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組合式輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光治療上尿路結(jié)石57例報道

2014-01-24 10:15萬恩明張佳義李洪才
中國微創(chuàng)外科雜志 2014年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:軟鏡腎盂腎鏡

李 明 何 華 萬恩明 張佳義 李洪才 時 俊 李 順 許 超

(湖北省江漢油田總醫(yī)院泌尿外科,潛江 433124)

·臨床論著·

組合式輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光治療上尿路結(jié)石57例報道

李 明 何 華 萬恩明 張佳義 李洪才 時 俊 李 順 許 超

(湖北省江漢油田總醫(yī)院泌尿外科,潛江 433124)

目的探討組合式輸尿管軟鏡聯(lián)合鈥激光碎石處理上尿路結(jié)石的臨床價值。方法2011年10月~2013年5月,治療上尿路結(jié)石57例。中上組腎盞結(jié)石24例,下組腎盞結(jié)石14例,腎盂結(jié)石12例,輸尿管上段結(jié)石硬鏡碎石術(shù)中結(jié)石或碎片上移至腎盂7例。其中3例腎上盞結(jié)石及2例中盞結(jié)石為經(jīng)皮腎鏡術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石。合并脊柱側(cè)彎畸形2例。結(jié)石直徑9~24 mm,平均16 mm。全麻或硬膜外麻醉,截石位。在斑馬導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)下置入輸尿管導(dǎo)引鞘,組合式輸尿管軟鏡沿鞘上行至腎盂、腎盞尋找結(jié)石,使用鈥激光碎石。術(shù)后常規(guī)留置F5雙J管4~5周,留置導(dǎo)尿管2~7天。術(shù)后2~3天常規(guī)復(fù)查KUB或B超,了解結(jié)石粉碎情況及雙J管位置。結(jié)果本組57例中,50例(87.7%)順利尋及結(jié)石并一次碎石成功。碎石成功率,中上組腎盞95.8%(23/24),下組腎盞64.3%(9/14),腎盂結(jié)石91.7%(11/12),輸尿管上段結(jié)石上移100%(7/7)。5例經(jīng)皮腎鏡術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石全部碎石成功。手術(shù)時間40~120 min,平均75 min。無輸尿管穿孔、撕脫、大出血等并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后高熱7例,體溫38.5~39.6 ℃,經(jīng)抗感染治療3~5天體溫恢復(fù)正常。術(shù)后住院時間3~7 d,平均5 d。術(shù)后4周復(fù)查KUB或B超并拔除雙J管,7例殘石碎片3~4 mm,均位于腎下盞,予隨診觀察。結(jié)論組合式輸尿管軟鏡治療上尿路結(jié)石,具有微創(chuàng)、療效確實、并發(fā)癥少的優(yōu)點,對于輸尿管上段結(jié)石上移及經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石的處理可作為很好的補充。

組合式輸尿管軟鏡; 鈥激光; 上尿路結(jié)石

具有可彎曲功能的輸尿管軟鏡可以經(jīng)尿道逆行至輸尿管、腎臟進行碎石。輸尿管軟鏡的使用極大地擴展了治療上尿路結(jié)石的適應(yīng)證,且并發(fā)癥更少[1]。我院2011年10月~2013年5月采用組合式輸尿管軟鏡聯(lián)合鈥激光治療上尿路結(jié)石57例,取得滿意療效,現(xiàn)報道如下。

1 臨床資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

本組57例,男32例,女25例。年齡21~72歲,平均46歲。腰痛46例,肉眼血尿29例。病程2天~5年。B超、IVU、CTU等檢查確診為上尿路結(jié)石。中上組腎盞結(jié)石24例,下組腎盞結(jié)石14例,腎盂結(jié)石12例,輸尿管上段結(jié)石硬鏡碎石術(shù)中結(jié)石或碎片上移至腎盂7例。合并脊柱側(cè)彎畸形2例。結(jié)石直徑9~24 mm,平均16 mm。5例腎盂結(jié)石及3例輸尿管結(jié)石行ESWL治療無效。3例腎上盞結(jié)石及2例中盞結(jié)石為經(jīng)皮腎鏡術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石經(jīng)腎造瘺二期取石未取凈者。腎結(jié)石患者術(shù)前1周留置F5雙J管擴張輸尿管。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 特殊器械 德國POLYSCOPE組合式輸尿管軟鏡的特點是最大限度地保存了軟鏡的核心價值部件,易損件可以隨時拆卸更換。外徑僅2.65 mm(8F),工作長度70 cm。包含光源、成像光線插入通道及操作通道。光學(xué)系統(tǒng)具有10 000像素,成像清晰。目鏡、成像光纖和攝像頭借助三節(jié)臂固定在電視攝像系統(tǒng)的推車上,操作簡便。

