撰文 （美國）喬 · 布萊恩 · 布雷

Text by Dr. Jon Bryan BURLEY,FASLA (US)

翻譯 王斯卉

Translation by WANG Si-hui

圖01 云南麗江，2008（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig,01 A drawing of Li Jiang in the Yunnan,2008 (Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

非常高興能夠為讀者和《風(fēng)景園林》雜志做一些工作。編輯投入了很多的精力，每一期都在探索有趣各異的問題。

自2005年第一次訪問中國，我認識了很多優(yōu)秀的風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)實踐者和學(xué)者。中國創(chuàng)造了很多世界著名的園林作品。非常高興能夠看到中國風(fēng)景園林的迅速發(fā)展并且充滿活力。世界上的很多國家在風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)的發(fā)展時期都會遇到關(guān)于風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)涵蓋范圍的不同觀點的討論。無疑，風(fēng)景園林既包括種植設(shè)計，又包括場地設(shè)計、城市設(shè)計、游憩用地、土地利用規(guī)劃和生態(tài)景觀規(guī)劃等內(nèi)容。中國優(yōu)秀的風(fēng)景園林院校有較廣的學(xué)科設(shè)置并將這些學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)知識授予學(xué)生。我有幸訪問過上海、杭州、香港、廣州、南京和北京的一些大學(xué)，希望以后能訪問更多風(fēng)景園林院校。中國人包括學(xué)者們都具有熱情友好的文化傳統(tǒng)。我將盡力促成中國人民的美好愿望，向西方傳達中國的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)。我的西方同事認為我是個中國通，在美國密歇根州立大學(xué)參加我的課程的中國學(xué)生驚訝于我對中國的了解、對中國的熱愛和對中國的理念的欣賞。但是，我只是一個仍有很多中國的知識需要學(xué)習(xí)的一個學(xué)生。我享受在中國的旅行，我將中國旅行中的速寫附在文中。

中國風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科的成長與發(fā)展非常迅速。自2007年以來，我很幸運與來自中國的12位訪問學(xué)者在美國或法國一起撰寫論文、討論教學(xué)方式、交換設(shè)計理念。這種合作激勵人心并且很有意義。這些文章包括：

Wei,S.,C.Fleurant,and J.B.Burley. 2012.Replicating fractal structures with the reverse box counting method-an urban South-east Asian example. Buhmann,E.,S.Ervin,and M Pietsch(eds.) In:Peer Reviewed Proceedings of Digital Landscape Architecture 2012 at Anhalt University of Applied Sciences. Wichmann:364-370.

Yue,Z.,S.Wei,and J.B.Burley. 2012. Non-Euclidian methods to replicate urban and garden patterns in P.R.of China. International Journal of Energy,6(3):105-114.

Darkovskaya,A.S.,X.Li,and J.B.Burley.2010. Historical continuity:landscape monuments and sacred places:connecting the past with the present. Harmony and Prosperity,Traditional Inheritance and Sustainable Development,47th IFLA Congress and CHSLA Annual Meeting,Suzhou China.

圖02 在河中的船上看桂林象鼻山，2009（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.02 A drawing of Elephant Rock,Guilin from a boat on the river,2009 (Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

圖03 桂林，2009（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.03 A drawing in Guilin,2009 (Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

Wang H,S.Chen,and J.B.Burley.2010.The prohibitive regulation tablet,Xiaoling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty. Harmony and Prosperity,Traditional Inheritance and Sustainable Development,47th IFLA Congress and CHSLA Annual Meeting,Suzhou China.

