王 坤(綜述),張建新,黨勝春(審校)
(江蘇大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院普外科,江蘇 鎮(zhèn)江 212001)
髓系細(xì)胞觸發(fā)受體1(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1,TREM-1)是由Bouchon等[1]于2000年首次報道主要表達(dá)于中性粒細(xì)胞和單核巨噬細(xì)胞等髓系細(xì)胞表面的炎癥受體。TREM-1在機(jī)體內(nèi)有兩種存在形式:①膜蛋白形式存在于單核巨噬細(xì)胞表面;②以可溶性髓系細(xì)胞觸發(fā)受體1(soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1,sTREM-1)的形式存在于體液中。近年來,TREM-1在炎癥性疾病的作用越來越受到重視,其在腫瘤發(fā)病中的作用亦成為新的研究方向。
TREM-1屬跨膜糖蛋白,結(jié)合糖基時相對分子質(zhì)量為30×103,由 234個氨基酸組成,其結(jié)構(gòu)由一個單獨(dú)的免疫球蛋白Ⅴ型胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域、含有一個賴氨酸殘基的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域及缺乏信號基序的胞質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)域等三部分組成,賴氨酸殘基與不含信號域的胞質(zhì)尾部相連,形成“頭對尾”的二聚體[2]。
TREM-1能誘導(dǎo)中性粒細(xì)胞和單核巨噬細(xì)胞分泌腫瘤壞死因子α、白細(xì)胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、干擾素γ等促炎因子[3],可誘發(fā)細(xì)胞內(nèi)部鈣離子轉(zhuǎn)移,并使細(xì)胞表面信號相關(guān)激酶1、2和磷脂酶C(phospholipase C,PLC)酪氨酸磷酸化,最終可引起炎性反應(yīng)的增強(qiáng)及放大。TREM-1也可刺激中性粒細(xì)胞發(fā)生脫顆粒及呼吸爆發(fā),釋放各種生物活性酶和大量氧自由基,直接導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞病理性損傷[4]。另外,TREM-1可與Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptors,TLR)、核苷酸結(jié)合寡聚化結(jié)構(gòu)域樣受體(nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptors,NLR)發(fā)生協(xié)同作用而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞被激活,分泌大量的細(xì)胞因子[5]。
細(xì)胞膜表面的TREM-1與配體結(jié)合后可介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號的級聯(lián)激活,放大炎性反應(yīng),其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與級聯(lián)放大主要依靠銜接蛋白DAP12和模式識別受體,模式識別受體主要包括TLR和NLR。
2.1TREM-1與DAP12信號通路 TREM-1的胞質(zhì)區(qū)缺乏信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)基序,需要通過信號銜接蛋白DAP12完成信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。DAP12結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)含有免疫受體酪氨酸激活基序,TREM-1跨膜區(qū)帶正電荷的賴氨酸殘基可以與DAP12跨膜區(qū)免疫受體酪氨酸激活基序中帶負(fù)電荷的天冬氨酸相偶聯(lián),使免疫受體酪氨酸激活基序中的酪氨酸發(fā)生磷酸化[6],磷酸化的免疫受體酪氨酸激活基序激活Syk酪氨酸激酶,從而激活下游的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),并通過磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶、PLCγ及細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶等相關(guān)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑,引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)的鈣離子增加,導(dǎo)致核因子κB增加和細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶信號通路激活,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞分泌大量促炎因子[7-8]。
研究表明,在TREM-1/DAP12信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)激活后,Bruton酪氨酸激酶發(fā)生磷酸化。阻斷Bruton酪氨酸激酶可顯著減少鈣內(nèi)流,降低PLC和細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶的磷酸化水平及白細(xì)胞介素受體相關(guān)激酶1(intedeukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1,IRAK1)的活力,說明Bruton酪氨酸激酶是影響PLCγ磷酸化的主要因素,參與TREM-1/DAP12信號調(diào)節(jié)[9]。