1.2.2 手術(shù)方法 全麻51例,硬膜外麻醉6例,截石位。將WOLF F8/9.8輸尿管硬鏡置入輸尿管內(nèi)直視下觀察及擴張輸尿管,拔除患側(cè)預(yù)留雙J管。在斑馬導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)下插入F12/F14輸尿管軟鏡導(dǎo)引鞘(Cook公司)至輸尿管上段或近腎盂處。連接組合式輸尿管軟鏡,經(jīng)軟鏡導(dǎo)引鞘上行至腎盂、腎盞尋找結(jié)石。使用鈥激光(科醫(yī)人公司)200 μm激光光纖,功率設(shè)置0.6~1.0 J/ 10~15 Hz(6~15 W),將結(jié)石擊碎至3 mm以下,部分患者用套石籃盡量取凈結(jié)石。7例輸尿管上段結(jié)石行輸尿管硬鏡碎石結(jié)石或碎片上移至腎盂,改用組合式輸尿管軟鏡碎石。5例經(jīng)皮腎鏡術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石經(jīng)腎造瘺二期取石未取凈者,術(shù)中即改用組合式輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石。術(shù)后留置患側(cè)F5雙J管4~5周,留置導(dǎo)尿管2~7天。術(shù)后2~3天常規(guī)復(fù)查KUB或B超了解結(jié)石粉碎情況及雙J管位置。

2 結(jié)果

1例腎上盞憩室內(nèi)結(jié)石找不到憩室開口,2例下盞結(jié)石未尋及,均放棄手術(shù);3例下盞結(jié)石軟鏡插入鈥激光光纖后因彎曲角度不足,光纖前端不能觸及結(jié)石,改微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石成功;1例腎盂結(jié)石入鏡后未取頭低位,沖水及碎石過程中結(jié)石落入腎下盞,擇期ESWL治療。3例殘余結(jié)石直徑5~11 mm,術(shù)后2周行ESWL,其中1例ESWL無效再次用組合式輸尿管軟鏡碎石成功。50例(87.7%)順利尋及結(jié)石并一次碎石成功。碎石成功率,中上組腎盞95.8%(23/24),下組腎盞64.3%(9/14),腎盂結(jié)石91.7%(11/12),輸尿管上段結(jié)石上移100%(7/7)。5例經(jīng)皮腎鏡術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石全部碎石成功。手術(shù)時間40~120 min,平均75 min。無輸尿管穿孔、撕脫、大出血等并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后高熱7例,體溫38.5~39.6 ℃,血白細(xì)胞 (10.6~16.2)×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞0.75~0.94,經(jīng)抗感染治療3~5天體溫恢復(fù)正常。術(shù)后住院時間3~7 d,平均5 d。術(shù)后4周復(fù)查KUB或B超并拔除雙J管,7例殘石碎片3~4 mm,均位于腎下盞,予隨診觀察。

3 討論

輸尿管軟鏡聯(lián)合鈥激光治療上尿路結(jié)石是一個趨勢,改變了傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)及經(jīng)皮腎鏡手術(shù)大出血等并發(fā)癥的缺點。然而電子輸尿管軟鏡及一體式輸尿管軟鏡的使用及維護成本較高,每使用5~18次就需要維修[2,3],大大限制了其推廣應(yīng)用。組合式輸尿管軟鏡是一種可拆卸式輸尿管軟鏡,可隨時更換易損部件,能在一定程度上降低使用和維修成本[4,5]。

