarily with K-wires.The reduction in the articular surfaces was then checked under direct vision and using a C-arm.Any step or gap between the lateral and the medial articular fragment was abolished by abduction or adduction of the elbow and compression with forceps while keeping the medial fragment in situ.Simultaneous adjustment of the lateral column was also performed.If the articular fracture was anatomically reduced,a 1.25-mm guide wire was then inserted into the trochlea from the lateral condyle,passed through the fracture and then to the medial condyle,parallel with the distal articular surface and located in the bone between the olecranal fossa and the articular surface as confirmed by C-arm.A 4.0-mm cannulated screw was then inserted along the guide wire.As described above,the medial column could be definitely fixed with a plate if anatomical reduction was achieved.In most cases,the plate was positioned on the anteromedial side of the distal humerus.The distal end of the plate should not extend beyond the medial epicondyle and should be fixed to the bone with 2-3screws according to the location of the fracture line.The best option was to insert the most distal two screws into the medial trochlea.If the fracture line was too low to be fixed with a plate,a tension band wire or screw fixation was used.The reconstruction plate for fixing the lateral column was carefully contoured,allowing the proximal end to be placed on the anterolateral side,and the distal end with the two most distal holes placed on the lateral side of the distal humerus.At least two screws were used to fix the plate to the lateral articular fragment,with one long screw implanted from lateral to medial side and parallel to the articular surface.Inserting the most proximal screws of the lateral and medial plates at the same level should be avoided.The reduction in the articular surface and the length of the screws were checked by C-arm.No excessive movement of the fracture fragments under the motion of the elbow was confirmed under direct vision.The dissected common origin of the flexor muscles was repaired.(3)Tips and tricks during operation:the nerves and blood vessels should be carefully protected during operation.Yi Jiangying et al reported that the anteversion of distal humerus and carrying angle of upper limb should be well reconstructed.For type C3,the first thing is to reduce intercondylar fragments,changing intercondylar fracture to supracondylar fracture,then restore the lateral column of distal humerus,in the end is to focus on the recovery of the trochlea articular surface.(4)Postoperative treatment:Antibiotics were routinely used in 3-5d.The drainage tube was removed in 48-72h.The stitches would be removed after two weeks.Plaster cast or hinged splint was properly applied to protect the elbow according to the classification of the fracture and the actual situation of patients.Early functional exercise was conducted.After a week or so,patients would be encouraged to do elbow flexion and extension.Rehabilitation protocol should be individualized according to fracture type and patients status.The intensity of rehabilitation also should be increased gradually.Proper upper limb weight bearing was allowed after 6-8weeks.ResultsAll 24patients were successfully operated.Operation time variedfrom 55to 270minutes,and averaged in 143min.Blood loss was ranged from 50to 400ml,and averaged in 183ml.All 24patients achieved Stage I healing.No swelling,effusion,or infection was observed.Postoperative follow-up was 3-6months(averaged 4.5months).Callus formation was observed in fracture end.No internal fixation loosening,myositis ossifications,malunion,delayed union or nonunion was observed in follow-ups.The outcome was evaluated according to Mayo Clinic Elbow Score.Good and excellent rate was 62.5%at 3months postoperatively.ConclusionsClassifying the distal humeral fractures using the imaging data is important for choosing appropriate surgery method.The satisfied reduction,rigid internal fixation and early exercise are critical for the functional recovery of the elbow.

Humerus fractures,distal;Surgical treatment;Curative effect

Chen Bin,Email:drchenbin@vip.sina.com

2014-07-06)

(本文編輯:李靜)

10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.03.007

067000 承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院骨外六科

陳賓,Email:drchenbin@vip.sina.com

趙龍,宋有鑫,崔成喜,等.復(fù)雜肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折手術(shù)治療的臨床探討[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2014,2(3):168-173.

猜你喜歡
鷹嘴肘關(guān)節(jié)肱骨
經(jīng)尺骨鷹嘴截骨入路與肱三頭肌兩側(cè)入路治療肱骨髁間骨折的療效比較
尺骨鷹嘴懸吊牽引治療Ⅱ、Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折的臨床觀察
人工肱骨頭置換治療老年肱骨近端復(fù)雜性骨折的效果
肘關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療肘關(guān)節(jié)僵硬手術(shù)技巧
老年復(fù)雜肱骨近端骨折的治療選擇:保守治療,切開復(fù)位還是肱骨頭置換?系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)及Meta分析
全肘關(guān)節(jié)置換的臨床應(yīng)用
外固定架、張力帶聯(lián)合結(jié)構(gòu)性植骨重建尺骨鷹嘴治療鷹嘴粉碎性骨折1例報(bào)告并文獻(xiàn)分析
肘關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后醫(yī)源性骨折伴僵硬
解剖鋼板內(nèi)固定治療尺骨鷹嘴骨折
肱骨近端骨折的治療進(jìn)展
库尔勒市| 平乡县| 新营市| 龙井市| 鹤庆县| 新津县| 台山市| 颍上县| 涿鹿县| 石门县| 友谊县| 渝北区| 金寨县| 铜梁县| 沾益县| 四子王旗| 舞阳县| 若尔盖县| 攀枝花市| 文化| 比如县| 台中市| 聂拉木县| 汉源县| 万年县| 孟州市| 探索| 永福县| 呼和浩特市| 平泉县| 仁怀市| 望城县| 高平市| 乐业县| 安新县| 嘉祥县| 天水市| 广饶县| 武宁县| 余干县| 西华县|