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悲慘世界:愛的恩典,新生的彼岸

2013-04-29 00:44:03陳文宇
新東方英語 2013年6期
關鍵詞:賽特主教革命

陳文宇

1862年,法國大文豪維克多·雨果(Victor Hugo)寫下了影響后世的巨作《悲慘世界》(Les Misérables);2010年,克勞德·勛伯格(Claude Schroenberg)讓《悲慘世界》作為經典音樂劇唱響全球;2012年,曾獲奧斯卡最佳導演的英國導演湯姆·霍伯(Tom Hooper)在勛伯格的《悲慘世界》25周年紀念演唱會的版本基礎上,改編并完美融合了舞臺音樂劇與電影藝術,將這個傳世百余年的經典故事再次搬上了大銀幕。影片上映后好評不斷,不僅吸引了大批音樂劇粉絲,還讓從未欣賞過音樂劇的觀眾領略了音樂劇與電影交織在一起的藝術魅力。

湯姆·霍伯要求演員在表演時要現場演唱,而非后期錄音。此外,影片還大量使用特寫和近景鏡頭鎖定演員的臉部,要求演員通過面部表情的變化傳達每一絲細膩的情感。這都對演員的唱功和演技提出了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。好萊塢女星安妮·海瑟薇(Anne Hathaway)憑借她在影片中飾演的芳?。‵antine)一角摘得第85屆奧斯卡最佳女配角獎,扮演冉·阿讓(Jean Valjean)一角的“金剛狼”休·杰克曼(Hugh Jackman)因其杰出的演技獲得第85屆奧斯卡最佳男主角提名,影片本身也獲得了第85屆奧斯卡最佳影片的提名。

上帝之愛的救贖

1815年,法國大革命爆發(fā)后的第26年,法國處在復辟的波旁王朝統(tǒng)治之下,民不聊生,哀鴻遍野。影片的核心人物冉·阿讓因給快餓死的外甥偷了一塊面包,就被嚴苛的法律判以盜竊罪,經受了19年的牢獄之災。19年后,他等到了被假釋的那一天,但也等來了一張“黃色身份證”——假釋證明書。他要終身攜帶這一證件,嚴格按照上面寫著的行程去各地報備,時刻警告世人自己是個危險分子。若違反了這一假釋條例,他將再次面臨被捕的厄運。在看押冉·阿讓的警官沙威(Javert)看來,冉·阿讓不是一個有尊嚴、有名字的人,而只是盜竊犯24601。

Javert: Now Prisoner 24601, your time is up and your parole (假釋) has begun. You know what that means?

Jean Valjean: Yes. It means Im free.

Javert: No. Follow to the letter of your itinerary (日程). This badge of shame youll show it until you die. It warns youre a dangerous man.

Jean Valjean: I stole a loaf of bread. My sisters child was close to death. We were starving.

Javert: You will starve again unless you learn the meaning of the law.

Jean Valjean: I know the meaning of those nineteen years.

Javert: A slave of the law! Five years for what you did; the rest because you tried to run. Yes, 24601!

Jean Valjean: My name is Jean Valjean!

Javert: And Im Javert! Do not forget me, 24601!

對冉·阿讓來說,自由是個奢侈的字眼。世人對背負“黃色身份證”的他避之唯恐不及,沒人愿意接近他,沒人給他工作,他甚至找不到躲避寒冷夜晚的一隅。近乎絕望的他無比仇恨無情的法律和這個冷漠的世界。然而,冉·阿讓沒有想到,當他走投無路來到一家教堂時,米里哀主教(Bishop Myriel)向他伸出了援助之手。主教不問他的由來就向他提供了食物和床鋪,而且待他極為和善。但冉·阿讓卻因一時貪念枉費了主教的善意,偷走了教堂的銀器。在逃跑的路上,他被警察抓回。當警察把冉·阿讓押到主教面前時,主教并未生氣,而是告訴警察這些銀器是他送給這個可憐人的禮物。主教的慈悲心腸和善意的勸告觸動了冉·阿讓充滿恨意的心。面對教堂中的耶穌基督圣像,冉·阿讓開始叩問自己的內心。

Jean Valjean: Why did I allow this man to touch my soul and teach me love? He treated me like any other. He gave me his trust. He called me brother. My life he claims for God above. Can such things be? For I had come to hate the world, this world that always hated me! Take an eye for an eye (以牙還牙)! Turn your heart into stone! This is all I have lived for! This is all I have known! One word from him (指米里哀主教) and Ill be back, beneath the lash, upon the rack (刑架). Instead he offers me my freedom. I feel my shame inside me like a knife. He told me that I have a soul. How does he know? What spirit comes to move my life? Is there another way to go? I am reaching, but I fall. And the night is closing in, as I stare into the void to the whirlpool of my sin. Ill escape now from that world. From the world of Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean is nothing now! Another story must begin!