本組57例上尿路結(jié)石患者碎石成功率87.7%(50/57),其中中上組腎盞95.8%(23/24),腎盂結(jié)石91.7%(11/12),腎下盞結(jié)石64.3%(9/14),>4 mm殘余結(jié)石3例。從結(jié)果中看出中上組腎盞結(jié)石、腎盂結(jié)石效果好于下組腎盞結(jié)石。由于組合式輸尿管軟鏡只能單向彎曲,不能像一體式軟鏡末端自由轉(zhuǎn)向;需要操作者手腕轉(zhuǎn)動使鏡頭達(dá)到各腎盞尋找結(jié)石。雖然理論最大彎曲角度為225°,插入激光光纖時可以彎曲180°[6]。而實際插入激光光纖后軟鏡的彎曲角度變小,加之部分患者因解剖因素腎盂與腎下盞夾角過小,導(dǎo)致部分患者尤其是腎下盞結(jié)石雖然鏡下可以看見,而鈥激光光纖卻不能觸及結(jié)石,導(dǎo)致手術(shù)失敗或術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石,顯示出組合式輸尿管軟鏡對于腎下盞結(jié)石的處理有一定局限性。在降低殘石率方面,我們體會,術(shù)中病人頭低臀高位,同時將手術(shù)床向健側(cè)傾斜10°~15°,使腎盂呈喇叭狀、出口斜向下方,結(jié)石及碎塊容易移動至上、中組腎盞或腎盂,從而更有利于碎石。激光碎石功率宜選擇較低能量,0.6~1.0 J/ 10~15 Hz(6~15 W)。盡量從結(jié)石邊緣開始“蠶食”結(jié)石,避免“鉆孔法”或?qū)⒔Y(jié)石碎成較大石塊,否則不利于將結(jié)石進一步粉末化。如果下盞結(jié)石因角度問題光纖難以接觸結(jié)石,可以將光纖伸入腎盞內(nèi),在結(jié)石表面連續(xù)激發(fā)激光,使結(jié)石在腎盞壁與光纖頂端來回觸碰,結(jié)石不斷被切削變小。還可以將患側(cè)腎區(qū)抬高或頂起以方便碎石。按上述方法,只要結(jié)石碎裂,就有機會將其移動至上中盞或腎盂便于處理。

上段輸尿管結(jié)石術(shù)中結(jié)石上移是導(dǎo)致輸尿管硬鏡碎石失敗的主要原因。而經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)中平行腎盞結(jié)石的處理亦很棘手,要么增加皮腎通道,要么加大鏡體擺動,撕裂腎盞引起出血。我們應(yīng)用組合式輸尿管軟鏡處理輸尿管上段結(jié)石上移7例,經(jīng)皮腎鏡術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石5例,全部獲得成功,無手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。

Michel等[7]報道尿源性膿毒癥休克的病死率達(dá)20.0%~40.0%。本組57例中術(shù)后高熱7例,體溫38.5~39.6 ℃,血白細(xì)胞(10.6~16.2)×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞0.75~0.94,經(jīng)抗感染治療3~5天體溫恢復(fù)正常,無嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。我們認(rèn)為,術(shù)中常規(guī)留置輸尿管導(dǎo)引鞘和控制手術(shù)時間,降低術(shù)中灌注壓力以減少沖洗液、細(xì)菌、毒素的吸收,術(shù)前、術(shù)中有效使用抗生素,能夠減少或預(yù)防術(shù)中、術(shù)后感染并降低尿源性膿毒癥休克的發(fā)生率。術(shù)中避免使用灌注泵,用注射器根據(jù)視野的清晰程度給予低壓、間斷沖洗為好。

輸尿管軟鏡對于腎盂、腎盞和輸尿管上段疾病的診斷和治療具有不可替代的優(yōu)勢,尤其是聯(lián)合鈥激光應(yīng)用于上尿路2 cm以下結(jié)石的治療,微創(chuàng)高效[8]。對于新開展技術(shù)不成熟的單位,組合式輸尿管軟鏡能降低器械的使用成本,是不錯的選擇。患者易于接受,尤其對于腎盂和腎上、中盞結(jié)石成功率高。對于輸尿管上段結(jié)石上移及經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石的處理可作為很好的補充,但對腎盞憩室內(nèi)結(jié)石及下盞結(jié)石的處理有一定的局限性。

1 葉章群,吳柏霖.關(guān)注泌尿系結(jié)石的治療進展.中華泌尿外科雜志,2012,33(1):6-8.

2 Knudsen B,Miyaoka R,Shah K,et al.Durability of the next generation flexible fiberopitic ureteroscopes:a randomized prospective multi-institutional clinical trial.Urology,2010,75(3):534-538.

