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高校學(xué)生工作有效性的路徑解析

2014-03-28 14:56:41陳素琴
關(guān)鍵詞:師生關(guān)系管理工作工作

陳素琴

(涪陵廣播電視大學(xué),重慶 408000)

高校學(xué)生工作有效性的路徑解析

陳素琴

(涪陵廣播電視大學(xué),重慶 408000)

學(xué)生教育管理工作成效,集中表現(xiàn)為學(xué)生在校期間的知、情、意、行的習(xí)得性及其效應(yīng)的持久性。鑒于當(dāng)前高校中對(duì)學(xué)生的教育管理工作中存在諸如將學(xué)生工作狹義化、片面化、管理化、活動(dòng)化的誤區(qū),應(yīng)在加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)自我認(rèn)知的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行和諧人際關(guān)系的引導(dǎo),強(qiáng)化教師教學(xué)工作中的教育性,通過教、學(xué)的融合提升學(xué)生管理工作的有效性。

教與學(xué);有效性;學(xué)生教育管理

教學(xué)管理的實(shí)質(zhì),就是設(shè)計(jì)和保持一種良好的教學(xué)環(huán)境,使教師和學(xué)生在教學(xué)過程中高效率地達(dá)到既定的教學(xué)目標(biāo)[1]。眾所周知,我國(guó)高等教育大幅發(fā)展的同時(shí)也意味著高校規(guī)模擴(kuò)張。由此,因大量學(xué)生的急劇增加給高校的各項(xiàng)管理工作帶來了較大的沖擊與挑戰(zhàn),尤其是當(dāng)下高等院校通常將學(xué)生的管理工作置于學(xué)生處或團(tuán)委等機(jī)構(gòu)的操作環(huán)境中,作為教學(xué)管理機(jī)構(gòu)的教務(wù)處及作為對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行直接專業(yè)素養(yǎng)訓(xùn)練的教學(xué)院部,就其工作的有效性而言,教與學(xué)的有機(jī)融合不失為提高工作效率及教學(xué)管理成效的有效路徑。

一、對(duì)學(xué)生教育管理工作普遍存在的認(rèn)識(shí)及行動(dòng)誤區(qū)

(一)視學(xué)生工作為單純地對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行的思想教育

誠(chéng)然,思想教育工作是高校學(xué)生工作的重要內(nèi)容,但是,當(dāng)前普遍存在的一個(gè)誤區(qū)是將學(xué)生工作狹義化,即將學(xué)生工作簡(jiǎn)單地理解為思想教育,或者說把思想教育工作作為學(xué)生工作的全部?jī)?nèi)容。具體表現(xiàn)為:提到高校的學(xué)生工作,自然會(huì)聯(lián)想到當(dāng)前大多高校普遍設(shè)置的輔導(dǎo)員一職,同時(shí)也意味著在對(duì)這一現(xiàn)狀的認(rèn)同的過程中存在著對(duì)學(xué)生工作的曲解,即將學(xué)生工作僅視為輔導(dǎo)員或主管學(xué)生工作的書記的分內(nèi)之事。另外,還應(yīng)該看到,基于上述誤解,在學(xué)生工作中注重對(duì)學(xué)生的思想意識(shí)的引導(dǎo),輕實(shí)際行動(dòng)的衡量;關(guān)注學(xué)生的言語,輕視或者忽略學(xué)生的實(shí)際表現(xiàn)。表面看來,思想教育工作取得了很大的成績(jī),學(xué)生口口聲聲稱自己的覺悟有了大的提高,在平時(shí)的演講、集會(huì)、宣講或報(bào)告會(huì)等公共場(chǎng)合口若懸河,講得頭頭是道,但在私下的學(xué)習(xí)、生活中的表現(xiàn)卻判若兩人,并非他本人在公共場(chǎng)合所表現(xiàn)出的那么激情。可見,思想教育工作的重名輕實(shí)實(shí)際上給一部分學(xué)生大開投機(jī)之門。問題的另外一個(gè)方面,正是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生工作定位于對(duì)其進(jìn)行思想教育,確切地說是政治思想教育,在此過程中并未加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)和教育,充其量也不過是對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)紀(jì)律和課堂秩序的強(qiáng)調(diào)和灌輸,但是,這種旁敲側(cè)擊并未起到真正地督促學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的效果。

