付守芬
看下面幾組句子,分析邏輯上的區(qū)別
A組
1.Tony prefers his wife to do the house work.
2.The boss liked the staff to arrive early for work.
3.The teacher wants her class to finish the job by Wednesday.
分析:在本組各句中的sb. to do,可用what 整體提問(wèn)而成What does Tony prefer?
What did the boss like? What does the teacher want?故sb. to do 在句中作單賓語(yǔ),to do 是賓語(yǔ)部分中的核心,sb.(名詞或代詞賓格)是不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ),是為to do服務(wù)的,是次要成分——非核心。
B組
1.I told Tom to see the doctor.
2.My teacher advised me to take up the piano.
3.He encouraged you to learn English.
分析:本組句中 sb. to do 不能作為整體用what提問(wèn)而成 What did you tell?
What did your teacher advise? What did he encourage?故sb. to do 不構(gòu)成單賓語(yǔ),本組各句sb是間接賓語(yǔ),to do 是直接賓語(yǔ),換言之,賓語(yǔ)部分有兩個(gè)核心sb.(間賓)和to do (直賓)故本組為主謂雙賓語(yǔ)句型。
C組
1.I pressed her go to answer the questions.
2.The thief forced Tom to hand over the money.
3.The extra money helped me to be independent.
分析:本組各句中sb. to do也不能用what 整體提問(wèn),故非單賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)部分非兩個(gè)核心,亦非雙賓語(yǔ),其核心部分為sb., to do 是為sb. 服務(wù)的,沒(méi)有這部分句子不完整,故稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),所以本組為主 謂 賓 賓補(bǔ)句型。
如果我們用S表示主語(yǔ),T表示單及物動(dòng)詞,D表示雙及物動(dòng)詞,C表示復(fù)合及物動(dòng)詞,n表示sb(名詞或代詞賓格),t表示to do。
則:A組為 S—T—nt; B組為 S—D—n.t; C組為 S—D—n.t.
注:黑體表示核心。
許多人把動(dòng)詞后的sb. to do 都說(shuō)成是賓語(yǔ)加賓補(bǔ),是十分錯(cuò)誤的,我們提出抓核心辯句型,弄清了它們邏輯上的區(qū)別,盡管從實(shí)用角度上看學(xué)生沒(méi)有必要在語(yǔ)法上弄得這么細(xì),但編教材的專家,教學(xué)生的老師在理論上必須有個(gè)清醒的認(rèn)識(shí),用同樣的手法我們可判斷下列兩組句子的句型。
D組
1.We saw the boys fight in the street .
2.The teacher watched the students destroy their books.
3.I heard someone open the door.
本組劃線動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞,后接sb. do sth.可用what 整體提問(wèn).與A組sb. to do sth.類似,do sth. 為核心,sb.為其邏輯主語(yǔ),本句型為主—謂—單賓語(yǔ)句型。
E組
1.He made me work.
2.Mother doesnt let me play in the street.
3.Mr. Wang helps me learn English.
本組動(dòng)詞后也接sb. do sth. 作賓語(yǔ),但sb. 是核心,do sth. 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)做什么,這樣句子才完整,它們不能整體用what 提問(wèn),和C組相似,屬主—謂—賓—賓補(bǔ)句型。