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心力衰竭治療前后aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅與腦鈉肽的變化

2014-06-28 17:01荀平孫莉李恒斌尚怡君
中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué) 2014年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:腦鈉肽利尿劑心力衰竭

荀平??孫莉??李恒斌??尚怡君

[摘要] 目的 探討心力衰竭患者利尿治療前后aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅與腦鈉肽變化的關(guān)系,探討心力衰竭治療有效的心電圖指標(biāo),為臨床療效評(píng)估提供簡(jiǎn)便易行的預(yù)測(cè)方法。方法 觀察心力衰竭患者50例,分別于入院時(shí)利尿治療前及治療后出院時(shí)行12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖檢查,觀察aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅變化;監(jiān)測(cè)體重;測(cè)定腦鈉肽濃度。結(jié)果 心力衰竭患者經(jīng)利尿治療后心電圖aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波的振幅較治療前顯著增高,體重顯著下降,BNP顯著下降。結(jié)論 aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅變化與腦鈉肽可以用來評(píng)估心力衰竭患者利尿治療療效的簡(jiǎn)單可靠的指標(biāo)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 心力衰竭;利尿劑;aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅;腦鈉肽

[中圖分類號(hào)] R540.41 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2014)04-57-03

Analysis on changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead and brain natriuretic peptide before and after the treatment of heart failure

XUN Ping SUN Li LI Hengbin SHANG Yijun

Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Treatment Centre,Jilin Central General Hospital,Jilin 132013,China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead and brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) before and after the diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure, and to explore the effective indices of ECG for the treatment of heart failure, so as to provide easy predictions for the evaluation of clinical curative effects. Methods 50 patients with heart failure were observed and received 12-lead ECG before the diuretic therapy on admission and after the therapy on discharge. Changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead were observed; patients' weights were monitored; concentrations of BNP were tested. Results The QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead for patients with heart failure after the diuretic therapy was significantly higher than that before the therapy. Patients' weights and BNP concentrations significantly reduced. Conclusion Changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead and BNP can be used as easy and reliable indices for the evaluation of curative effects of diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure.

[Key words] Heart failure;Diuretics;QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead;Brain natriuretic peptide(BNP)

近年來隨著人口老齡化,心力衰竭患者的發(fā)病率也逐年上升,心血管疾病的診治水平也得到了飛速發(fā)展,檢測(cè)心力衰竭的技術(shù)也在不斷進(jìn)步。心臟彩超、N末端B型人腦利鈉肽(NT-proBNP)[1]也大大提高了心力衰竭患者檢測(cè)的敏感性和特異性,在檢測(cè)心功能中起到重要作用,但該兩項(xiàng)檢測(cè)僅在一定規(guī)模的大醫(yī)院才能進(jìn)行,且價(jià)格偏貴,基層醫(yī)院更渴望有一種更簡(jiǎn)便、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更大眾化、隨時(shí)可以應(yīng)用的檢測(cè)技術(shù)來評(píng)價(jià)心力衰竭治療效果。心電圖是目前最為普及的一項(xiàng)檢測(cè)技術(shù),具有簡(jiǎn)便、準(zhǔn)確、快速、無創(chuàng)等優(yōu)勢(shì),可以用于心力衰竭治療效果的評(píng)價(jià)[2]。本文旨在研究心力衰竭患者利尿治療前后心電圖aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)(Ld aVR) QRS波振幅與體重及BNP變化的關(guān)系。

1 資料與方法

1.1 對(duì)象

研究對(duì)象為2013年1~12月入住吉林市中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科的所有急性及慢性心力衰竭伴液體潴留的患者(NYHA分級(jí)III~I(xiàn)V級(jí))。男28例,女22例,平均年齡(65.0±4.6)歲。排除心律失常、肺氣腫、肝硬化腹水、腎功能不全、束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯等患者。入院后接受利尿治療,根據(jù)病情口服及靜脈應(yīng)用利尿劑。

1.2 觀察指標(biāo)及檢測(cè)方法

1.2.1 Ld aVR測(cè)量 采用日本光電9130P 12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖機(jī),所有患者于入院時(shí)利尿治療前及治療后出院時(shí)安靜狀態(tài)下記錄12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖,走紙速度25mm/s,心電圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電壓為1mV。測(cè)量方法:將

aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)R波振幅的絕對(duì)值與S波或Q波振幅的絕對(duì)值相加,心電圖紙上兩條橫線間(1mm)表示0.1mV。

1.2.2 體重的監(jiān)測(cè) 所有患者穿統(tǒng)一的病號(hào)服,應(yīng)用同一校正后體重計(jì),于入院時(shí)利尿治療前及治療后出院時(shí)晨起空腹,排空膀胱后測(cè)量體重,體重以kg為單位,精確到0.1kg。

