李建玲??蘇震??劉海旺??李春輝
[摘要] 目的 檢測Cx43與Smad1在胃癌中的表達,探討其與胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)系以及兩者的相關(guān)性。 方法 采用免疫組織化學方法檢測Cx43和Smad1在胃癌和正常胃組織中的表達,研究它們的表達與胃癌的關(guān)系以及二者的相關(guān)性。 結(jié)果 在胃癌中,Cx43的陽性表達率以及染色強度均隨分化程度的降低而呈現(xiàn)出下降趨勢(P<0.05)。Smad1的陽性表達率隨分化程度的降低而呈現(xiàn)出上升趨勢(P<0.05)。Cx43與Smad1在胃癌組織中的表達呈現(xiàn)出負相關(guān)性。 結(jié)論 Cx43在胃癌組織中的低表達與Smad1高表達顯示二者存在負相關(guān),可能對胃癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展起一定作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胃癌;Cx43;Smad1;免疫組織化學
[中圖分類號] R735.2 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)04-19-04
A study of expressions and correlation of Cx43 and Smad1 in gastric cancer tissues
LI Jianling1 SU Zhen1 LIU Haiwang2 LI Chunhui2
1.Department of Anesthesiology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital,Chengde 067000,China;2.Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital,Chengde 067000,China
[Abstract] Objective To detect the expressions of Cx43 and Smad1 in gastric cancer and to discuss their relations with the development and progression of gastric cancer, and correlation between the two. Methods Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the expressions of Cx43 and Smad1 in gastric cancer and normal gastric tissues.The relations between their expressions and gastric cancer and their correlation were investigated. Results The expression rate and staining intensity of Cx43 in gastric cancer decreased with the lowering of differentiation degree (P<0.05).The expression rate of Smad1 increased with the lowering of differentiation degree (P<0.05).The expression of Cx43 and Smad1 in gastric cancer tissues was negatively correlated. Conclusion The low expression of Cx43 and high expression of Smad1 in gastric cancer tissues show a negative correlation between the two, which may have certain effects on the development and progression of gastric cancer.
[Key words] Gastric cancer;Cx43;Smad1;Immunohistochemistry
胃癌是發(fā)病率和死亡率非常高的疾病,嚴重威脅著人類的健康。其發(fā)生發(fā)展是一個多因素、多步驟的漸進過程,其中抑癌因子與促癌因子的相互作用失衡最終導致了胃癌的發(fā)生[1]。縫隙連接(gap junction)是相鄰細胞間的膜通道結(jié)構(gòu),由胞膜上的縫隙連接蛋白(connexin,Cx)構(gòu)成,其中包括Cx43,細胞通過它所介導的細胞縫隙連接通訊(gap junction intercellular communication,GJIC)進行細胞間信息和能量的傳遞,調(diào)控細胞的生殖、分化及內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定[2]。Smad1是SMAD蛋白家族成員之一,是把骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白與細胞表面受體作用的信號傳至細胞核的中介分子。本研究通過免疫組織化學染色方法觀察Cx43與Smad1在胃癌和正常胃組織中的表達情況,研究細胞間的信號傳導是否會
影響信號通路Smad1介導的BMP通路從而調(diào)節(jié)胃癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。
1 材料與方法
1.1 標本來源