(二)視學(xué)生工作為單純地對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行管理

學(xué)生工作作為高校教書育人的重要環(huán)節(jié),本應(yīng)發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的引導(dǎo)人、鼓舞人、塑造人的積極作用。但是,在學(xué)生工作實(shí)踐中,卻往往更突出 “管理”的成分,而且這種管理多是帶有強(qiáng)制性的成分,缺乏必要的自我管理機(jī)制。如此一來,學(xué)生的獨(dú)立性也在日益喪失,更多的是按輔導(dǎo)員老師的意志來活動(dòng)。顯然,這樣的工作機(jī)制不利于學(xué)生獨(dú)立意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)。而且,僅就以院系的基層管理單位如院、系學(xué)生會(huì)的學(xué)生工作而言,大多是在主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)或教師的授意下開展工作的。這種意義上的管理其實(shí)存在的最大問題在于將學(xué)校與學(xué)生、管理者與被管理者置于相互對(duì)立的境地,這種管理模式對(duì)于高校學(xué)生工作的實(shí)際效果有很大影響。

(三)視學(xué)生工作為組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行各種課外活動(dòng)

還有一個(gè)更有意思也頗耐人尋味的現(xiàn)象,當(dāng)前高校里的學(xué)生社團(tuán)活動(dòng)比較繁多,各種集會(huì)、校園歌手大賽、晚會(huì)、體育競(jìng)技等活動(dòng)開展得如火如荼,這些也是學(xué)生工作開展得到位與否的表征。但是,與開展上述熱熱鬧鬧的課外活動(dòng)相比,在教學(xué)方面所開展的活動(dòng)卻寥寥無幾。更有甚者出現(xiàn)了學(xué)校教學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)因?yàn)檎5慕虒W(xué)活動(dòng)卻調(diào)動(dòng)不了學(xué)生的局面。顯然,出現(xiàn)這種局面固然有學(xué)生自身定位及認(rèn)知方面的缺陷,但也與學(xué)生工作者對(duì)其工作性質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí)及其與高校整體教育關(guān)系的把握尚不到位直接相關(guān),甚至于少數(shù)輔導(dǎo)員僅僅將學(xué)生活動(dòng)如期開展、學(xué)生不違反紀(jì)律、班級(jí)秩序良好等作為自我檢驗(yàn)工作有效性的標(biāo)志。顯然,他們將學(xué)生工作狹義化了。

(四)將學(xué)生工作與教學(xué)工作截然分開

在當(dāng)前的高校中,學(xué)生工作與教學(xué)工作的脫節(jié)已不是個(gè)別現(xiàn)象,而是呈一種較為普遍且愈演愈烈的態(tài)勢(shì)發(fā)展。前已述及,正是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生工作者僅是從維持紀(jì)律、保證正常的教學(xué)秩序出發(fā),在學(xué)生的思想政治教育工作方面有所建樹外,其對(duì)學(xué)生的專業(yè)學(xué)識(shí)及素質(zhì)教育卻很不到位。這樣的結(jié)果致使學(xué)生工作與教學(xué)工作嚴(yán)重脫節(jié)。當(dāng)然,造成這種局面的原因一方面在于對(duì)學(xué)生工作本身的認(rèn)識(shí)尚不到位,并未真正認(rèn)識(shí)到一切學(xué)生工作是為教學(xué)工作服務(wù)的本質(zhì)。另一方面的原因在于當(dāng)前高校的學(xué)生工作者的專業(yè)素質(zhì)、知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行專業(yè)教育的要求。于是,高校的學(xué)生工作也就只能停留于對(duì)學(xué)生的強(qiáng)制性的管理和約束中的紀(jì)律教育,對(duì)教學(xué)的輔助作用發(fā)揮得十分有限。

二、保證高校學(xué)生教育管理工作有效性的四個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)