我結(jié)識了一些知名的學(xué)者，并且非常尊敬他們，包括：南京林業(yè)大學(xué)的王浩教授、北京林業(yè)大學(xué)的李雄教授、香港的陳弘志教授、北京大學(xué)俞孔堅教授、仲愷農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)院的韋松林副院長、上海同濟大學(xué)劉濱誼教授。南京林業(yè)大學(xué)的王浩教授是中國令我印象最為深刻的風(fēng)景園林學(xué)者。他很謙遜，擁有幫助教員取得學(xué)術(shù)成就的智慧，非常努力幫助年輕教師取得學(xué)術(shù)上的成就。這一點與西方關(guān)心整個團隊和個體成功的管理方式相似。在中國，同一個研究機構(gòu)內(nèi)，教授通過建立自己的研究團隊可以在與其他教授的競爭中會更有學(xué)術(shù)競爭力。而在西方，教授與大學(xué)內(nèi)的其他教授一起合作來與其他大學(xué)相競爭。因此在西方的大學(xué)中有更多協(xié)調(diào)、共享和合作。在西方，學(xué)生對大學(xué)、學(xué)院和所有的教授忠誠。而在中國的一些地區(qū)，學(xué)生往往忠于自己的家庭和國家，這樣的文化差異使得一名教授帶領(lǐng)自己的團隊與其他教授和團隊競爭的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。但我不認為這樣的中國特色是不正確的，而這只是我觀察到的差異，是對中國文化的尊重。

圖04 廣州孫中山紀念堂，2009（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.04 A drawing in Guongzhou of the Sun Yat-sen museum site,2009 (Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

圖05 南京貔貅，2009（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.05 A drawing of the dragon's son in Nanjing,2009 (Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

圖06 工人在拱下休息，南京，2008（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.06 A drawing of the dismounting arch,Nanjing,with workers resting,2008(Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

在中國，教授由于個人專業(yè)學(xué)識和在學(xué)院中的學(xué)術(shù)成就而受到獎勵。教授的聲譽和認可在中國有極其重要的價值。會議上的發(fā)言人和項目負責(zé)人都是根據(jù)聲譽而選擇的。著名的教授可以撰寫并且多次重復(fù)寫關(guān)于同一個研究并得到廣泛認可，這與西方是完全不同的。在西方，不出名但智慧的學(xué)者有機會參與各種學(xué)術(shù)活動，因為其演講的內(nèi)容是基于公正的評價方法和新的思路。演講者的選擇過程往往是盲評（選擇者不了解演講者的研究、獲得的獎項和比賽獎勵）。這意味著，獲得無數(shù)獎項和發(fā)表很多作品的教授和學(xué)者都必須不斷的發(fā)展創(chuàng)新，而不是止步于自己的聲譽。一個人的聲譽不如新的發(fā)現(xiàn)更被重視，年輕的專業(yè)人士和學(xué)者也可以通過新的理念和信息而獲得上升的空間。更多經(jīng)驗豐富的教授和學(xué)者必須不停的完善發(fā)展創(chuàng)新想法，否則很快將被遺忘。因此，王浩教授（包括其他中國教授）的洞察力給我留下了深刻的印象，幫助我了解到了這些差異，這將有助于中國教師參與全球的競爭。

上面提到過的那些中國教授，非常清楚中國的大學(xué)如何努力以提高其在世界上的排名。這更多需要世界合作、能夠為全球?qū)W術(shù)界撰寫同行審閱的學(xué)術(shù)論文等方面的努力，更需要教師進行西方要求的、基于社會學(xué)和自然科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)分析的研究，并且通過不知名的作者雙重盲審評估。目前，有些人認為，中國風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科的博士學(xué)位論文的撰寫是以項目為基礎(chǔ)的，主要為文獻綜述、討論等而沒有實際的研究（沒有新的發(fā)現(xiàn)或者發(fā)現(xiàn)以前研究遺漏的部分）。對中國學(xué)者來說，如果沒有真正意義的研究基礎(chǔ)很難在國際期刊上發(fā)表文章。智慧的中國教授，例如王浩，認識到這樣的困境并幫助教師提高這方面的水平。雖然中國的大學(xué)非常好，但是中國的大學(xué)很難進入世界前100名，因為教師和校友很難在世界范圍內(nèi)獲獎，不能持續(xù)的在世界頂級刊物發(fā)表文章。雖然我不是中國人，但是我希望看到中國的大學(xué)能夠持續(xù)在世界前100名大學(xué)的排名中。我愿意幫助中國實現(xiàn)這一夢想。我一直認為，中國的成功和繁榮將有利于世界的發(fā)展。

北京林業(yè)大學(xué)出版的《風(fēng)景園林》雜志的《藝者匠心錄》專欄，由我和楊云峰博士共同主持，我們愿與中國的研究機構(gòu)、風(fēng)景園林學(xué)教授共同為促進中國的大學(xué)進入世界排名前100名而做出微小而重要的努力。

