李豐+王煒+姜開文+等
廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院肝膽外科,廣東廣州 510000
[摘要] 目的 探討大鼠肝細(xì)胞癌變過程中survivin與livin的動態(tài)表達(dá)及其二者的相互關(guān)系。 方法 隨機(jī)將100只SD大鼠分為模型組與對照組各50只,模型組大鼠給予0.01%DEN自由飲用18周誘導(dǎo)大鼠肝癌模型,對照組大鼠常規(guī)自由飲水,于4、8、12、16、18周分別處死模型組10只,對照組10只。采用免疫組化、RT-PCR、Western bolt法檢測survivin和livin的表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 免疫組化結(jié)果顯示:模型組大鼠survivin、livin表達(dá)總陽性率分別為82%(41/50)、86%(43/50),survivin與livin都表達(dá)于肝癌組織及癌旁肝組織中,且二者的表達(dá)重疊,Spearman相關(guān)分析表明,二者的表達(dá)有相關(guān)性(r=0.9027,P < 0.05)。RT-PCR檢測結(jié)果顯示,肝癌組織中均有survivin mRNA和livin mRNA表達(dá),隨著肝癌程度的加重而增加,與對照組肝組織比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,survivin、livin的表達(dá)隨著肝癌程度的加重而增加,對照組肝組織比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 survivin、livin在肝癌組織中高表達(dá),且二者的表達(dá)密切相關(guān),為肝細(xì)胞癌的臨床治療以及預(yù)后提供理論依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 大鼠;肝細(xì)胞癌;Survivin;Livin
[中圖分類號] R735.7 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)03(b)-0027-04
Dynamic expression and correlation of survivin and livin during hepatocellular carcinogenesis in rats
LI Feng WANG Wei JIANG Kaiwen ZHANG Longxin
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510000, China
[Abstract] Objective To determine the dynamic expression and correlation of survivin and livin during hepatocellular carcinogenesis in rats. Methods 100 SD rats were divided into model group and control group with 50 rats in each group. Rats in the model group were given 0.01%DEN for drink induced model of liver cancer, while rats in the control group were given conventional water for drink. 10 rats in model group and control group were killed at 4, 8, 12, 16, 18 weeks respectively. Survivin and livin were measured by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, Western bolt. Results The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the total positive rates of survivin and livin were 82% (41/50), 86% (43/50) in the model group, survivin and livin expressed in hepatic cellular cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissue, the expression of them was overlapping. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the correlation between them was positive (r=0.9027, P < 0.05). The results of RT-PCR showed that survivin mRNA and livin mRNA were expressed in hepatic cellular cancer tissues, increased with the liver cancer degree, compared with the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05) .The results of Western blot showed that the expression of survivin and livin increased with the increase of hepatocellular carcinoma of liver tissue. There was statistically significant difference compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Survivin and livin are highly expressed in hepatic celluar Cancer tissues, and the expression of them are closely related. The results may provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
[Key words] Rat; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Survivin; Livin
肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)是臨床中常見的腫瘤,大部分進(jìn)展期的病例缺乏有效的臨床治療,日益受到重視[1]。無限的細(xì)胞增殖和損傷凋亡的不平衡是HCC重要的特征[2]。IAP家族是重要的凋亡抑制因子。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)8種IAPs,作為家族的新成員,survivin被認(rèn)為在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中扮演重要角色;livin的研究則剛剛開始,其在肝腫瘤組織中的表達(dá)研究更不完善,在我國鮮有l(wèi)ivin在肝癌組織中的研究報道。本文用免疫組化、Western bolt、RT-PCR法檢測抗凋亡蛋白livin、survivin蛋白和mRNA在肝癌組織中的表達(dá),探討二者之間相互關(guān)系,從而為臨床診斷和肝癌的治療提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 實驗動物及建模 健康清潔級雄性SD大鼠100只(190~200 g),購自中山大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院動物中心,飼養(yǎng)于普通級實驗室,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)飼料喂養(yǎng)。隨機(jī)分為模型組、對照組,各50只。模型組大鼠0.01%DEN(飲用蒸餾水配制,Sigma公司產(chǎn)品,純度為99.9%)自由飲水18周[3]建立大鼠肝癌模型。對照組大鼠常規(guī)自由飲水。分別在4、8、12、16、18周處死模型組、對照組大鼠各10只。取左肝迅速進(jìn)行液氮冷凍后放入-80℃冰箱以備行Western bolt、RT-PCR檢測,右肝進(jìn)行固定、脫水透明、常規(guī)包埋,行免疫組織化學(xué)檢測。
1.1.2 試劑 兔抗鼠livin抗體購自Sigma公司;兔抗鼠survivin抗體購自Abcam公司;Trizol購自Invitrogen公司;即用型SP試劑盒、DAB購自福建邁新生物制劑有限公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 病理學(xué)檢查 標(biāo)本常規(guī)石蠟包埋切片,蘇木精-伊紅染色觀察肝癌病變過程。
1.2.2 免疫組織化學(xué)法 切片脫蠟、水化,3%H2O2孵育后高壓修復(fù),兔抗livin、兔抗survivin作為一抗;應(yīng)用SP免疫組織化學(xué)染色技術(shù)進(jìn)行染色,DAB顯色,蘇木素復(fù)染。染色中以PBS代替一抗做空白對照,未見非特異性染色。
1.2.3 Western blot法 冰浴上(4℃)將肝組織剪碎,勻漿,超聲破碎后,離心提取上清,用BCA試劑盒測量蛋白濃度,將樣品置于-20℃保存,備用。變性后,上樣總體積為20 μL,總蛋白量為100 μg,然后進(jìn)行12%SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳分離蛋白后,濕轉(zhuǎn)法將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移到PVDF膜上。用5%脫脂牛奶封閉2 h,TTBS洗滌3次,用livin、survivin抗體孵育,4℃過夜。TTBS洗滌3次,與馬抗大鼠IgG、兔抗大鼠IgG二抗,室溫孵育2 h,TTBS洗滌3次后,與堿性磷酸酶反應(yīng)3~5 min。晾干后,掃描,分析,保存。
1.2.4 RT-PCR法 取少量組織用液氮研磨成粉末,震蕩、離心,吸取上層,加入異丙醇、乙醇離心、沉淀,-80℃冰箱保存。Trizol試劑提取總RNA,并進(jìn)行RNA定量、RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄及cDNA合成,RT-PCR試劑盒檢測survivin mRNA、livin mRNA水平。survivin引物上游:5'-CTTTCTCAAGGACCACCGCATC-3',下游:5'-CAA TCCATGGCAGCCAGCTGC-3',擴(kuò)增片段為393 bp;livin引物上游:5'-TCCACAGTGTGCAGGAGACT-3',下游:5'-ACGGCACAAAGACGATGGAC-3',擴(kuò)增片段為312 bp;GAPDH引物上游:5'-AGCGCAAGTACTCCGTAGTG-3';下游:5'-AAGCAATGCTATCACCTCCC-3';擴(kuò)增片段為501 bp。產(chǎn)物經(jīng)含溴乙啶的1.7%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,紫外線投射儀觀察照相。
1.2.5結(jié)果判定 免疫組織化學(xué)切片由3名有經(jīng)驗的病理專家在雙盲的情況下判定結(jié)果。免疫組織化學(xué)結(jié)果的判定,染色指數(shù)為染色范圍與染色強度之和,分別以-、+、++和+++表示,(-)表示整張切片陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)<5%,未見細(xì)胞著色;(+)表示陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)占5%~25%,著色較弱;(++)表示陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)占> 25%~50%,著色較強;(+++)表示陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)>50%,著色強。RT-PCR結(jié)果以目的基因?qū)APDH的相對積光密度值(T/N)記錄。Western bolt結(jié)果分析采用Quantity One軟件,計算各組蛋白表達(dá)條帶的相對灰度值。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;采用Spearman相關(guān)分析二者的相關(guān)性。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 survivin、livin在模型大鼠肝組織中的表達(dá)
survivin、livin在模型大鼠肝組織中的分布見表1,其總陽性率分別為82%(41/50)、86%(43/50),survivin表達(dá)陽性的細(xì)胞呈敞在性或灶狀分布,陽性顆粒呈黃色或棕黃色,位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中(圖1,見封三),肝癌組織及癌旁肝組織中,均有表達(dá)。livin主要表達(dá)于肝癌組織細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,與survivin的表達(dá)重疊(圖1,見封三)。Spearman相關(guān)分析表明,二者的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)(r=0.9027,P < 0.05)。