被主教感化的冉·阿讓決定放下仇恨,重新開始。他將“黃色身份證”撕碎拋向無際的天邊,與過去的自己徹底決裂。

八年后,更名為馬德蘭(Madeleinel)的冉·阿讓不僅擁有了自己的工廠,還當上了市長,成為上流社會的富人。但與其他富人不同,他把絕大多數錢都捐給了慈善機構和窮人們,盡己所能幫助他們。在市民的眼中,馬德蘭是上帝派來的正義使者,是仁慈的化身。

冉·阿讓本可以繼續(xù)做受人敬重的市長,但沙威的出現攪亂了他的生活。沙威被當局派來協(xié)助馬德蘭市長的工作,一次偶然的事件讓他驚異地發(fā)現馬德蘭很像他一直在尋找的違反假釋條例的逃犯24601。沙威偷偷將這一發(fā)現上報當局,卻被當局告知他認錯了人,因為逃犯24601已經落網。得知這一消息的沙威覺得自己錯怪和冒犯了上司,于是他將整件事的始末告訴馬德蘭市長,畢恭畢敬地向他道歉。

面對沙威,冉·阿讓表面上不露聲色,內心卻在經歷驚濤駭浪:自己明明是當年的24601,那么那個落網的可憐人又是誰?他是任由這個無辜的人替自己承受牢獄之災,還是拋棄現有的一切,向法庭說出實情?冉·阿讓一次又一次向自己的靈魂深處追問,問自己該怎么做,問自己到底是誰。

Jean Valjean: They think that man is me, without a second glance? This man could be my chance! Why should I save his hide? Why should I right this wrong, when I have come so far and struggled for so long? If I speak I am condemned. If I stay silent I am damned! I am the master of hundreds of workers. They all look to me. Can I abandon them? How would they live if I am not free? If I speak they are condemned. If I stay silent I am damned! Who am I? Can I condemn this man to slavery? Pretend I do not feel his agony? Can I conceal myself for ever more? Pretend Im not the man I was before? Must I lie? How can I ever face my fellow man? How can I ever face myself again? My soul belongs to God, I know. I made that bargain long ago. He (指米里哀主教) gave me hope when hope was gone! He gave me strength to journey on! Who am I? Who am I? Im Jean Valjean! Who am I? 24601!

在一番痛苦的掙扎中,冉·阿讓想起主教曾以上帝之名救贖了他,告訴他要做個誠實的人。他終于明白過去不可能過去,他必須接受即將到來的屈辱。他走上法庭公布了自己的真實身份。在接受法律制裁前,他還要完成一個心愿:去醫(yī)院看望垂死的芳汀。

芳汀曾是他工廠里一名年輕貌美的女工。她因不堪工頭的污穢言語與他發(fā)生爭執(zhí),被工頭掃地出門。對于她這樣一個年輕的單身女人來說,沒有工作,沒有住處,無疑是被生活判了死刑。她為了給寄養(yǎng)在親戚家的私生女珂賽特(Cosette)寄生活費,被迫淪為娼妓。饑寒交迫和備受摧殘的生活讓她染上了重病。其實芳汀與工頭發(fā)生爭執(zhí)時,冉·阿讓也在工廠。但他當時為了躲避前來任職的沙威,將此事交給了工頭處理。當后來得知皆是因自己未及時干預而造成了芳汀的悲劇后,他懊悔不已。在芳汀臨終前,他來到她的病榻前,答應替她照顧珂賽特。然而,就在他告別已安息的芳汀、準備去找珂賽特時,沙威出現了。冉·阿讓苦苦哀求沙威給他三天時間拯救珂賽特,沙威卻拔出利劍,以維護法律之名要將他帶走。兩人一番激烈的打斗后,冉·阿讓跳入河中逃走。