收集承德醫(yī)學院附屬醫(yī)院2012年9月~2013年2月手術(shù)切除后,經(jīng)病理證實為胃癌的組織60例及正常胃組織30例,所有患者術(shù)前未接受放化療。組織常規(guī)取材后固定于中性甲醛,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,連續(xù)切片,厚4μm。由2名有經(jīng)驗的病理醫(yī)師進行雙盲獨立閱片,鏡檢胃癌組織學類型、分化程度及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況
1.2 患者一般情況
60例胃癌患者中,男34例、女26例,年齡47~77歲,平均(58.5±4.0)歲。腫瘤分化:高中分化者28例、低分化者32例。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移:無轉(zhuǎn)移者23例、有轉(zhuǎn)移者37例。浸潤深度:浸潤全層者48例,未達全層者12例。30例正常胃組織,男19例,女11例,年齡35~72歲,平均(55.0±6.0)歲。endprint
1.3 免疫組化染色檢測Cx43與Smad1蛋白的表達及結(jié)果判定
鼠抗人Cx43抗體購自福州邁新生物技術(shù)開發(fā)有限公司,兔抗人Smad1抗體購自武漢博士德生物工程有限公司,采用SP免疫組化法,實驗步驟按說明書進行,DAB顯色,蘇木素復染細胞核。以PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照,用已知正常胃黏膜組織的標準陽性切片作為陽性對照。Cx43陽性信號在正常胃組織主要表達于細胞膜,在胃癌組織中可表達于細胞漿。Smad1陽性信號在正常胃組織及胃癌組織中主要表達于細胞膜。在染色均勻的區(qū)域,選取5個高倍鏡視野(×400):(1)按陽性細胞百分率(A值)評分:1%~25%為1分,25%~50%為2分,>50%為3分;(2)按染色強度(B值)評分:不著色為0分,淺棕黃色為1分,棕黃色為2分,棕褐色為3分。綜合染色陽性細胞數(shù)(A值)與染色強度(B值)判斷結(jié)果,陰性(-):0分,弱陽性(+):1~2分,中度陽性(++):3~4分,強陽性(+++):5~6分。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計學處理。各組間差異比較應(yīng)用x2檢驗,P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 Cx43在正常胃組織及胃癌組織中的表達
Cx43在正常胃組織、高中分化胃癌和低未分化胃癌中的陽性表達率分別為76.67%,53.57%和15.63%,呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(x2=38.134,P<0.05)。見表1。并且細胞漿的染色強度也呈下降趨勢。見圖1~3。
在胃癌中,Cx43的表達在不同年齡、性別胃癌組織中無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。Cx43在浸潤全層及有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組的表達明顯低于未達全層(P<0.05)和無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組(P<0.05);在不同分化類型中Cx43的表達存在差異,低分化腺癌組Cx43的表達明顯低于高中分化腺癌組(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 Smad1在正常胃組織及胃癌組織中的表達
Smad1在正常胃組織陽性表達率為16.67%,在高中分化胃癌組中陽性率為35.71%,在低分化胃癌中的陽性率為68.75%。Smad1蛋白的表達陽性率呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(x2=37.213,P<0.05)。見表1。并且細胞漿的染色強度也是上升趨勢。見圖4~6。
在胃癌中,與對Cx43表達的分析相類似:不同年齡、性別胃癌組織中Smad1表達也無顯著性差異。Smad1在浸潤全層及有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組的表達分別明顯高于未達全層(P<0.05)和無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組(P<0.05)。在對不同病理組織分化類型分析顯示:隨著分化程度的降低,Smad1的表達呈上升趨勢(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 Cx43與Smad1在胃癌組織中表達的關(guān)系
在正常胃組織30例中Cx43表達陰性而Smad1表達陽性2例,Cx43表達陽性而Smad1表達陰性20例;在胃癌組織60例中Cx43表達陰性而Smad1表達陽性22例,Cx43表達陽性而Smad1表達陰性10例。經(jīng)Spearman等級相關(guān)分析得出相關(guān)系數(shù)r=-0.54,Cx43與Smad1呈現(xiàn)出負相關(guān)性。
3 討論
縫隙連接是細胞間進行信息交流的一種特殊的膜結(jié)構(gòu),由胞膜上的縫隙連接蛋白亞單位構(gòu)成。腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的特點是增殖失控和異常分化,腫瘤中存在著Cx的異常表達。Cx43作為重要的縫隙連接蛋白參與了多種疾病和腫瘤的發(fā)生,對于胃癌也不例外[3-4]。