(一)加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)自我的認(rèn)知

學(xué)生的自我管理與學(xué)生工作者對(duì)學(xué)生的管理有本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別,并且學(xué)生自我管理有著與學(xué)生工作者自上而下的管理所不具有的優(yōu)勢(shì)。學(xué)生自身對(duì)學(xué)生工作有著極大的興趣,因此如何激發(fā)他們的工作熱情,如何培養(yǎng)他們的學(xué)生工作方法對(duì)做好學(xué)生工作大有裨益。因此,一方面應(yīng)當(dāng)建立完善的各級(jí)學(xué)生自我管理機(jī)構(gòu),老師對(duì)其進(jìn)行必要的指導(dǎo),并經(jīng)常對(duì)各類學(xué)生干部進(jìn)行培訓(xùn),使其具備學(xué)生自我管理的各種知識(shí),最關(guān)鍵的是激發(fā)和保持學(xué)生干部的工作積極性。顯然,學(xué)生工作之所謂管理其實(shí)是為了有效地保證學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和生活,但歸根結(jié)底,形式上的管理只是一種過渡,其根本目的在于讓學(xué)生通過大學(xué)生活鍛煉并逐漸形成一種自我約束能力,進(jìn)而為以后的人生及事業(yè)中的有效作為提供保障。

另一方面,學(xué)生工作者有義務(wù)促使學(xué)生對(duì)自身的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)及存在的潛能有一個(gè)明晰的判斷,也有義務(wù)為學(xué)生的后續(xù)發(fā)展 (包括專業(yè)發(fā)展、人生規(guī)劃等)提供引導(dǎo)和咨詢。這里其實(shí)也就涉及到高校學(xué)生工作者的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)、學(xué)緣結(jié)構(gòu)、個(gè)人影響力等多方面的因素。既要有學(xué)生工作者的現(xiàn)身說法、言傳身教,又要求學(xué)生工作者的循循善誘、不離不棄的耐心引導(dǎo),幫助學(xué)生正確認(rèn)識(shí)自我,對(duì)自己的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)了熟然于心,從而在自我人生規(guī)劃和自我定位中避免盲目性,保證教育教學(xué)的有效性。

(二)對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行和諧人際關(guān)系的引導(dǎo)

應(yīng)該說,學(xué)生在大學(xué)里所應(yīng)學(xué)到的東西,不只是對(duì)知識(shí)的掌握,更重要的是對(duì)生活、對(duì)人生、對(duì)將來所要從事的職業(yè)或事業(yè)的體驗(yàn)和感悟。因此,和諧友善的人際關(guān)系對(duì)于學(xué)生在上述方面的習(xí)得具有不可或缺甚至決定性的影響。

高校的人際關(guān)系大體而言可從師生關(guān)系、同學(xué)關(guān)系、朋友關(guān)系、老鄉(xiāng)關(guān)系等幾方面來把握。就師生關(guān)系而言,高校師生關(guān)系中首先應(yīng)確立這樣一種觀念——師:學(xué)高為師,身正為范,以豐富的知識(shí)武裝學(xué)生,以高尚的人格魅力感染學(xué)生,以諄諄的教導(dǎo)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生,充分發(fā)揮教師 “教”和 “育”的職責(zé)及功能;生:求知為學(xué),做人為生。學(xué)生者,以學(xué)有所得、業(yè)有所成作為自己日后在社會(huì)安身立命和社會(huì)活動(dòng)之動(dòng)力能源。“學(xué)然后知不足”,并以此為契機(jī)來求得自身潛能的開發(fā)。乍看起來,師與生是如此的涇渭分明,但是作為一種培養(yǎng)人的活動(dòng),其至少包含以下三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)涵:其一,教師傳授知識(shí),以一定的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備陶冶、感染學(xué)生,塑造學(xué)生的完美個(gè)性和健全人格;其二,學(xué)生接受知識(shí)、發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí),并在學(xué)習(xí)、生活過程中領(lǐng)悟、體驗(yàn)教師所傳遞的信息;其三,師生雙方相互影響,相互學(xué)習(xí),亦即教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)。由此可見,師生之間還是有許多 “共同語言”,教師要 “一切為了學(xué)生、為了一切學(xué)生、為了學(xué)生一切”,視學(xué)生的差異為教育資源;學(xué)生則要盡可能地不斷更新、完善自己的智力儲(chǔ)備和人格體系。理論上講,這種共同語言會(huì)使師生之間的親和力增加,師生關(guān)系更為融洽。實(shí)踐而言,這種共同語言是師生推心置腹地長(zhǎng)期磨合中醞釀而成。師生關(guān)系是教育活動(dòng)中最基本的關(guān)系,其涉及師與生、教與學(xué)、知識(shí)傳授與人生引導(dǎo)等方面。正如雅斯貝爾斯曾在 《什么是教育》中所說:“蘇格拉底的教育思考,包括反諷 (刺激學(xué)生感到離真理甚遠(yuǎn)),催產(chǎn)術(shù) (通過順答逐漸使真理顯明),以及探索真理,而非傳遞真理?!盵2]在此情景中,以 “頭腦風(fēng)暴”的方式來刺激學(xué)生的思維,鼓勵(lì)師生之間的論爭(zhēng),這種理性地切磋與碰撞,是思想的火花交匯產(chǎn)生新思想的催化劑。同時(shí),這種對(duì)話型的師生關(guān)系的構(gòu)建,師生之間的心理距離明顯縮小,在對(duì)待學(xué)術(shù)、處理學(xué)與思的關(guān)系等問題上也較為自然?!秾W(xué)記》中也如是寫道:“善待問者如撞鐘,叩之以小則小鳴,叩之以大則大鳴。”以期實(shí)現(xiàn)師生的共同進(jìn)步,是為“教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)?!盵3]