冉·阿讓最終找到了珂賽特,那個像芳汀一樣美麗柔弱的小女孩。他親眼看到珂賽特被寄養(yǎng)家庭當作苦工役使,過著被嘲諷和冷落的生活。他堅守對芳汀的承諾,將珂賽特帶走,還答應珂賽特會做她的父親,照顧她一輩子。在夜行的馬車中,在倚靠在身邊的珂賽特那稚嫩而充滿信賴的眼神中,冉·阿讓第一次感受到強烈的愛與責任感。

Jean Valjean: Suddenly youre here. Suddenly it starts. Can two anxious hearts beat as one? Yesterday I was alone. Today you walk beside me. Suddenly the world seems a different place, somehow full of grace, full of light. How was I to know that so much hope was held inside me? What is past is gone. Now we journey on through the night. How was I to know at last that happiness can come so fast? Trusting me the way you do. Im so afraid of failing you, just a child who cannot know that danger follows where I go. There are shadows everywhere and memories I cannot share. Nevermore alone.

為了即將到來的新生活,冉·阿讓明白自己不可能再回到暗無天日的監(jiān)獄。他隱姓埋名,小心翼翼地躲避著沙威的追捕,帶著珂賽特過起了近乎隱居的生活。九年的時間里,他們父女二人一直相依為命。直到珂賽特遇到真愛馬呂斯(Marius),冉·阿讓才忍痛將珂賽特交付給另一個男人。馬呂斯請冉·阿讓與他們一起生活,但冉·阿讓卻拒絕了。他不得不對馬呂斯說出那段屈辱的過去,再次叩問“我是誰”這個糾纏了他一生的問題。

Jean Valjean: There lived a man whose name was Jean Valjean. He stole some bread to save his sisters son. For 19 winters served his time. Years ago, he broke parole and lived a life apart. How could he tell Cosette and break her heart? Marius, its for Cosette, and this must be faced. If he is caught, she is disgraced. The time has come to journey on, and from this day he must be gone! Who am I? Who am I?

冉·阿讓祈求馬呂斯替他保守這個秘密。為了不傷害珂賽特,冉·阿讓決定不辭而別。他的使命已經結束,是時候回到曾救贖他靈魂的地方,回到上帝的身邊了。當珂賽特與馬呂斯婚禮的鐘聲敲響,垂垂老矣的冉·阿讓孤獨一人在修道院等待著天堂之門打開。這個曾受惠于上帝救贖的囚犯,這個用無私大愛溫暖和照亮悲慘世界的好人,已準備好奔赴另一個彼岸。

法律枷鎖下的奴隸

沙威被認為是《悲慘世界》中最可悲的人。如果說冉·阿讓窮其一生才找到了“我是誰”的答案,那么沙威直到死都不知道自己是誰。沙威在監(jiān)獄里出生,在貧民窟長大,同樣經歷了貧民的苦難和政府的暴政,他也因此痛恨底層的生活。在那樣的年代,只有手握權力的人才能在殘忍的環(huán)境中活下來,于是他選擇了依附國家強大的權力機關。他不是一個純粹的惡人,他追捕假釋逃跑的罪犯只是在履行職責,然而他卻從未想過自己的職責是否代表正義。他的心中只有對逃犯的冷漠無情和對國家法律的無條件臣服。

從冉·阿讓撕掉假釋證明書那天起,沙威追捕了冉·阿讓整整17年,但一直未能將他抓捕歸案。1832年,以馬呂斯為代表的支持共和制的青年學生發(fā)動起義,旨在建立法蘭西共和國。沙威被政府派作密探混入起義的學生中間,但最終被學生識破。學生將沙威交由冉·阿讓處置。這一次,命運出現了逆轉,冉·阿讓手握生死大權,沙威卻成了被捆綁的囚徒。冉·阿讓可以輕易了結沙威的生命,但他卻放走了沙威。

學生起義在政府軍的鎮(zhèn)壓下慘遭失敗,無數年輕的生命隕落。當沙威走上那被血浸染的街道,看到門廊里那些年輕人的尸體,他的內心受到極大的沖擊,對國家和法律至高無上的信仰開始坍塌。也正是在這時,沙威最后一次遇見冉·阿讓。冉·阿讓正背著生命垂危的馬呂斯從下水道逃亡。他懇求沙威讓他把馬呂斯送到安全的地方,之后他會讓沙威戴上手銬。然而,這一次,沙威開始審視這個曾救過自己的罪犯,也對自己曾恪守的職責產生了懷疑。