Cx43是縫隙鏈接通道的組成部分,在細胞間存在信息交流,發(fā)揮細胞間接觸抑制的作用,正常細胞及癌旁細胞中均陽性表達,相反在腫瘤細胞中接觸抑制的作用常常消失[5]。Cx43在癌組織中明顯下降,導致了在癌細胞中最重要的細胞間接觸抑制消失,促進了癌組織的生長。這就提示了Cx43表達下調(diào)導致細胞縫隙連接通訊(GJIC)異常或消失可能參與了胃癌的發(fā)生過程。
Smads作為細胞質(zhì)內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導分子,Smads通過直接與DNA結(jié)合作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,或者與其他的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子以及細胞活化因子相互作用誘導其對BMP信號通路的轉(zhuǎn)錄應(yīng)答。目前,脊椎動物中至少發(fā)現(xiàn)8種Smad蛋白,被分成3類:(1)受體調(diào)節(jié)型Smad S蛋白:其中Smad1、5、8參與BMP信號轉(zhuǎn)導[6],Smad2,3參與TGF-β或激活素信號轉(zhuǎn)導[7-8];(2)通用型Smad蛋白:主要是Smad4,它是TGF-β各類信號轉(zhuǎn)導過程中共同需要的介質(zhì)[9];(3)抑制型Smad S蛋白::其中Smad6優(yōu)先抑制BMP信號轉(zhuǎn)導,Smad7抑制TGF-β和BMP信號轉(zhuǎn)導[10]。其Smadl是smad家族中受體調(diào)節(jié)型蛋白,是骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白(bonemorphogenetic proteins,BMPs)細胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導子,是BMPs通路的關(guān)鍵組件,其表達的高低直接反映了BMPs通路的表達的高低。骨形成蛋白屬于轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(transfor ming growth factorβ,TGF-β)超家族的成員的一員[11-12]。BMP前體蛋白經(jīng)蛋白水解后形成具有活性的二聚體,再與其受體的復合物結(jié)合,BMP受體有兩型Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,Ⅱ型受體使Ⅰ型受體磷酸化激活,后者通過依次磷酸化Smad1來傳遞BMP信號,Smad1是BMP家族的功能信號傳感器[13]。Smad1形成異源聚合體移進細胞核,影響了BMP通路基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[14-15],研究了Smad1在胃癌中的表達,也就一定程度上研究了BMP通路。本研究中Smad1在胃癌中的表達比在正常組之中要高,表達強度與胃癌的組織學分化程度、浸潤深度、TNM分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)有關(guān)。這充分的說明了它與胃癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展有密切的關(guān)系。
本研究中在胃癌組織中CX43的低表達與Smad1的高表達成負相關(guān)的關(guān)系,這就說明了胃癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中存在著兩條信號通路的交匯對話,他們共同促進了胃癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] Suzuki H,Lwasaki E,Hibi T.Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer[J].Gastric Cancer,2009,12(2):79-87.
[2] Wendy A,Ciovacco,Carolyn G,et al.The role of gap junctions in megakaryocyte-mediated osteoblast proliferation and differentiation[J].Bone,2009,44(1):80-86.
[3] Luiza Kanczuga-Koda,Mariusz Koda.Gradual Loss of Functional Gap Junction within Progression of Colorectal Cancer-A Shift from Membranous CX32 and CX43 Expression to Cytoplasmic Pattern During Colorectal Carcinogenesis[J].In Vivo,2010,24:101-107.
[4] Kanczuga-Koda L,Koda M,Sulkowski S.Gradual Loss of Functional Gap Junction within Progression of Colorectal Cancer-A Shift from Membranous CX32 and CX43 Expression to Cytoplasmic Pattern During Colorectal Carcinogenesis[J].In Vivo,2010,24(1):101-107.
[5] Willecke K,Haubrich S.Connexin expression systems: To what extent do they reflect the situation in the animal[J].Bioenerg Biomembr,1996,28(4):319-326.