遺憾的是，大學(xué)的排名與被湯森路透ISI數(shù)據(jù)庫選錄的期刊文章相關(guān)聯(lián)，這一點并非完全公正的。如果不熟悉這個數(shù)據(jù)庫，那么學(xué)者需要研究整個系統(tǒng)。很多大學(xué)希望教師在這個數(shù)據(jù)庫中收錄的高影響因子的雜志中發(fā)表文章。然而，這個列表對于新期刊和非英語期刊是不公正的。列表中的期刊甚至沒有同行評審。

我堅信，北京林業(yè)大學(xué)出版的《風(fēng)景園林》雜志無疑應(yīng)該在湯森路透的ISI數(shù)據(jù)庫中，這本雜志的質(zhì)量很高。對這本雜志來說，被ISI數(shù)據(jù)庫收錄是一個挑戰(zhàn)，因為當(dāng)試圖說服西方學(xué)者向風(fēng)景園林雜志提交稿件時，他們會考慮雜志是否被數(shù)據(jù)庫收錄或者影響因子是多少，西方學(xué)者是有選擇性的，因為他們的機構(gòu)期望教師的期刊幫助提高大學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)排名。這一點會影響作者將稿件提交到《藝者匠心錄》。我希望《風(fēng)景園林》雜志能夠通過世界的專業(yè)學(xué)者來發(fā)展良好的全球聲譽。

楊云峰博士和我將系列標題定義為《藝者匠心錄》是因為學(xué)者必須著眼于科學(xué)（創(chuàng)造新知識），專業(yè)人士必須著眼于藝術(shù)（決定設(shè)計什么）。所以，學(xué)者和行業(yè)從業(yè)者的角色略有不同?！讹L(fēng)景園林》雜志是將兩者結(jié)合的刊物。非常高興能和楊云峰博士、雜志編輯一起工作，他們是很好的團隊，北京林業(yè)大學(xué)也是一所非常優(yōu)秀的大學(xué)。

我希望這些案例研究能夠幫助理解西方的風(fēng)景園林。將來，這些案例也許會匯編成冊，連同一些章節(jié)共同闡釋如何做研究。

圖07 靈山大佛，無錫，2007（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.07 A drawing of the Lingshan giant Buddha,near Wuxi,2007(Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

圖08 龍門石窟石像，洛陽，2008（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.08 A drawing of some stone statues at the Longmen Grottoes near Louyang,2008(Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

我將參加2013年11月17～19日在南京林業(yè)大學(xué)召開的WSEAS（世界科學(xué)工程學(xué)會）第六屆世界風(fēng)景園林會議并和大家討論。同時我也會建議中國風(fēng)景園林學(xué)者考慮參會，演講其已經(jīng)被同行評審過的論文并發(fā)表在他們的期刊中（詳見http://www.wseas.org/wseas/cms.action）

It has been a great pleasure to serve the readership and the editors of Landscape Architecture.The publication is produced with great care and every issue is extremely interesting to examine.

Since first visiting China in 2005,I have met so many great practitioners and academics in P.R.of China.Chinese landscape architecture is thriving and energetic.Chinese landscape architects produce some of the most significant landscape architecture in the world.It has been very enjoyable to observe the growth of landscape architecture in China.As in numerous countries around the world,the formative period of the profession is met with various perspectives about what the fundamentals of landscape architecture are about.Yes,it does include planting design,but it also includes site design,urban design,recreational lands,land-use planning,and landscape planning.The best schools of landscape architecture in China recognize this breadth and successfully instruct students in these basics.I have been extremely lucky to visit Chinese universities in Shanghai,Hangzhou,Hong Kong,Guangzhou,Nanjing,and Beijing and I hope to visit more in the future.The Chinese people and intellectuals are a very gracious and generous culture and individuals.I have done as much as I can to promote the good will of the Chinese people and to lecture to Western audiences about the virtues of China.Colleagues in the West consider me an expert about China and Chinese students who attend my lectures about China at MSU are impressed with my knowledge about Chinese issues,my love for China,and my appreciation of the Chinese perspective.But I say,I am just a student of China with still much to learn.I have enjoyed traveling in China and I have included a few sketches of my travels in China for your inspection.