Javert: Who is this man? What sort of devil is he? To have me caught in a trap, and choose to let me go free. It was his hour at last to put a seal on my fate! Wipe out the past and wash me clean off the slate! All it would take was a flick of his knife! Vengeance (復仇) was his and he gave me back my life! Damned if I live in the debt of a thief! Damned if I yield at the end of the chase! I am the law, and the law is not mocked! Ill spit his pity right back in his face! There is nothing on earth that we share! It is either Valjean or Javert! And my thoughts fly apart. Can this man be believed? Shall his sins be forgiven? Shall his crimes be reprieved? And must I now begin to doubt who never doubted all these years? My heart is stone and still it trembles. The world I have known is lost in shadow. Is he from heaven or from hell? And does he know that granting me my life today this man has killed me even so? I am reaching, but I fall. And the stars are black and cold as I stare into the void of a world that cannot hold. Ill escape now from that world, from the world of Jean Valjean. There is nowhere I can turn. There is no way to go on!

湍急的河流奔涌著把這個城市最骯臟的罪惡卷入深不見底的黑洞。沙威恪守了一輩子的人生信條已被摧毀,他成了一個迷失在法律與道德邊界的人。沙威最終放走了冉·阿讓,他不想再抓罪犯,也不想再去捍衛(wèi)所謂的法律。新時代即將到來,國家的暴政終將會被推翻,沙威無家可歸也無情可念,只有跳入湍急的河流中,與這個國家的骯臟一起被河水吞沒。

當革命遭遇愛情

1832年,法國處于七月王朝的統(tǒng)治之下,皇室貴族們驕奢淫逸,人民卻飽受饑寒交迫之苦。市政廳門外,支持共和制的青年學生激憤地喊著口號,散發(fā)著革命傳單,革命的熱浪席卷大街小巷。出身貴族的青年學生馬呂斯也是革命隊伍中的一員。他雖然家境殷實,衣食無憂,但依然痛恨政府的統(tǒng)治,與那些和他同齡的來自各個階級的兄弟們一起謀劃革命。

1832年6月,共和黨人的重要領袖拉馬克將軍(General Lamarque)因感染霍亂不治身亡,這個不幸的消息最終吹響了革命的號角。在圣德尼街革命總部的小酒館里,革命組織的領袖安灼拉(Enjolras)與兄弟們一起舉杯鼓舞士氣。

Enjolras: Lamarque, his death is the hour of fate, the peoples man. His death is the sign we await! On his funeral day they will honor his name with the light of rebellion ablaze in their eyes. From their candles of grief we will kindle our flame! On the tomb of Lamarque shall our barricades rise! The time is here! Let us welcome it gladly with courage and cheer! Let us take to the street with no doubt in our hearts but a jubilant shout! They will come one and all! They will come when we call!

就在這群熱血青年為即將到來的革命慷慨高歌時,馬呂斯邂逅了他一生的摯愛珂賽特。僅僅是人群中匆匆的一瞥,熱烈的愛情便有如革命的火種一般播種在兩個人的心中。馬呂斯對朋友們傾訴他對珂賽特的一見鐘情。

Marius: Had you seen her today, you might know how it feels. To be struck to the bone, in a moment of breathless delight! Had you been there today you might also have known how the world may be changed in just one burst of light and what was right seems wrong and what was wrong seems right!

而珂賽特也在自己的棲身之所,對著空蕩蕩的房間傾訴愛的衷腸。

Cosette: How strange this feeling that my lifes begun at last! This change … can people really fall in love so fast? Whats the matter with you, Cosette? Have you been too much on your own? In my life, there are so many questions and answers that somehow seem wrong. In my life there are times when I catch in the silence the sigh of a faraway song. And it sings of a world that I long to see, out of reach just a whisper away, waiting for me! Does he know Im alive? Do I know if hes real? Does he see what I see? Does he feel what I feel? In my life Im no longer alone. Now the love in my life is so near. Find me now. Find me here.

