丁立建,何 山,嚴(yán)小軍
寧波大學(xué)應(yīng)用海洋生物技術(shù)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,寧波315211
海洋微生物是生物活性物質(zhì)的重要來源[1-4],交替假單胞菌屬(Pseudoalteromonas )是1995 年由Gauthier 等[5]人由Alteromonas 分離出來并建立的一個(gè)新的海洋細(xì)菌屬。近二十年來,在世界范圍海洋中,分離到多株交替假單胞菌。它在海洋中的分布非常廣泛,分布全球各地,可以生活在海底泥里,也可以共附生一些海洋動(dòng)植物,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)交替假單胞菌屬具有保護(hù)其宿主比如無脊椎幼蟲、海藻和原生動(dòng)物等抵抗外界不良環(huán)境[6]。由于它特殊的生活環(huán)境,因此具有特殊的代謝途徑,產(chǎn)生許多結(jié)構(gòu)新穎、作用特殊的生物活性物質(zhì)。據(jù)報(bào)道它能產(chǎn)生抗腫瘤、抗菌、抗氧化、抗污和抑藻等各種生物活性物質(zhì)[7-26]。目前國外對(duì)該屬細(xì)菌已經(jīng)開展探索性研究,并分離出了多株具有活性的海洋假交替單胞菌[9,12,14,16,17]。中國海洋資源十分豐富,海洋環(huán)境復(fù)雜,但國內(nèi)對(duì)海洋交替假單胞菌研究較少,因此,開展針對(duì)海洋交替假單胞菌的研究具有很大的潛力。
海洋交替假單胞菌屬(Pseudoalteromonas )是一類輕度嗜鹽革蘭氏陰性、無芽孢、生鞭毛、需氧的海洋細(xì)菌,G+C 含量在37~50 mol%,生長(zhǎng)需要海水,生長(zhǎng)溫度在20 ℃左右,氧化酶陽性,主要以葡萄糖作為碳源,能夠生存于貧營養(yǎng)的海洋環(huán)境中[5,27]。與大多數(shù)可培養(yǎng)的菌屬不同,交替假單胞菌屬只能在海洋環(huán)境里分離得到,如卡內(nèi)奧赫灣海恬蝓、海綿、海洋無脊椎動(dòng)物表面、日本海藻共附生的細(xì)菌里、南極洋等中分離了海洋交替假單胞菌屬,這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明海洋交替假單胞菌在海洋環(huán)境的分布是很廣泛的。
據(jù)報(bào)道海洋交替假單胞菌能夠產(chǎn)生多種生物活性物質(zhì),包括抗菌、抗線蟲、抑藻、抗氧化、抗腫瘤等活性物質(zhì)。
Domonkos 等[7]從卡內(nèi)奧赫灣海恬蝓中分離了海洋交替假單胞菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. (CMMED 290),其代謝提取物顯示了對(duì)耐青霉素金黃色葡萄球菌具有顯著的抗菌活性。其中提取的親脂性產(chǎn)物中鑒定了兩個(gè)新的高度溴化的化合物,pentabromopseudilin 和bromophene。Isnansetyo 和Kamei 等[19]從海洋細(xì)菌Pseudoalteromonas phenolica sp. nov. 中得到1 個(gè)新的抗生素MC21-A,該化合物對(duì)耐青霉素金黃色葡萄球菌有殺菌作用,其作用效果與萬古霉素相當(dāng),但是作用機(jī)制與萬古霉素不同,MC21-A 主要是通過透化(permeabilization)細(xì)菌細(xì)胞膜來發(fā)揮作用的。Alim 等[12]通過發(fā)酵海洋細(xì)菌Pseudoalteromonas phenolica O-BC30T,并利用硅膠柱色譜、高效液相色譜分離純化得到MC21-B 化合物,通過紫外光譜、紅外光譜、質(zhì)譜和核磁共振波譜分析鑒定結(jié)構(gòu)。此外,通過體外實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)它對(duì)耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌有抗性,最小抑制濃度達(dá)1 μg/mL。而且還發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)枯草芽孢桿菌抗菌活性很強(qiáng),最小抑制濃度達(dá)4 μg/mL,但對(duì)革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌和真菌沒抗性。2008 年,Wimolpun 等[14]在日本海藻Diginea sp.共附生的細(xì)菌里分離了一種交替假單胞菌屬,從該海洋細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)液提取出能抑制其他海洋細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)的代謝物。從這個(gè)細(xì)菌里分離了兩種新的四肽化合物,分別是環(huán)-(苯丙,脯,亮,脯)四肽和環(huán)-(異亮,脯,亮,丙)四肽,發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)芽孢桿菌和弧菌有生長(zhǎng)抑制作用。
Zheng 等[28]從海綿Hymeniacidon perleve 中分離出海洋交替假單胞菌NJ6-3-1,其發(fā)酵物經(jīng)色譜分析、結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定,得到1 個(gè)β-咔啉生物堿Norharman。Norharman 在體外對(duì)人宮頸癌細(xì)胞HeLa 和胃癌細(xì)胞BGC-823 具有顯著的細(xì)胞毒活性,IC50為5 μg/mL。Domonks 等[13]從夏威夷島海綿里分離出一株海洋細(xì)菌,通過16s rDNA 分子鑒定為交替假單胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas rubra ),為了從該細(xì)菌里發(fā)現(xiàn)新的海洋藥物先導(dǎo)化合物,Pseudoalteromonas rubra 發(fā)酵提取親脂性的代謝物,發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)人類的腫瘤細(xì)胞有細(xì)胞毒活性,通過現(xiàn)代色譜和波譜技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)活性成分是一種靈菌紅素,并命名為HBPG,該化合物對(duì)大腸桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌和白色念球菌有很好的抑菌效果。