(三)教學(xué)時(shí)刻體現(xiàn)教育性

如今,高校的教育功能已有了很大程度地拓展,已不再是單純地探究學(xué)問的場(chǎng)所了,其教學(xué)、科研和服務(wù)社會(huì)及創(chuàng)新等功能都是通過教育及其培養(yǎng)的人去實(shí)現(xiàn)的。因此,在高校教育活動(dòng)的全過程中要注重“育”的深化而不能重言輕行,不能有教無育。完美健全的人格和一定的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備同時(shí)構(gòu)成社會(huì)對(duì)人才準(zhǔn)入的 “雙核”標(biāo)準(zhǔn),任何一項(xiàng)的缺失或偏頗都將會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)造成一種隱患和不和諧。這就要求高校教師,要追求大教育而非停留在 “大教學(xué)”的水平上;要切實(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)到 “教師和學(xué)生之間的關(guān)系首先是教育關(guān)系,這種關(guān)系建立在責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ)上”[4]。而且更多地通過 “育”人來體現(xiàn)。要以自己高尚的人格魅力感染學(xué)生,我們的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)都應(yīng)該規(guī)范在是否教會(huì)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí),是否使學(xué)生具備了學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用知識(shí)解決問題的能力,是否使學(xué)生具備了自我發(fā)展的能量,是否真正地實(shí)現(xiàn)了教書育人,使學(xué)生達(dá)到 “離師輔而不反”的境界。具體而言,無論是學(xué)生工作還是教學(xué)工作,都不能偏離育人這一本分,否則大學(xué)教育的效果就要大打折扣。因此,要求大學(xué)里的學(xué)生工作者在進(jìn)行思想教育的同時(shí)要注重對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性、主動(dòng)性的激發(fā)以及學(xué)習(xí)興趣的培養(yǎng),任課教師要注意加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的引導(dǎo)。這種引導(dǎo)不僅表現(xiàn)為在課堂上知識(shí)的傳遞,還表現(xiàn)為在平常的學(xué)習(xí)、工作及生活中的言傳身教,即一切場(chǎng)景中都要注意到其對(duì)學(xué)生的教育影響。

(四)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生正確處理學(xué)習(xí)與就業(yè)等個(gè)人發(fā)展的關(guān)系

誠(chéng)然,在眾多家庭及學(xué)生看來,順利就業(yè)并擁有可觀的收入是上學(xué)成功與否的重要標(biāo)志,甚至是唯一標(biāo)志。顯然,這種認(rèn)識(shí)也是不盡合理的。這就要求學(xué)生工作者務(wù)必幫助學(xué)生樹立正確的學(xué)習(xí)觀及就業(yè)觀。一方面,要想方設(shè)法幫助學(xué)生確立正確的事業(yè)觀、人生觀和價(jià)值觀,深化學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)專業(yè)及其將會(huì)從事的職業(yè)的認(rèn)識(shí);另一方面,要督促學(xué)生在平常的學(xué)習(xí)生活中積極作為,切實(shí)掌握知識(shí)及本領(lǐng),加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生的職前訓(xùn)練,使學(xué)生具備過硬的專業(yè)素質(zhì),扎實(shí)的專業(yè)知識(shí)和技能,這樣才可能在日益競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)中脫穎而出。