一邊是即將打響的革命,一邊是蹤跡難覓的佳人,馬呂斯在為革命奔忙的同時并沒有放棄尋找珂賽特。只不過,在這場美好愛情的后面還藏著另一個女人——愛潘尼(?ponine)。無巧不成書,愛潘尼正是珂賽特幼年時所寄養(yǎng)家庭夫婦的女兒。愛潘尼一直深愛著馬呂斯,但她的愛卻從未得到回應。她看著馬呂斯愛上別的女人,而這個女人正是曾被自己父母冷落的小女孩珂賽特。命運是多么會嘲弄人啊,如今珂賽特長成了端莊的淑女,而自己卻是貧民窟里最平凡的女孩。為了吸引馬呂斯的注意,愛潘尼答應替馬呂斯尋找珂賽特。巴黎的雨夜冰凍寒冷,愛潘尼走在通往珂賽特住處的街巷,雖然承受著心愛的人愛上別人的痛苦,但她依然幫助馬呂斯找到了他的真愛。

革命者們在圣德尼街壘砌起防御的堡壘,開始與法國政府軍隊正面對峙,革命的火焰已經熊熊燃燒。年輕的勇士們沒有充足的彈藥和戰(zhàn)斗經驗,他們不顧生死沖向政府軍,槍林彈雨之下,無數年輕的生命倒下,其中包括安灼拉和年僅12歲的小男孩伽弗洛什(Gavroche)。當革命軍向住在附近的百姓求援時,百姓們卻因害怕將他們擋在門外,任這些年輕人被槍活活打死。

最終,革命在慘烈的腥風血雨中結束,愛潘尼最終死在為馬呂斯擋的那一槍下,她用生命換取了馬呂斯的幸福,促成了馬呂斯和珂賽特的相戀??梢哉f,在《悲慘世界》的愛情故事里,愛潘尼的愛情最讓人難忘和心痛。她與失敗的革命、血染的圣德尼街和巴黎無盡的夜雨一樣,成為這個故事中最悲傷的詠嘆調。

被冉·阿讓搭救而僥幸活下來的馬呂斯成為革命隊伍里唯一的幸存者,圣德尼街的這一仗讓他失去了昔日并肩作戰(zhàn)的摯友和一個深愛自己的女人。當馬呂斯再次回到曾與朋友一起暢飲高歌的那家小酒館時,往日的種種浮現在眼前。他難忍心中的悲戚,不禁淚如泉涌。

Marius: Theres a grief that cant be spoken. Theres a pain goes on and on. Empty chairs at empty tables. Now my friends are dead and gone. Here they talked of revolution. Here it was they lit the flame. Here they sang about tomorrow, and tomorrow never came. From the table in the corner, they could see a world reborn, and they rose with voices ringing, and I can hear them now! The very words that they had sung became their last communion on this lonely barricade at dawn. Oh, my friends, my friends, forgive me that I live and you are gone…. Oh, my friends, my friends, dont ask me what your sacrifice was for? Empty chairs at empty tables, where my friends will sing no more.

希望在彼岸涅 槃槃

《悲慘世界》是一個有著極強宗教意味的故事。教堂的主教以上帝之名救贖了冉·阿讓,冉·阿讓又以上帝之名拯救了珂賽特、馬呂斯和無數飽受苦難的人。我們可以把故事中的“上帝”引申為生命的真諦,那就是愛:一個人無論身處怎樣的黑暗和困頓中,只要心中有愛,希望之火就不會熄滅。因此,《悲慘世界》中所有的死亡都不是結束,而是通往新生的另一個開始。在此岸的馬呂斯和珂賽特代表著追求平等和共和的新一代的法國人,他們將過上平等自由的生活;在彼岸的冉·阿讓、芳汀、愛潘尼和無數為革命犧牲的人,則在另一個世界同樣擁抱了他們的新時代。

所以,不必因為黑暗和死亡而絕望,也無需畏懼等待新世界到來的漫長時光。只要有希望,只要肯為之努力,那么即使在最深的絕望中,你也一定會遇到愛和驚喜。聽,革命勝利的歌聲在彼岸響起了,冉·阿讓、芳汀、愛潘尼和千萬善良的人們在天堂繼續(xù)幸福地生活著,放下所有的恨、所有的怨,心中只留下愛。

Jean Valjean and other persons: Do you hear the people sing lost in the valley of the night? It is the music of people who are climbing to the light. For the wretched of the earth, there is a flame that never dies. Even the darkest night will end and the sun will rise. We will live again in freedom in the garden of the Lord. We will walk behind the ploughshare. We will put away the sword. The chain will be broken and all men will have their reward. Will you join in our crusade? Who will be strong and stand with me? It is the future that we bring when tomorrow comes. Tomorrow comes!

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