1.2.3 血清NT-proBNP測(cè)定 所有對(duì)象采集于入院時(shí)利尿治療前及治療后出院時(shí)行清晨空腹肘靜脈血3mL,待自然凝固后1h內(nèi)在離心機(jī)以3000r/min離心10min分離血清,應(yīng)用德國羅氏診斷公司Elecsys2010NT-proBNP自動(dòng)分析儀進(jìn)行檢測(cè),以pro-BNP試劑盒(上海西唐生物科技有限公司),利用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)法(ELISA法)測(cè)定血清BNP。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS13.0軟件分析,計(jì)量資料以()表示,患者利尿治療前后各變量差異的顯著性分析應(yīng)用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)。利尿治療前后aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅與體重變化間的關(guān)系分析及腦鈉肽變化關(guān)系分析分別采用直線相關(guān)分析。以P<0.05認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 心力衰竭患者利尿治療前后各指標(biāo)的比較

患者于入院時(shí)利尿治療前及治療后出院時(shí)aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅增加、體重下降及NT-proBNP下降,且差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。

2.2 心力衰竭利尿治療前后體重變化值(△體重)

與aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅增加值(△Ld aVR)有相關(guān)性(R=0.240,P<0.05);△Ld aVR與腦鈉肽變化值NT-proBNP)有相關(guān)性(R=0.382,P<0.05)。

3 討論

本研究證實(shí),心力衰竭液體潴留的患者經(jīng)利尿治療后心電圖aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅較治療前顯著增高,體重顯著下降,NT-proBNP顯著下降。隨著心功能好轉(zhuǎn),aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅增加與體重下降值及NT-proBNP下降值存在良好的相關(guān)性。

近年來,已有一些臨床研究表明心力衰竭經(jīng)治療后,QRS波群振幅變化與心功能改善存在相關(guān)性[3-4],本研究也證實(shí)肢體導(dǎo)聯(lián)aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)振幅增加提示心功能改善,與既往研究結(jié)果一致[5-6]。心力衰竭時(shí)液體潴留導(dǎo)致體表心電圖aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅下降的機(jī)制可能如下:(1)六軸系統(tǒng)中,aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)位于額面右上60°,其負(fù)極位于左下30°,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ?qū)?lián)之間。Ⅰ、Ⅱ?qū)?lián)QRS波振幅之和反映6個(gè)肢體導(dǎo)聯(lián)的電壓值的變化情況,那么Ⅰ和Ⅱ?qū)?lián)可以代替六個(gè)肢體導(dǎo)聯(lián)。而Ⅰ和Ⅱ?qū)?lián)的代數(shù)和的反向?yàn)閍VR導(dǎo)聯(lián),故aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)可以代表6個(gè)肢體導(dǎo)聯(lián)(Kirchff's第二電壓理論[4,7]),aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅變化可以用來很好的監(jiān)測(cè)心力衰竭患者液體潴留狀態(tài)。(2)aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅的高低除了受心室除極向量的影響,還受機(jī)體體液阻抗的影響[8]。心臟與體表電極間導(dǎo)電介質(zhì)主要包括肺與容積導(dǎo)體(除肺以外圍繞心臟的器官和組織),其導(dǎo)電性能可通過相應(yīng)的電阻抗(復(fù)合阻抗)來表示。水是身體里低阻抗物質(zhì),體液容量過多時(shí),使機(jī)體的復(fù)合阻抗降低。當(dāng)心力衰竭發(fā)生時(shí),左房的充盈壓升高,左右心室容量增加,當(dāng)肺水腫、心包積液、胸腔積液和外周浮腫等使更多的體液潴留在肺部及外周,機(jī)體就是潴留了大量的導(dǎo)電介質(zhì),增加了心室與胸壁的距離,使胸部及全身的復(fù)合電阻抗減弱[9],傳導(dǎo)性增加,aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅降低。經(jīng)過利尿治療后,患者心力衰竭癥狀緩解,體重減輕,容量負(fù)荷減少,全身電阻抗升高,傳導(dǎo)性下降,使aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅增加。

NT-proBNP水平是評(píng)價(jià)心力衰竭嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后的敏感客觀指標(biāo)[10],可反映心力衰竭患者心功能變化情況[11],本研究證實(shí)心力衰竭利尿治療后心功能改善,NT-proBNP較前下降,aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅較前升高。aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅變化與NT-proBNP下降值存在良好的相關(guān)性。提示aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅變化可以作為一項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)心力衰竭患者利尿治療后心功能的指標(biāo)。且Ld aVR相對(duì)心臟彩超檢查復(fù)雜及成本而論,aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅更簡(jiǎn)便,更直接。