表1 免疫組織化學(xué)檢測survivin、livin
在模型大鼠肝組織中的分布(只)
2.2 survivin、livin基因及蛋白在肝癌組織中的表達(dá)
RT-PCR檢測結(jié)果顯示,肝癌組織中均有survivin mRNA、livin mRNA表達(dá),隨著肝癌程度的加重其表達(dá)增加,在4、8、12、16、18周與對照組肝組織比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),見圖2。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,肝癌組織中有survivin、livin蛋白表達(dá),且隨著肝癌程度的加重其表達(dá)增加,在4、8、12、16、18周與對照組肝組織比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖3。
A
模型組 對照組
模型組 對照組
模型組 對照組
B
A:RT-PCR檢測基因表達(dá)條帶;B:兩組基因表達(dá)情況的量化比較;0、1、2、3、4分別表示4、8、12、16、18周
圖2 RT-PCR檢測survivin mRNA及l(fā)ivin mRNA表達(dá)
3 討論
肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展是一個多基因、多階段的演進(jìn)過程,涉及多種原癌基因的激活和抑癌基因的失活。目前有大量研究證明,抗凋亡因子在實體腫瘤和癌癥細(xì)胞系中表達(dá)增加[4],如凋亡蛋白抑制因子(IAPs)家族。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)IAPs家族包括8種:NAIP(BIRC1)、c-IAP1(BIRC2)、c-IAP2(BIRC3)、X-linked IAP(XIAP、BIRC4)、Survivin(BIRC5)、Apollon(BRUCE、BIRC6)、Livin/ML-IAP(BIRC7) 和IAP-like protein 2(BIRC8)[5]。
survivin是IAP家族中的重要成員,其可以抑制凋亡和調(diào)控有絲分裂,其在腫瘤組織以及分化差的成人組織中也有表達(dá)[6]。survivin在化療引起的細(xì)胞凋亡中起很重要的作用,被公認(rèn)為是惡性腫瘤進(jìn)展的重要標(biāo)志物,也被認(rèn)為是抗腫瘤的靶標(biāo)。有研究表明survivin是可以作為預(yù)測腫瘤預(yù)后的標(biāo)志物[7-8]。
livin是IAP家族中的另一成員,有兩種同源異構(gòu)體,在JNK1的參與下,其通過抑制caspase-3、caspase-7和caspased-9,達(dá)到抗凋亡的作用[9]。有研究表明,livin在許多惡性腫瘤中有表達(dá),包括肺癌、鼻咽癌、膀胱癌、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤和腎細(xì)胞癌。然而livin在惡性腫瘤表達(dá)的臨床意義不明確,在不同類型的腫瘤中,其與預(yù)后的關(guān)系仍然存在爭議。也有研究表明,IAPs在腫瘤早期不起作用,而在進(jìn)展期起重要作用[10],其相互作用的機(jī)制可能是IAPs能使突變的細(xì)胞存活,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生。在許多惡性腫瘤中都會有survivin 和 IAP的表達(dá),他們與腫瘤的惡性細(xì)胞學(xué)特征緊密相連,如腫瘤浸潤生長、總生存率的縮短、治療抵抗、復(fù)發(fā)。體外實驗中,livin的沉默能抑制HeLa細(xì)胞的增殖[11]。除此之外,有文獻(xiàn)報道,以livin為目的si RNAs可以抑制人類腫瘤生長[8]。
本研究中survivin、livin在肝癌模型中總陽性率分別為82%(41/50)、86%(43/50),在肝癌組織及癌旁肝組織中,兩者均有表達(dá),且表達(dá)重疊。RT-PCR和Western blot結(jié)果顯示,survivin、livin mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)隨肝癌程度的加重而增加。推測survivin、livin與肝癌的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),一定程度上可以反映腫瘤的嚴(yán)重程度,可以預(yù)測腫瘤的預(yù)后。相關(guān)性分析顯示,survivin、livin表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),提示其二者可能共同在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起作用。機(jī)制可能為,IAP家族的特征是有桿狀病毒IAP重復(fù)序列(BIR)蛋白區(qū)域,是調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡、胞質(zhì)分裂和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的關(guān)鍵因素[7]。除了BIR區(qū)域,livin所含有的指環(huán)(RING)也可以使蛋白質(zhì)與E3泛素連接酶作用。IAP的E3泛素連接酶活性表現(xiàn)為促進(jìn)caspases與TRAF2的泛素化和蛋白酶體降解。抗IAP蛋白中最主要的是Smac蛋白,起著促凋亡等共同調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖的作用。在激活凋亡級聯(lián)反應(yīng)時,線粒體釋放細(xì)胞色素c和Smac,而survivin和livin相互結(jié)合共同使Smac發(fā)揮IAP抑制作用[12-14]。相反,在正常細(xì)胞中核蛋白XAF1與XIAP結(jié)合,從而抑制IAP的抗凋亡作用。筆者推測survivin和 livin在腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡調(diào)節(jié)中具有一定的相互作用關(guān)系。
綜上所述,survivin、livin在肝癌組織中高表達(dá),且二者的表達(dá)密切相關(guān),為肝細(xì)胞癌的臨床治療以及預(yù)后提供理論依據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2013-05-10 本文編輯:程 銘)
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(收稿日期:2013-05-10 本文編輯:程 銘)