唐國英
摘 要: 初中英語閱讀理解在期末考試和中考中所占的比重較大,因此受到教育界的廣泛關(guān)注,但人們主要從傳統(tǒng)角度研究解決閱讀理解題的基本條件和技巧。從銜接和連貫角度管窺英語閱讀解題,應(yīng)該是一種全新的嘗試,從中必能得到有益啟發(fā)。
關(guān)鍵詞: 初中英語閱讀理解 銜接 連貫
1.銜接和連貫理論簡述
銜接和連貫理論是關(guān)于語篇分析的重要理論,銜接是語篇中語言成分間的語義關(guān)系,即語篇中語言單位(詞、句、段落)相互參照、相互指代、相互依存、相互影響的關(guān)系。Halliday和Hassan(1976)[1]在這方面的研究非常有影響,他在《英語中的銜接》一書中,把照應(yīng)、連接、替代和省略等劃分為語法銜接手段,照應(yīng)是語言成分間的參照關(guān)系,省略為簡潔,替代為方便并且避免重復(fù),連接是體現(xiàn)語義成分之間關(guān)系的銜接手段,在英語中可以連接的是句子和詞匯,各種連詞就是語法銜接手段。他把同義詞、反義詞、上下義關(guān)系、詞匯共現(xiàn)、重復(fù)等歸類為詞匯手段。
胡壯鱗(1994)[2]發(fā)展了銜接和連貫理論,提出了新的理論模式。他甚至把語調(diào)、語音及語篇結(jié)構(gòu)納入銜接的范疇。他主張銜接和連貫包括:1.社會符號層。含情景語境、語篇語境、文化語境、言語行為、會話準則等;2.語義層:及物性、邏輯連接、篇章結(jié)構(gòu);3.詞匯層:詞匯搭配、指稱性、共現(xiàn)、重復(fù)、省略等;4.句法層:結(jié)構(gòu)銜接、主位—述位;5.語音。
張德祿、劉汝山(2003)[3]指出語篇連貫必須滿足內(nèi)部和外部兩個條件。社會文化背景和人的心理認知構(gòu)成外部條件,詞與詞之間、句與句之間、篇章與語境之間的銜接手段構(gòu)成內(nèi)部條件。語篇在內(nèi)部和外部、線性和層級性上都銜接。銜接與語境相關(guān),語篇必須適合語境,在語境中行使其功能。語篇各部分形成一個語義整體。他們把連貫概念的三個特點概括為:分級性、整體性、功能性。
2.閱讀理解教學(xué)的研究現(xiàn)狀
閱讀理解的重要性使得教育界、學(xué)術(shù)界對其廣泛關(guān)注,僅搜索知網(wǎng)期刊論文,就可以查到1000多篇各種關(guān)于初中英語閱讀的學(xué)術(shù)論文,雖然核心期刊的少。這些研究成果主要從論述教授初中英語閱讀的技巧和方法入手,如怎樣培養(yǎng)良好的閱讀習(xí)慣,講解閱讀步驟,如何理解句子,如何通過構(gòu)詞知識推測詞義,如何通過句子結(jié)構(gòu)、句子成分之間的關(guān)系理解句子,如何查找細節(jié),如何抓住文章主旨,其他一些解題技巧等。最具影響力的北大圖書館評定的核心期刊論文從人物設(shè)計、分層教學(xué)、互動模式、生活化設(shè)計、閱讀中的教學(xué)、TUF教學(xué)模式、問題設(shè)計、有聲思維法等方面對閱讀教學(xué)進行了研究,頗具創(chuàng)新、條理分明、分析透徹、仁者見仁、智者見智,有許多是一線資深教師的經(jīng)驗之談,對教師和學(xué)生啟發(fā)很大。如陶春霞[2]在她的核刊論文中從閱讀前的任務(wù)設(shè)計、閱讀過程中的任務(wù)設(shè)計、閱讀后的任務(wù)設(shè)計對閱讀理解進行了研究。許艷[4]在她的核心期刊論文中提到的情境導(dǎo)入、談話導(dǎo)入、頭腦風(fēng)暴導(dǎo)入、設(shè)“疑”導(dǎo)入,以及快讀、掃讀、細讀等,使教師和學(xué)生頗受啟發(fā)。但是從語言學(xué)理論研究閱讀理解的相對較少。本文從銜接和連貫的角度研究初中英語閱讀的理解和解題。
3.從銜接和連貫管窺初中英語閱讀理解
下面我們就用銜接和連貫的核心概念分析一套中考閱讀試題。[5]
This dog was born on Christmas Eve in 2002.He was different from other dogs because he was born with only two legs.The poor dog of course could not walk and even his mother Sarah did not want him.His first owner Michael Johnson also did not think that he could survive and he was thinking of killing him.But then,his present owner,Jude Stringfellow,met him and wanted to take care of him.She decided to teach and train this little dog to walk by himself.She called him “Faith”.