The growth and development of landscape architectural academics in China is also improving.Since 2007,I have been lucky to have 12 Chinese visiting professors work with me in either the USA or France writing papers together,discussing teaching methods,and debating about design philosophies.The collaboration has been invigorating,stimulating,and extremely rewarding.Some of the papers include:

Wei,S.,C.Fleurant,and J.B.Burley. 2012.Replicating fractal structures with the reverse box counting method-an urban South-east Asian example. Buhmann,E.,S.Ervin,and M Pietsch(eds.) In:Peer Reviewed Proceedings of Digital Landscape Architecture 2012 at Anhalt University of Applied Sciences. Wichmann:364-370.

Yue,Z.,S.Wei,and J.B.Burley. 2012. Non-Euclidian methods to replicate urban and garden patterns in P.R.of China. International Journal of Energy,6(3):105-114.

Darkovskaya,A.S.,X.Li,and J.B.Burley.2010. Historical continuity:landscape monuments and sacred places:connecting the past with the present. Harmony and Prosperity,Traditional Inheritance and Sustainable Development,47th IFLA Congress and CHSLA Annual Meeting,Suzhou China.

Wang H,S.Chen,and J.B.Burley. 2010.The prohibitive regulation tablet,Xiaoling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty. Harmony and Prosperity,Traditional Inheritance and Sustainable Development,47th IFLA Congress and CHSLA Annual Meeting,Suzhou China.

圖09 西湖，杭州，2007（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.09 A drawing of Xi Hu and Hangzhou,2007 (Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

圖10 南華寺噴水的龍，廣東，2009（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.10 A drawing of a dragon spewing water at the Nanhua Buddhist Temple complex in Guangdong,2009 (Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

圖11 孔子和鼎，上海，2006（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.11 A drawing of Confucius and a ding,Shanghai,2006(Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

Some of the well known individuals that I have met and greatly admire include Leslie Chen in Hong Kong,Kongjian Yu in Beijing,Songlin Wei in Guangzhou,Binyi Liu in Shanghai,and Hao Wang in Nanjing.Hao Wang at Nanjing Forestry University is a prime example concerning how impressed I am with Chinese landscape architectural academics.He is very humble and works very hard to assist young and emerging faculty members to become better and achieve success. He,like the others I have met,has the wisdom to facilitate faculty in a manner similar to Western administrators who are concerned about the whole team and the success of everybody at the university.Being an academic in China can be highly competitive with each professor building a personal team and competing with colleagues within the same institution.However,professors in the West are more inclined to work together within the university and compete between universities.But within a Western university there is a fair amount of harmony,sharing,and cooperation.In the West,students are loyal to their university,department,and all of the professors.In some parts of China,students may often only be loyal to their family,country,and a single professor leading a specif ic team,competing against other professors and their teams.I do not believe this Chinese style is incorrect,but rather I have observed and noted the differences. There is so much to admire about Chinese cultural norms.

In China,sometimes,professors are rewarded for their own personal expertise and success at the expense of others within their own department.A professor's reputation and national identity is extremely important and valuable in China.People are chosen and selected to speak at conferences and to design projects based upon reputation.In China,an important professor can write and re-write the same study numerous times and be highly recognized.It is quite different in the West.Unknown but brilliant people have an opportunity to be featured and selected because the content for presentation and selection are based upon an unbiased evaluation method and new ideas.The selection process is often blind reviewed(the selectors do not know the identity of the manuscripts,awards,and competitions).This means that those professionals and academics in the West who have won numerous awards and contributed many publications are able to continually evolve,developing new and better ideas,not living off their reputations. Young professionals and academics with new ideas and information have a chance to rise to the top.More seasoned professionals and academics must continually improve,develop new ideas,and information or they will be quickly forgotten.In the West,one's reputation is less important and being able to develop something new is more highly valued.Thus I have been impressed with Hao Wang's insight (along with others in China) to understand these differences and to help Chinese faculty compete globally.