3 Afane JS,Olweny EO,Bercowsky E,et al.Flexible ureteroscopes:a single center evaluation of the durability and function of the new endoscopes smaller than 9Fr.J Urol,2000,164(4):1164-1168.

4 程 躍,嚴(yán)澤均,馬建偉,等.組合式輸尿管軟鏡聯(lián)合鈥激光治療腎結(jié)石46例報告.中華泌尿外科雜志,2012,33(1):29-31.

5 Bansal H,Swain S,Sharma GK,et al.Polyscope:a new era in flexible ureterorenoscopy.J Endourol,2011,25(2):317-321.

6 Bader MJ,Gratzke C,Walther S,et al.The PolyScope:a modular design,semidisposable flexible ureterorenoscope system.J Endourol,2010,24(7):1061-1066.

7 Michel MS,Trojan L,Rassweiler JJ,et al.Complications in percutaneous nephrolithotomy.Eur Urol,2007,51(4):899-906.

8 盧 劍,肖春雷,張樹棟,等.新型組合式輸尿管軟鏡治療上尿路結(jié)石的初步體會.中國微創(chuàng)外科雜志,2010,10(6):517-519.

(修回日期:2013-11-24)

(責(zé)任編輯:王惠群)

ModularFlexibleUreteroscopeCombinedwithHolmiumLaserfortheTreatmentofUpperUrinaryCalculi:aReportof57Cases

LiMing,HeHua,WanEnming,etal.

DepartmentofUrology,JianghanOilFieldGeneralHospital,Qianjiang433124,China

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and clinical value of modular flexible ureteroscope combined with holmium laser for the treatment of upper urinary calculi.MethodsA total of 57 patients with upper urinary calculi were treated, including 24 cases of calculi in upper and middle calyx, 14 cases of lower calyx calculi, 12 cases of renal pelvis calculi and 7 cases of upper ureteral calculi. The upper ureteral calculi of the 7 cases have all moved up to renal pelvis in rigid ureteroscope operations. Three cases of calculi in upper calyx and two cases of middle calyx calculi were residual calculi after PCNL. Two cases were combined with scoliosis. The diameter of the calculi ranged 9-24 mm (average, 16 mm). The patients were under general or spinal anesthesia and were at lithotomy position. After dilating the ureter, a F14flexible ureteral access sheath was inserted along the guide wire. Finally, Ho:YAG lithotripsy was performed by modular flexible ureteroscope. The cases with upper ureteral calculi were firstly performed by rigid ureteroscope, and modular flexible ureteroscope was used when the calculi moved up to renal pelvis. F5double J tube was indwelt regularly for 4-5 weeks postoperatively, and Foley-urethral tube was retained for 2-7 days. KUB was performed 2-3 days after the surgery to detect the results of lithotripsy and the position of double J tube.ResultsLithotripsy was performed successfully in 50 patients (87.7%, 50/57). In the cases with upper and middle calyx calculi, the stone-free rate was 95.8% (23/24); it was 64.3% (9/14) in the cases with lower calyx calculi, 91.7% (11/12) in the cases with renal pelvis calculi, and 100% (7/7) in the upper ureteral calculi which moved up to renal pelvis. The five cases with residual stones after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) went through operation successfully. The operation time was 40-120 min (average, 75 min). There were no severe complications such as ureteral perforation, septicemia or hemorrhage. Seven patients had postoperative high fever with temperature ranging 38.5-39.6 ℃, and were cured by anti-infective therapy after 3-5 days. The patients were discharged from hospital in 3-7 d (average, 5 d) postoperatively. All cases were reviewed with X-ray or B ultrasonography 4 weeks after operation, and double J tubes were removed simultaneously. The residual stones (diameter, 3-4 mm) were observed in 7 cases, which were all located in lower calyx and did not need further treatment.ConclusionsModular flexible ureteroscope is safe, effective and convenient for lithotripsy of the upper urinary calculi. It is a good supplement for the treatment of upper ureteral calculi and residual stones after PCNL.

Modular flexible ureteroscope; Holmium laser; Upper urinary calculi

R692.4

:A

:1009-6604(2014)02-0140-03

10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2014.02.015

2013-08-21)

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