[6] Kretzschmar M,Liu F,Hata A,et al.TheTGF-betafamily mediator Smadl is phosphoIylated directly and activatedfunctionaly by the BMP reEeptor kinase[J].Gene Dev,1997,11:984-995.
[7] Baker JC,Harland RM.A novelmesoderm inducer,M adr2,functions in the activin signal transduction pathway[J].Gene Dev,l996,383:168-172.
[8] Yu C,Liu Y,Huang D,et al.TGF-β1 mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transition via the TGF-β/Smad pathway in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck[J].Oncol Rep,2011,25:1581-1587.
[9] Todorovi?-Rakovi? N,Milovanovi? J,Nikoli?-Vukosavljevi? D.TGF-β and its coreceptors in cancerogenesis:an overview[J].Biomark Med,2011,5:855-863.
[10] Nakao A,Afrakhte M,Mouen A,et al.Identification of Smad7,a Fbeta-inducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalir[J].Nature,1997,398:631-635.
[11] Pennison M,Pasche B.Targeting transforming growth factor-beta signaling[J].Curr Opin Oncol,2007,1996(6):579-585.
[12] Piek,Heldin CH,Ten Dike PT.Specificity,diversity,and Regulationin TGF-β superfamily signaling[J]. FASEBJ,1999,13(15):2105-2124.
[13] GMff JM,Bamal A,Mehon DA.Xenopus Med proteins transduce distinct subsets of signals for the TGF beta superfamily[J].Cell,1996,85(7):947-950.
[14] Miyazono K,Kumgi K,Inoue H.Divergence and convergence of TGF beta/BMP signaling[J].J Cell Physiol,2001,187(3):265-276.
[15] Feng XH,Derynck R.Specificity and versatility in TGF-B signaling through Smads[J].Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol,2005,21:659-693.
(收稿日期:2013-11-15)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] Suzuki H,Lwasaki E,Hibi T.Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer[J].Gastric Cancer,2009,12(2):79-87.
[2] Wendy A,Ciovacco,Carolyn G,et al.The role of gap junctions in megakaryocyte-mediated osteoblast proliferation and differentiation[J].Bone,2009,44(1):80-86.
[3] Luiza Kanczuga-Koda,Mariusz Koda.Gradual Loss of Functional Gap Junction within Progression of Colorectal Cancer-A Shift from Membranous CX32 and CX43 Expression to Cytoplasmic Pattern During Colorectal Carcinogenesis[J].In Vivo,2010,24:101-107.
[4] Kanczuga-Koda L,Koda M,Sulkowski S.Gradual Loss of Functional Gap Junction within Progression of Colorectal Cancer-A Shift from Membranous CX32 and CX43 Expression to Cytoplasmic Pattern During Colorectal Carcinogenesis[J].In Vivo,2010,24(1):101-107.
[5] Willecke K,Haubrich S.Connexin expression systems: To what extent do they reflect the situation in the animal[J].Bioenerg Biomembr,1996,28(4):319-326.
[6] Kretzschmar M,Liu F,Hata A,et al.TheTGF-betafamily mediator Smadl is phosphoIylated directly and activatedfunctionaly by the BMP reEeptor kinase[J].Gene Dev,1997,11:984-995.
[7] Baker JC,Harland RM.A novelmesoderm inducer,M adr2,functions in the activin signal transduction pathway[J].Gene Dev,l996,383:168-172.
[8] Yu C,Liu Y,Huang D,et al.TGF-β1 mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transition via the TGF-β/Smad pathway in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck[J].Oncol Rep,2011,25:1581-1587.
[9] Todorovi?-Rakovi? N,Milovanovi? J,Nikoli?-Vukosavljevi? D.TGF-β and its coreceptors in cancerogenesis:an overview[J].Biomark Med,2011,5:855-863.
[10] Nakao A,Afrakhte M,Mouen A,et al.Identification of Smad7,a Fbeta-inducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalir[J].Nature,1997,398:631-635.