從這一點(diǎn)上講,勢(shì)必要求從事學(xué)生工作的教師在做好學(xué)生的思想政治工作的同時(shí),還要求任課教師尤其是專業(yè)課教師加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生的專業(yè)性教育,通過實(shí)地調(diào)研等途徑有意識(shí)地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生接觸學(xué)科前沿或了解市場(chǎng),從而深化學(xué)生對(duì)自己將來可能從事的職業(yè)的感知,為后續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的開展及學(xué)生將來的人生規(guī)劃提供支持。

總之,教育管理工作的有效性,很大程度上是通過教、學(xué)雙方的有效配合,較多地表現(xiàn)為學(xué)生成長(zhǎng)的、反映教學(xué)管理水平及效率的變量。這一變量的變化,是學(xué)校為實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)管理目標(biāo)所顯示的能力以及管理效率、效果、效益等參數(shù)的綜合反映,也是 “學(xué)校合理運(yùn)用各種資源后表現(xiàn)出的結(jié)果狀況,其特征是導(dǎo)向組織目標(biāo),強(qiáng)調(diào)資源的有效利用”[5]。因此,從教與學(xué)有機(jī)融合的角度入手,注重教學(xué)教育性的發(fā)揮,又注重對(duì)學(xué)生日常管理工作中教育教學(xué)理念的傳遞、思想的滲透、行動(dòng)的潛移默化,將學(xué)生的教育管理工作與教育教學(xué)活動(dòng)全過程有機(jī)關(guān)聯(lián),為提升教育教學(xué)效能提供有效路徑。

[1]田 潔.提高教學(xué)管理工作有效性的思考[J].教學(xué)與管理,2011(2):44.

[2][德]雅斯貝爾斯.什么是教育[M].鄒 進(jìn),譯.北京:生活·讀書·新知三聯(lián)書店,1991:9.

[3]錢軍平.論高校師生關(guān)系的重構(gòu)及其現(xiàn)實(shí)意蘊(yùn)[J].株洲師范高等??茖W(xué)校學(xué)報(bào),2006(6):101.

[4]盧麗君,劉 琴.新時(shí)期大學(xué)師生關(guān)系評(píng)點(diǎn)[N].中國(guó)教育報(bào),2004—09—10.

[5]張 東.論大學(xué)教學(xué)管理的倫理訴求[D].西南大學(xué), 2012.

[6]華 杰,等.用社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系構(gòu)建高校學(xué)生網(wǎng)絡(luò)道德研究[J].重慶工商大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2013(5).

[責(zé)任編輯:趙慶來]

Abstract:The driving force of local service oriented government has direct influences on its level of social ruling.Motivating its driving force is an important premise for improving its’social ruling ability.Currently,we should motivate the local service-oriented government in terms of active drive force,passive drive force, compelling driving force and reforming drive force from the aspects of promoting career development,solving social problems,implementing tasks given by upper authorities and strengthening self construction.We should constantly improve traditional policy,economy,law and executive methods,and innovate social administration by means of democratic consultation,public participation and performance evaluation.

Key words:service-oriented government;driving force for fulfilling duty;approaches to duty fulfilling

[英文編輯:曾文武]

Tujia Soldiers’Resistance against Japanese Pirates in Ming Dynasty:Genesis, Process,and the Factors for Their Victory

LI Liang-pin1,ZHANG Xin2

(1.Socio-Economic-Cultural Research Center of Wujiang River Valley,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100;2.School of Literature and Journalism,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

When facing Japanese pirates’robbing and looting which were seriously destroying social production of Ming Mynasty,the soldiers of Tujia nationality resolutely involved themselves in the resistance war against the pirates.During the three years of the resistance,they either fought against the pirates jointly with the soldiers of Guangxi or fought separately.In both cases,they were greatly victorious.Doubtlessly,their victories are attributed to the justice of the war,restrict discipline,excellent tactics and the unique weapons.