Francesco 等[9]從海洋無脊椎動(dòng)物表面分離出海洋細(xì)菌Pseudoalteromonas tunicata D2,通過提取該細(xì)菌的代謝產(chǎn)物,鑒定出一個(gè)化合物tambjamine YP1,此化合物具有抗菌、抗腫瘤、免疫抑制劑、抗擴(kuò)散等作用,而且在本研究中首次發(fā)現(xiàn)該化合物具有抗線蟲的作用。這也恰恰說明了無脊椎動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生抗線蟲的作用是由宿主細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的。
Ashley Franks 等[16]首次從海洋細(xì)菌Pseudoalteromonas tunicata 分離到一種新的黃色色素化合物并通過核磁共振一維和二維圖譜以及高分辨率質(zhì)譜鑒定為tambjamine 生物堿類化合物。這是人們?cè)诤Q蠹?xì)菌里的首次發(fā)現(xiàn),可以為人們?cè)诤Q罄镎业叫碌纳靥峁┮欢ǖ幕A(chǔ)。
Maya 等[17]從寒冷的南極洋里發(fā)現(xiàn)海洋細(xì)菌Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC12 能產(chǎn)生胞外8種環(huán)二肽和2 種多肽。通過制備型液相色譜和和核磁共振分離鑒定其結(jié)構(gòu)。其中一種環(huán)二肽是首次發(fā)現(xiàn)這類結(jié)構(gòu),命名為環(huán)-(哌可啉,異亮氨酸)二肽。另外一種多肽通過DPPH 抗氧化研究,其抗氧化活性達(dá)75%(10 mmol),命名為酪氨酸-纈氨酸-脯氨酸-亮氨酸肽。
Taizo Sakata 等[15]在日本鹿兒島海灣海水里分離到一株海洋交替假單胞Pseudoalteromonas sp.A1-J11,它能產(chǎn)生三種羥基喹啉類化合物,對(duì)弧菌有一定的抗性。通過紙碟法研究其抑藻活性,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一種分離的化合物AVS-03d 對(duì)硅藻的生長(zhǎng)有很強(qiáng)的抑制。
Kaneo 等[29]從帕勞群島海域上的海綿中分離了一株海洋細(xì)菌,通過16SrDNA 測(cè)定序列鑒定為Pseudoalteromonas sp.KP20,對(duì)其進(jìn)行40 L 體積的發(fā)酵,發(fā)酵液過大孔樹脂富集,用甲醇洗脫,對(duì)餾分進(jìn)行各種柱層析和HPLC 制備得到一個(gè)化合物,運(yùn)用質(zhì)譜和核磁共振技術(shù)對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行鑒定,最終發(fā)現(xiàn)此化合物為鐵載體,這是首次在海洋交替假單胞菌里發(fā)現(xiàn)。
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目前海洋微生物中研究的較多的是放線菌和藍(lán)細(xì)菌等門類,海洋交替假單胞菌作為一種新屬能夠產(chǎn)生多種不同的活性物質(zhì),當(dāng)前還處于初級(jí)研究階段,因此被認(rèn)為是21 世紀(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)新型海洋藥物先導(dǎo)化合物的重要來源。近年來基因組學(xué)、生物信息學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)均取得突破性進(jìn)展,我們認(rèn)為,如何在傳統(tǒng)天然藥物化學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合這些先進(jìn)的技術(shù),對(duì)海洋交替假單胞菌開展研究,是未來具有前景的研究領(lǐng)域:(1)哈佛大學(xué)christtopher T. Walsh 教授于2010 年提出“天然產(chǎn)物2.0”的概念,即從基因的角度發(fā)現(xiàn)天然產(chǎn)物[30],主要是通過基因工程的技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)、組合、合成一些隱性基因的天然產(chǎn)物[31-34]。比如Leah C.Blasiak 等[35]通過異源表達(dá)的方法,對(duì)海洋交替假單胞菌中的一些隱性天然產(chǎn)物基因進(jìn)行幾個(gè)模塊的表達(dá),通過液相色譜分離技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了2 個(gè)從未發(fā)現(xiàn)過的新物質(zhì),這對(duì)海洋假交替單胞菌天然產(chǎn)物活性物質(zhì)的研究提供了一種新思維、新途徑。(2)近年了相繼出現(xiàn)了組學(xué)技術(shù)比如基因組學(xué)、轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)、蛋白組學(xué)、代謝組學(xué)等,他們對(duì)海洋細(xì)菌的天然產(chǎn)物的研究提供了強(qiáng)有力技術(shù)支持。特別是代謝組學(xué)技術(shù),通過代謝組學(xué)篩選天然產(chǎn)物和研究其生物合成的途徑以及代謝調(diào)控機(jī)制,以期找到更多的新穎的化合物[36-39],為尋找具有藥物活性的先導(dǎo)化合物提供更廣闊的空間。
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