2.2TREM-1與TLR信號通路 TLR是連接非特異性免疫和特異性免疫的橋梁。研究表明,TREM-1與TLRs信號通路具有協(xié)同促進(jìn)炎性反應(yīng)的作用[10],其具體的協(xié)同機(jī)制目前尚不清楚,但有研究證實(shí),TLR2配體通過髓樣分化因子88信號途徑調(diào)節(jié)通過TREM-1的表達(dá),TLR2可以通過髓樣分化因子88/IRAK/腫瘤壞死因子受體相關(guān)因子6途徑誘導(dǎo)核因子κB激活[11]。TREM-1的激活可增強(qiáng)、放大TLR(主要是TLR2、4)介導(dǎo)的炎性反應(yīng),引起腫瘤壞死因子α、IL-1β、粒細(xì)胞巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子的分泌增加[2]。此外,活化的TLR可通過激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶通路而引起TREM-1的表達(dá)上調(diào)[12]。這些炎癥信號通路的激活最終可引起炎性反應(yīng)的增強(qiáng)放大,導(dǎo)致過度的炎性反應(yīng)。
TREM-1參與調(diào)解TLR4信號級聯(lián)反應(yīng)中關(guān)鍵蛋白酶的活性。在嗜中性粒細(xì)胞中,TREM-1激活可以使IRAK1磷酸化,IRAK1是連接TREM-1和TLR4信號級聯(lián)反應(yīng)間相互作用的基礎(chǔ)[13]。此外,磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶可協(xié)同TREM-1和TLR4信號級聯(lián)反應(yīng)釋放活性氧類(reactive oxygen species,ROS),激活DAP12通路和TLR4(髓樣分化因子88通路)可分別上調(diào)p38和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶激活,進(jìn)一步激活PLCγ,導(dǎo)致鈣濃度增加,誘導(dǎo)中性粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生和釋放ROS[14]。
2.3TREM-1與NLR信號通路 NLR屬于細(xì)胞內(nèi)受體家族,可以識別胞內(nèi)細(xì)菌的肽聚糖,激活炎癥性的胱天蛋白酶(caspase)。NLR含有級聯(lián)反應(yīng)募集結(jié)構(gòu)域(aspase activation and recruitment domain,CARD),可以誘導(dǎo)活化促炎的caspase-1,后者可以促進(jìn)炎性細(xì)胞因子,如IL-1β和IL-18的產(chǎn)生和釋放[15]。另外,TREM-1還可以激活胞內(nèi)絲裂原激活的蛋白激酶級聯(lián)反應(yīng),細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶和活化的核因子κB可能促進(jìn)TREM-1和核苷酸結(jié)合寡聚化結(jié)構(gòu)域2途徑之間的協(xié)同作用[16-17]。
目前,還未發(fā)現(xiàn)TREM-1的天然配體,Wong-Baeza等[18]使用構(gòu)建的TREM-1/Fc嵌合體融合蛋白有減弱膿毒癥患者血清活化單核細(xì)胞的能力,提示TREM-1的未知配體可能存在于血清中。Haselmayer等[19]研究表明,sTREM-1能夠結(jié)合血小板,促進(jìn)脂多糖刺激下中性粒細(xì)胞的激活,說明血小板上存在TREM-1的配體。亦有學(xué)者提出,TREM-1的配體位于病原體上,并表明革蘭陽性細(xì)菌表面上的肽聚糖和革蘭陰性菌表面上的內(nèi)毒素參與TREM-1的激活[20-21]。目前TREM-1的配體是研究TREM-1的瓶頸之一,仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
4.1TREM-1與炎癥性疾病 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),幽門螺桿菌感染時,胃黏膜上皮的TREM-1表達(dá)顯著高于非幽門螺桿感染的胃黏膜上皮,說明TREM-1在慢性炎癥中亦有表達(dá)[22]。最近研究表明,在感染性和非感染性炎癥中,單核細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞TREM-1的表達(dá)均升高[23],其表達(dá)水平與是否存在感染無關(guān)[24]。強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者滑液中的sTREM-1表達(dá)水平明顯高于血清中的表達(dá),提示sTREM-1在此疾病發(fā)展中可能發(fā)揮重要的介質(zhì)作用[25]。在青少年特發(fā)性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中,TREM-1表達(dá)于關(guān)節(jié)炎癥部位浸潤的樹突細(xì)胞[26]。以上研究說明TREM-1在非微生物所致的炎癥疾病中同樣高表達(dá)。