綜上所述,心電圖aVR導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波振幅具有簡(jiǎn)便、快速、無創(chuàng)的特點(diǎn),結(jié)合NT-proBNP、心臟彩超檢查有利于提高心力衰竭患者診斷的敏感性及特異性,可廣泛應(yīng)用于基層醫(yī)院,更適用于心力衰竭患者病情的初步評(píng)價(jià),并可用于評(píng)估心力衰竭患者利尿治療的效果及心功能改善的良好指標(biāo)。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1] Ciccone MM,Cortese F,Gesualdo M,et al.A Novel Cardiac Bio-Marker:ST2:A review[J].Molecules,2013,18(12):15314-15328.

[2] Madias JE.Superiority of the limb leads over the precordial leads on the 12-lead ECG inmonitoring ?uctuating ?uid overload in a patient with congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2007,40:395-399.

[3] Madias JE,Agarwal H,Win M,et al.Effect of weight loss in congestive heart failure from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy on electrocardiographic QRS voltage[J].Am J Cardiol,2002,89(1):86-88.

[4] Lumlertgul S,Chenthanakij B,Madias JE.ECG leads I and II to evaluate diuresis of patients with congestive heart failure admitted to the hospital via the emergency department[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(1):64-71.

[5] Madias JE.aVR,an index of all ECG limb leads,with clinical utility for monitoring of patients with edematous states,including heart failure[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(12):1567-1576.

[6] Madias JE,Song J,White CM,et al.Response of the ECG to short-term diuresis in patients with heart failure[J].Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2005,10(3):288-296.

[7] John EM.On the Use of the Inverse Electrocardiogram Leads[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,103(2):221-226.

[8] Madias JE,Attanti S,Narayan V.Relationship among electrocardiographic potential amplitude,weight,and resistance/reactance/impedance in a patient with peripheral edema treated for congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2003,36(2):167-171.

[9] Madias JE.On the mechanism of augmentation of electrocardiogram QRS complexes in patients with congestive heart failure responding to diuresis[J].J Electrocardiol,2005,38(1):54-57.

[10] Cowie MR,Mendez GF.BNP and congestive heart failure[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2002,44(4):293-321.

[11] Galinier M,Berry M,Delmas C,et al.Interest of NT-proBNP in chronic heart failure follow-up[J].Ann Biol Clin(Paris),2013,71:39-45.

(收稿日期:2013-12-28)

[5] Madias JE.aVR,an index of all ECG limb leads,with clinical utility for monitoring of patients with edematous states,including heart failure[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(12):1567-1576.

[6] Madias JE,Song J,White CM,et al.Response of the ECG to short-term diuresis in patients with heart failure[J].Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2005,10(3):288-296.

[7] John EM.On the Use of the Inverse Electrocardiogram Leads[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,103(2):221-226.

[8] Madias JE,Attanti S,Narayan V.Relationship among electrocardiographic potential amplitude,weight,and resistance/reactance/impedance in a patient with peripheral edema treated for congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2003,36(2):167-171.

[9] Madias JE.On the mechanism of augmentation of electrocardiogram QRS complexes in patients with congestive heart failure responding to diuresis[J].J Electrocardiol,2005,38(1):54-57.

[10] Cowie MR,Mendez GF.BNP and congestive heart failure[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2002,44(4):293-321.

[11] Galinier M,Berry M,Delmas C,et al.Interest of NT-proBNP in chronic heart failure follow-up[J].Ann Biol Clin(Paris),2013,71:39-45.

(收稿日期:2013-12-28)

[5] Madias JE.aVR,an index of all ECG limb leads,with clinical utility for monitoring of patients with edematous states,including heart failure[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(12):1567-1576.

[6] Madias JE,Song J,White CM,et al.Response of the ECG to short-term diuresis in patients with heart failure[J].Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2005,10(3):288-296.

[7] John EM.On the Use of the Inverse Electrocardiogram Leads[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,103(2):221-226.

[8] Madias JE,Attanti S,Narayan V.Relationship among electrocardiographic potential amplitude,weight,and resistance/reactance/impedance in a patient with peripheral edema treated for congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2003,36(2):167-171.

[9] Madias JE.On the mechanism of augmentation of electrocardiogram QRS complexes in patients with congestive heart failure responding to diuresis[J].J Electrocardiol,2005,38(1):54-57.

[10] Cowie MR,Mendez GF.BNP and congestive heart failure[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2002,44(4):293-321.

[11] Galinier M,Berry M,Delmas C,et al.Interest of NT-proBNP in chronic heart failure follow-up[J].Ann Biol Clin(Paris),2013,71:39-45.

(收稿日期:2013-12-28)

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