Individuals such as Leslie Chen,Kongjian Yu,Songlin Wei,Binyi Liu,and Hao Wang seem to understand what is must take for Chinese universities to rise higher in the world rankings of universities.It takes world collaboration and the ability to write peer-reviewed research papers for a global academic audience.This is accomplished by having faculty who can conduct research in the Western sense,meaning statistically analyzed information in the social and natural sciences affiliated with landscape architectural research under double blind peer reviewed evaluation were the reputation of the authors is unknown.At present in China,some people might believe that too many landscape architectural PhDs are awarded for dissertations that are project based,primarily literature reviews,some discussion,but almost no actual research (meaning something discovered that is new information or something rediscovered that was lost).It is often difficult for Chinese academics to publish in international journals who are not trained in the fundamentals of true research.Wise Chinese academics such as Hao Wang recognized this dilemma and have worked hard to help the faculty rise to this important standard. While Chinese universities are very good,currently it is difficult for Chinese universities to be listed in the top 100 world university rankings because the faculty and alumni earn few top world awards and are unable to publish consistently in the top world journals.Even though I am not Chinese,it is my dream and desire to see Chinese universities consistently be ranked in the world's top 100 universities.I wish to repay my great debt of kindness to the Chinese people.I have always believed that a successful and prosperous China is good for the world.

圖12 湖中船上的鸕鶿，江蘇，2009（COPIC馬克筆，美國三福彩色鉛筆，鋼筆）Fig.12 A drawing of cormorants on a boat over a lake in Jiangsu Province,2009 (Copic markers,prismacolor pencils and pen on paper).

The series "Landscape Architecture-the Combination of Science and Art" published in Landscape Architecture,a publication of Beijing Forestry University,featured by myself (trained at the University of Michigan) and now working at Michigan State University (a top 100 university)and my esteemed colleague Dr.Yun-feng Yang(trained at Beijing Forestry University) and working at Nanjing Forestry University,is a small but important part of this step to help Chinese institutions and particularly Chinese landscape architecture professors make a contribution to help their universities' rise to the top 100.

It is unfortunate that the ranking system of universities is tied to the publication of journals that are dominated by the Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge,as this web has many biases.If one is not familiar with this web,it is important for academics to investigate this system. Many universities prefer their faculty to publish in journals that are listed in the Thomson Reuters list and to publish in a journal with a high impact factor. However,the list is biased against new journals and non-English journals.Some of the journals in the list are not even peer-reviewed journals.

I f irmly believe that Landscape Architecture published by Beijing Forestry University should without question be part of the Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge.The journal is of a very high quality.But it is a challenge for such journals to be on the list.When soliciting Western academics to submit manuscripts to Landscape Architecture,some were concerned with whether or not the journal was on Thomson Reuter's list and what the impact factor of the journal was?Western academics can be very selective because their institutions wish to have their faculty publish in journals that count towards the academic ranking of the university.At times this approach limited who was willing to contribute to this special series.It is my hope that the publication Landscape Architecture will develop an excellent global reputation by professionals around the world.

In closing,Dr.Yan-feng Yang and I chose the title of this series because academics must focus on the science (creating new knowledge)and professionals must focus on the art (deciding what to design).So the role of the academic and the role of the professional are somewhat different.Landscape Architecture is a publication that features both types of efforts.It has been a great pleasure to work with Dr.Yan-feng Yang and the editors of Landscape Architecture.They are a great team and Beijing Forestry University is a great university.

I hope that these research case studies have been helpful in comprehending the work of landscape researchers in the West.Possibly in the future these case studies may be compiled into a book along with some chapters concerning how to conduct research.

I would encourage Chinese landscape architectural academics to consider participating in the 6th International Landscape Architecture Conference,WSEAS (World Scientif ic Engineering and Academic Society) meeting November 17th-19th 2013 at Naning Forestry University to present a peer reviewed paper and have the opportunity to publish in their journals.Information can be found at:http://www.wseas.org/wseas/cms.action

I plan to be at that conference and I would be happy to talk to you in Nanjing.

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所有圖片版權(quán)為喬·布萊恩·布雷所有，經(jīng)許可后使用，保留所有權(quán)利。

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All figures's copyright ? 2008 Jon Bryan Burley,used by permission,all rights reserved.