In the beginning,she put Faith on a surfboard(滑板)to let him feel the movement ... Later she used peanut butter on a spoon as a lure(誘惑)and reward for him for standing up and jumping around.Even the other dog at home encouraged him to walk.Amazingly,after only six months,F(xiàn)aith learned to balance on his legs and jump to move forward.After further training in this snow,he could now walk like a person.
Faith loves to walk around now.Wherever he goes,he attracts peoples attention.He is fast becoming famous on the international scene and has appeared on various newspapers and TV shows.A book named With a Little Faith is now being published about him.He was even considered to appear in one of Harry Potter movies.
Jude Stringfellow,his present owner,has stopped working and plans to take him around the world to tell people “that even without a perfect body,one can have a strong will(意志)”.
Faith is a good example of the strong will and wonder of life.In life there are always unpleasant things.So,in order to feel better,you just need to look at life from another direction.I hope this message will bring fresh new ways of thinking to everyone and that everyone will appreciate and be thankful for each beautiful day.
47.Faith is different from other dogs because ?搖?搖?搖 ?搖.
A.he doesnt have a tail
B.he has only two legs
C.he was born on Christmas Day
D.his mother loves him best
48.Faiths present owner is ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖.
A.Sarah B.Michael Johnson
C.Harry Potter D.Jude Stringfellow
49.Which of the following is the correct order for Faith to learn to walk around like a person?
①jump to move forward
②train in the snow
③feel the movement on a surfboard
④balance on his legs
⑤use peanut butter on a spoon as a reward
A.③①④②⑤ B.③⑤④①②
C.②⑤③①④ D.④⑤①③②
50.What can we learn from the passage?
A.Faiths mother can walk with two legs like a person.
B.If we dont have a perfect body,we cant be successful.
C.When we meet with difficulties,we should never give up.
D.When we have difficulties,we should wait for others help.
文章中“dog”一詞出現(xiàn)了6次,“faith”共出現(xiàn)了7次,“dog”和“faith”都是指代狗,是重復(fù)(詞匯銜接手段),指代狗的人稱代詞主格“he”和人稱代詞賓格“him”是連接手段的指代。這些核心單詞分布在不同段落,可以斷定這些銜接和連貫手段為一個中心服務(wù):狗的故事。
第一段,“only two legs”,“could not walk”,“he could survive”,“train this little dog to walk”等前后照應(yīng),共現(xiàn)于段落當中,不難歸納出該段的中心意思:少兩條腿的狗和人們對狗的態(tài)度。