Ming Dynasty;soldiers of Tujian ethnic group;resistance against Japanese pirates

The Patriarchal Relations of Chieftain Regime of China and Their Influences --A Case Study of Zhuang Chieftain of Mo Family in Nandan,Guangxi

LI Chun-lian

(CPC Nandan County Committee,Hechi,Guangxi 547200,China)

Abstract:Based on consanguinity,patriarchal relations are the code of conduct for regulating intra-family relations and maintaining ruling position of the clan head as well as hereditary prestige.The Zhuang chieftain political power of Mo’s family in Nandan,Guangxi was the earliest and the most lasting local political power in the history of China’s chieftain system.It left a glorious and resplendent chieftain culture and played an important part in China’s chieftain development.From the perspective of patriarchal relations,the writer of this article analyzes the political power of Zhuang chieftain of Mo Family in Nandan,Guangxi in Song Dynasty and the influences,in the hope of giving a glimpse of the patriarchal relations and their influences on China’s chieftain political power as a whole.

Key words:chieftain system;patriarchal relations;Nandan;Mo’s family;Zhuang ethnic group

An Investigation of Chieftain System in Zhuoni Area and Its Cultural Value

SU Xiao-hong1,2

(1.Department of History and Culture,Gansu Teachers’ College for Nationalities,Hezuo,Gansu 747000;2. School of History and Culture,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730000,China)

Abstract:Chieftain system was a local administration system for the central government in Ming and Qing dynasties to administrate minority areas.Chieftain was an official appointed by the central government to administrate“in accordance with the local customs”in carrying out the chieftain system.Chieftain of Zhuoni was the most typical among the chieftains of Gansu,Qinghai and even the whole northwestern area.It was the most lasting and influential chieftain with the vastest jurisdiction area among the major Tibetan chieftains in Gansu.In the long history,the chieftain system which lasted for hundreds of years had great influences on the politics, economy,military affairs and culture not only in the jurisdiction area,but also in the northwestern area and even the whole country.The writer of this article attempts to illustrate the establishment of chieftain system in Zhuoni and its development,in the hope of excavating more in-depth elements so as to disclose its rich cultural value and social value.

Key words:Chieftain system;Grand Temple in Zhuoni;chieftain culture;social value

The Construction of Shilongba Hydroelectric Station:Full Story,Historical Position and Influences

HUANG Quan-sheng1,YANG Ji-chao2
(1.History department,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433;2.Institute of History and Geography,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

Abstract:Built in 1910,Shilongba hydroelectric station in Yunnan is the first hydroelectric power station built completely by Chinese themselves.It was built when China was aggressed by western powers.Its construction was completed through the arduous efforts of people from all walks of life in Yunnan,with the appealing idea of saving the nation with local enterprises.The construction was influenced by the cultural tradition of attaching importance to water conservancy since the Sai Dianchi’governing of Yunnan in early Yuan Dynasty.Its construction accelerated the development of China’s hydropower and facilitated the cultivation and training of personnel in the industry.Its’spirit is a valueless cultural heritage for the Chinese nation.

Key words:Shilongba;construction;influences;status

The Continuation of China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.Ltd.in Rear Area during the Resistance War Against Japanese

GENG Mi1,2

(1.School of Administration,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120;2.Chongqing Research Center of Rear Area during Anti-Japanese War,Chongqing 400715,China)

Abstract:During the Resistance War against Japanese Aggression,China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. Ltd.,was a famous navigation enterprise in modern China.Because of the serious destruction by the war,it lost most of its property and,even worse,its headquarter once fell into the Japanese’s hand.However,it recovered its headquarter in the rear area and overcame various hardships and maintained the normal operation till the victory of the war.That period is of great significance in the history of China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.Ltd.