4.2TREM-1與腫瘤疾病 隨著腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)TREM-1與腫瘤形成和發(fā)展有密切的關(guān)系。研究表明,非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的惡性胸腔積液中sTREM-1以及腫瘤相關(guān)性巨噬細(xì)胞上TREM-1的表達(dá)明顯升高,腫瘤相關(guān)性巨噬細(xì)胞的TREM-1表達(dá)與腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)和非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的低存活率相關(guān),TREM-1及炎性反應(yīng)可能在腫瘤發(fā)展中發(fā)揮十分重要的作用[27]。Karapanagiotou等[26]利用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附劑測定法檢測腫瘤患者血清中的sTREM-1,發(fā)現(xiàn)存在肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移灶患者血清中的sTREM-1水平更高,推測sTREM-1可以預(yù)測轉(zhuǎn)移性和局限性腫瘤出現(xiàn)肺部轉(zhuǎn)移。肝臟的慢性炎癥促進(jìn)肝癌的發(fā)病、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,肝臟庫普弗細(xì)胞TREM-1表達(dá)所引起的促炎因子釋放促進(jìn)肝臟慢性炎癥發(fā)展成肝癌[28]。進(jìn)一步研究表明,肝星狀細(xì)胞表達(dá)的TREM-1增強(qiáng)肝癌細(xì)胞的遷移能力,促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移,可以作為肝細(xì)胞癌的潛在預(yù)后指標(biāo)[29]。
Liao等[30]研究表明,急性膽管炎患者外周血單核細(xì)胞TREM-1表達(dá)上調(diào),且TREM-1與其他臨床炎癥標(biāo)志物相比具有更高的靈敏度和特異性。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),急性胰腺炎時血清中sTREM-1水平明顯增加,且血清sTREM-1水平與病情的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)[31]。因此,針對TREM-1在炎癥放大中的作用,檢測血清游離TREM-1的表達(dá)水平有望成為評估炎癥及疾病預(yù)后的手段。Siranovic等[32]檢測呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎患者肺組織及血清中sTREM-1的水平,結(jié)果表明,細(xì)菌性呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎患者的肺組織中sTREM-1的水平顯著高于血清中的水平,sTREM-1可以獨(dú)立作為細(xì)菌性肺炎診斷的標(biāo)志物。Sato等[33]比較與復(fù)發(fā)性多軟骨炎發(fā)病有關(guān)的28種標(biāo)志物結(jié)果顯示,復(fù)發(fā)性多軟骨炎患者sTREM-1、干擾素γ、趨化因子配體4、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶3均顯著增高,且sTREM-1具有更高的靈敏度和特異度(分別為86.7%和86.7%),說明sTREM-1可以作為復(fù)發(fā)性多軟骨炎的診斷標(biāo)志物。最近有學(xué)者比較sTREM-1、降鈣素、C反應(yīng)蛋白升高水平對敗血癥的診斷價值,結(jié)果表明:血清中三者的水平升高對膿毒癥的早期診斷都有一定的價值,其中sTREM-1具有更高的靈敏度和特異度,且sTREM-1可以判斷菌血癥預(yù)后[34]。
介于TREM-1在炎癥性疾病中的作用,針對TREM-1靶點(diǎn)的治療成為炎性疾病新的治療方法。Gibot[35]合成的由17個氨基酸組成的多肽(LP17),含有天然TREM-1的互補(bǔ)決定區(qū)2或互補(bǔ)決定區(qū)3序列的至少3個氨基酸,通過模擬TREM-1的胞外區(qū),競爭TREM-1的天然配體與其結(jié)合從而調(diào)控其功能,減弱甚至阻斷TREM-1信號通路的激活,抑制炎性因子過度表達(dá)[36]。用脂多糖刺激制造小鼠膿毒癥模型,給小鼠注射LP17可以減輕小鼠胸膜和全身性的炎性反應(yīng),且其作用與LP17呈劑量相關(guān)性,說明LP17可能有治療膿毒癥的作用[37]。Kamei等[38]研究表明,LP17能抑制重癥急性胰腺炎時血清sTREM-1的表達(dá),并顯著減輕重癥急性胰腺炎引起的肝、腎功能障礙。在葡聚糖硫酸鈉誘導(dǎo)的小鼠結(jié)腸炎動物模型中,LP17可以減少腸上皮細(xì)胞的增殖,通過發(fā)揮抗炎作用,減輕腸道內(nèi)炎癥,同時降低結(jié)腸腫瘤的發(fā)生率,說明TREM-1抑制LP17治療結(jié)腸內(nèi)改善炎癥和腫瘤的發(fā)展[39]。最新的細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,前列腺素可以通過激活核因子E2相關(guān)因子及抑制核因子κB的活化,從而抑制TREM-1表達(dá)[40],為抑制TREM-1表達(dá)提供一個新的治療方法。
目前關(guān)于TREM-1的研究日漸深入,TREM-1作為炎癥放大器在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及級聯(lián)放大機(jī)制仍未完全明確,仍需進(jìn)一步研究。當(dāng)務(wù)之急是明確TREM-1的天然配體,以便更深入地了解TREM-1的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制,更全面地闡明TREM-1與炎癥、感染以及腫瘤等疾病的關(guān)系和在機(jī)體的重要作用。屆時,TREM-1有望作為相關(guān)疾病的診斷標(biāo)志和治療靶點(diǎn)。
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