第二段中“In the beginning”,“Later”,“and”,“After”等連接手段表示遞進關(guān)系。“l(fā)et him feel the movement”,“reward for him for standing up and jumping around”,“balance on his legs and jump to move forward”,“balance on his legs and jump to move forward”,“could now walk like a person”等詞匯構(gòu)成的意群共現(xiàn)于一個段落當中,構(gòu)成一種有序的線性關(guān)系。不難判斷,此段說的是對狗循序漸進的有效訓(xùn)練。
第三段中“attention”是上義語、“becoming famous”,“appeared on various newspapers and TV shows”,“published”,“appear in one of Harry Potter movies”等是下義語。其中包含的相關(guān)詞匯共現(xiàn)于段落當中,可知本段是以狗的成功造成的影響作為核心連貫起來的。
第四段、第五段中“a strong will”重復(fù)出現(xiàn)兩次,“So,in order to feel better,you just need to look at life from another direction.”中的“so”作為銜接手段,表明原因,是對前文的總結(jié)。本段指明文章的中心。
通過上述對各段的銜接和連貫分析,可以總結(jié)出全文是在一個中心統(tǒng)領(lǐng)下的渾然一體的短文,我們可以給本文確定一個標題:“A Dog with Only Two Legs ”或者“a good example of the strong will”,“The Wonder of Faith”等。
現(xiàn)在用連接和連貫知識解題。
第二句連詞“Because” 是一種銜接手段,表明兩個句子間的因果關(guān)系,說明為什么這條狗和其他狗不一樣,通過這種語法銜接手段,我們可以解第一題:答案是B:“he has only two legs”。文中第三段第四句“His first owner Michael Johnson also did not think that he could survive and he was thinking of killing him.”與第五句“But then,his present owner,Jude Stringfellow,met him and wanted to take care of him.”存在照應(yīng)關(guān)系,突出表現(xiàn)為“first owner”和“present owner”前呼后應(yīng)。兩句話都是關(guān)于狗主人。讀者很容易找出正確答案就是“D”:“Jude Stringfellow”。倒數(shù)第二段再次重復(fù):“Jude Stringfellow,his present owner”。更可確定答案是正確的,但要仔細,不能張冠李戴。通過文章連接手段“In the beginning”,“Later”,“and”,“After”,加上依次出現(xiàn)的“surfboard”,“peanut butter”,“standing up and jumping”,“snow”等關(guān)鍵詞的共現(xiàn),我們可以有把握地確定第49題正確排序是:B。從文章五個段落的關(guān)系:第一個段落說明狗身體缺陷和人們的態(tài)度,第二段說訓(xùn)練,第三段談成功的影響,第四段、第五段說明寫作文章的目的。前面是事實,后面是結(jié)論,構(gòu)成一種層級關(guān)系,全文是一個層級的具有功能性(目的是讓讀者明白道理)的連貫的有機整體:體現(xiàn)出分級性、整體性、功能性。文章從“句法層”、“語義層”、“社會符號層”、“詞匯層”等分析都具備適當適量的銜接手段,同時語篇在內(nèi)部和外部、線性和層級性上都銜接。文章由一個中心統(tǒng)領(lǐng),詞、句、段及其中的銜接手段都為文章的主旨服務(wù)。所以答案應(yīng)該是C:“When we meet with difficulties,we should never give up.”
4.結(jié)語
雖然銜接和連貫理論比較復(fù)雜,學(xué)生甚至教師都較難理解和記憶,但是掌握一些關(guān)于這方面的基本知識,把它們用于閱讀解題分析,有助于根據(jù)閱讀短文找出文章詞、句、段之間的關(guān)系,確定銜接和連貫的核心,從而把握文章的中心,也可以以此為線索,找出所需細節(jié)。因此,教師不妨把銜接和連貫基礎(chǔ)知識教給學(xué)生,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的思維,可以和傳統(tǒng)閱讀方法、技巧相輔相成、相得益彰。
參考文獻:
[1]Halliday,M.A.K.& Ruqaiya Hassan.Cohesion in English [M].London: Longman,1976.
[2]張德祿,劉汝山.語篇連貫與銜接理論的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用[M].上海: 上海外語教育出版社,2003.
[3]陶春霞.初中英語閱讀教學(xué)中的任務(wù)設(shè)計[J].教學(xué)與管理,20109(13): 62-64.
[4]許艷.初中英語閱讀教學(xué)“活動鏈”設(shè)計有效性研究[J].教學(xué)與管理,2012(16): 53-55.
[5]江蘇省宿遷市2012年中考英語學(xué)科試題.