Key words:period of Anti-Japanese War;China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.Ltd;continuation

Damage to Farmers’Rights and Interests and Their Maintenance in the Circulation of Farming Land in the Wulingshan Region --A Case Study of Shizhu County,Chongqing

LI Bin,HOU Ai-xia,ZHANG Yu-juan

(School of Economy and Business Administration,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

Abstract:In farming land circulation,farmers’rights and interests have suffered serious damage resulting from their unclear knowledge of their rights,their limited free will,and the insecurity of their economic interests. The causes can be attributed to both the local government and the land contractors as well as the farmers themselves.In order to secure farmers’rights and interests,we should standardize the regulations of land circulation,improve the compensation mechanism of land acquisition,intensify the training of farmers and strengthen the social security system and service system for the farmers with their land acquired.

Key words:Wulingshan region;circulation of farming land;rights and interests;maintainance

The Relationship between the Local Political Power in Wuling Region and the Feudal Royal Court

DAI Chu-zhou

(Zhangjiajie Economy and Information Committee,Zhangjiajie,Hunan 427000,China)

Abstract:Since Wuling area was taken into the territory by Qin and Han dynasties,Imperial Court of every dynasty kept Wuling area under its control so that the social stability was maintained in the area.

Key words:subordination;domination;appeasement

Qianjiang City Valley:Excavating Value and Bringing Role into Play

YAO Yuan-he

(Qianjiang Branch,CPC Chongqing Party School,Chongqing 409000,China)

Abstract:Qianjiang City Valley in Chongqing is a nationally rare or even unique natural and human resource.It has a variety of functions such as natural aesthetics,ecological adjustment,cave exploration,rock climbing,folk custom experiencing,and moral influence.To build Qianjiang City Valley into the first national city-valley park is an effective route to Qianjiang’s city theme and characteristics of achieving “Oriental Luxemburg,China Valley City”,and is an important pair of tongs in carrying out the strategy of main function area.Meanwhile,it is a must to handle well the relationships between city-valley park and the surrounding mountains,waters,and landmarks,so that the city valley can be integrated with the building,nature and human being.

Key words:Qianjiang City Valley;value excavation;role playing;win-win

Types of Characters in the Novel Shaanxi Opera

MO Qi1,2

(1.School of Literature and Media,Shijiazhuang University,Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050035;2.Chinese Language and Literature College,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an,Shaanxi 710062,China)

Abstract:There are three types of characters in the novel Shaanxi Opera that form contradictions on three levels which express how thousands-year-old traditional Chinese agricultural society evolved from an enclosed state to disintegration.The writer’s naming of the characters expresses the aggressive attack of modernization against the tradition and the disintegration of traditional culture.In brief,Jia Pingwa expresses his confession towards his hometown by means of corresponding characters to their cultural condition.

Key words:Jia Pingwa;Shaanxi Opera;character types

Hai Rui’s Feeling of People’s Livelihood

ZENG Chao

(Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

Abstract:Hai Rui was a most famous honest and upright official in Chinese history.All his conducts in daily life and his career were oriented to people’s livelihood,carrying forward the spirit of Confucian“policy of benevolence”and Legalist“ruling by law”,regarding people’s benefit as utmost priority.All these are a reflection of Hai Rui’s feeling of people’s livelihood,and an embodiment of his spirit of“putting people’s livelihood first”,which is worth our inheriting and carrying it forward so as to help us combat corruption and build a clean government and improve people’s livelihood in contemporary age.

Key words:Hai Rui;feeling of people’s livelihood;putting people’s livelihood first

Confucian Ideas about Disease in Zhou Dynasty

LV Jin-wei

(School of History and Culture,Central China University,Wuhan,Hubei 430079,China)

Abstract:Life and death have always been unavoidable in human life.Disease intervenes between life and death and it is a universal topic of human beings.Confucian wizards did not feel strange in treating disease,and their social roles made them gradually form a view about disease which had a strong color of interpersonal relationship.Stressing disease,actively preventing and treating disease,fighting against disease constituted the Confucian cognitive mapping about disease in Zhou Dynasty.

Key words:Zhou Dynasty;Confucian;disease prevention;disease treatment;malingering;sickness entrustment

Exploring the Driving Force and Approaches of Local Service-oriented Government in Fulfilling Its Duty

XU Tong-zhu

(School of Literature and Media,Hubei University for Nationalities,Enshi,Hubei 445000,China)

G645

A

1674-3652(2014)02-0134-03

2014-03-02

陳素琴,女,重慶墊江人,主要從事經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及企業(yè)管理研究。

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