[11] Pennison M,Pasche B.Targeting transforming growth factor-beta signaling[J].Curr Opin Oncol,2007,1996(6):579-585.
[12] Piek,Heldin CH,Ten Dike PT.Specificity,diversity,and Regulationin TGF-β superfamily signaling[J]. FASEBJ,1999,13(15):2105-2124.
[13] GMff JM,Bamal A,Mehon DA.Xenopus Med proteins transduce distinct subsets of signals for the TGF beta superfamily[J].Cell,1996,85(7):947-950.
[14] Miyazono K,Kumgi K,Inoue H.Divergence and convergence of TGF beta/BMP signaling[J].J Cell Physiol,2001,187(3):265-276.
[15] Feng XH,Derynck R.Specificity and versatility in TGF-B signaling through Smads[J].Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol,2005,21:659-693.
(收稿日期:2013-11-15)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] Suzuki H,Lwasaki E,Hibi T.Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer[J].Gastric Cancer,2009,12(2):79-87.
[2] Wendy A,Ciovacco,Carolyn G,et al.The role of gap junctions in megakaryocyte-mediated osteoblast proliferation and differentiation[J].Bone,2009,44(1):80-86.
[3] Luiza Kanczuga-Koda,Mariusz Koda.Gradual Loss of Functional Gap Junction within Progression of Colorectal Cancer-A Shift from Membranous CX32 and CX43 Expression to Cytoplasmic Pattern During Colorectal Carcinogenesis[J].In Vivo,2010,24:101-107.
[4] Kanczuga-Koda L,Koda M,Sulkowski S.Gradual Loss of Functional Gap Junction within Progression of Colorectal Cancer-A Shift from Membranous CX32 and CX43 Expression to Cytoplasmic Pattern During Colorectal Carcinogenesis[J].In Vivo,2010,24(1):101-107.
[5] Willecke K,Haubrich S.Connexin expression systems: To what extent do they reflect the situation in the animal[J].Bioenerg Biomembr,1996,28(4):319-326.
[6] Kretzschmar M,Liu F,Hata A,et al.TheTGF-betafamily mediator Smadl is phosphoIylated directly and activatedfunctionaly by the BMP reEeptor kinase[J].Gene Dev,1997,11:984-995.
[7] Baker JC,Harland RM.A novelmesoderm inducer,M adr2,functions in the activin signal transduction pathway[J].Gene Dev,l996,383:168-172.
[8] Yu C,Liu Y,Huang D,et al.TGF-β1 mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transition via the TGF-β/Smad pathway in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck[J].Oncol Rep,2011,25:1581-1587.
[9] Todorovi?-Rakovi? N,Milovanovi? J,Nikoli?-Vukosavljevi? D.TGF-β and its coreceptors in cancerogenesis:an overview[J].Biomark Med,2011,5:855-863.
[10] Nakao A,Afrakhte M,Mouen A,et al.Identification of Smad7,a Fbeta-inducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalir[J].Nature,1997,398:631-635.
[11] Pennison M,Pasche B.Targeting transforming growth factor-beta signaling[J].Curr Opin Oncol,2007,1996(6):579-585.
[12] Piek,Heldin CH,Ten Dike PT.Specificity,diversity,and Regulationin TGF-β superfamily signaling[J]. FASEBJ,1999,13(15):2105-2124.
[13] GMff JM,Bamal A,Mehon DA.Xenopus Med proteins transduce distinct subsets of signals for the TGF beta superfamily[J].Cell,1996,85(7):947-950.
[14] Miyazono K,Kumgi K,Inoue H.Divergence and convergence of TGF beta/BMP signaling[J].J Cell Physiol,2001,187(3):265-276.
[15] Feng XH,Derynck R.Specificity and versatility in TGF-B signaling through Smads[J].Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol,2005,21:659-693.
(收稿日期:2013-11-15)endprint