曹成富, 任景怡, 李素芳, 陳 紅
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再發(fā)心肌梗死的危險(xiǎn)因素及對(duì)短期預(yù)后的影響
曹成富, 任景怡, 李素芳, 陳 紅*
(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院心臟中心, 北京 100044)
探討再發(fā)急性心肌梗死(AMI)的危險(xiǎn)因素及對(duì)短期預(yù)后的影響。連續(xù)入選2006年1月至2010年12月在北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院住院治療的AMI患者1447例。根據(jù)病史分為初發(fā)AMI組(=1268)和再發(fā)AMI組(=179)。記錄患者性別、年齡、心血管相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素、入院時(shí)心功能、心肌梗死類型、冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果、住院期間死亡率、入院24h內(nèi)的血脂、空腹血糖、血清肌酐等,并用logistic回歸模型探尋再發(fā)AMI的危險(xiǎn)因素。與初發(fā)AMI患者相比,再發(fā)AMI患者年齡較大,合并糖尿病的比例高。同時(shí)患者入院時(shí)心功能差,冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度重。Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡(OR 1.03,95% CI∶1.01~1.04,<0.01)、糖尿?。∣R 2.10,95% CI∶1.51~2.91,<0.01)、吸煙(OR 1.76,95% CI∶1.20~2.57,<0.01)、血清肌酐水平(OR 1.003,95% CI∶1.001~1.004,<0.01)是再發(fā)AMI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。與初發(fā)AMI患者相比,再發(fā)AMI患者住院期間全因死亡率及心源性死亡率有升高趨勢(shì),但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。年齡、糖尿病、吸煙、血清肌酐水平是再發(fā)AMI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。再發(fā)AMI患者住院期間短期死亡率并不明顯增加。
再發(fā)心肌梗死; 危險(xiǎn)因素; 預(yù)后
急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)仍是威脅我國人群健康的重要疾病。盡管對(duì)AMI患者進(jìn)行充分的冠心病二級(jí)預(yù)防治療,但AMI患者仍面臨著較高的再發(fā)心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1-3]。目前仍缺乏對(duì)再發(fā)AMI患者的臨床特點(diǎn)、危險(xiǎn)因素及短期預(yù)后的深入研究,本文將對(duì)上述問題進(jìn)行探討,旨在降低AMI患者再發(fā)心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
連續(xù)入選2006年1月至2010年12月在北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院住院治療的AMI患者1447例。根據(jù)病史分為初發(fā)AMI組(=1268)和再發(fā)AMI組(=179)。AMI的診斷以美國心臟病學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)/美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)(ACC/AHA)指南為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以下3項(xiàng)中滿足2項(xiàng)或以上即診斷為AMI:(1)患者有典型胸痛或等同的癥狀;(2)心肌損傷標(biāo)志物(肌酸激酶、肌鈣蛋白)水平升高;(3)心電圖特征性改變。再發(fā)AMI定義為初次AMI 28d后再次出現(xiàn)的診斷明確的AMI。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療相關(guān)心肌梗死;(2)冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)相關(guān)心肌梗死;(3)支架內(nèi)血栓所致心肌梗死。
記錄患者性別、年齡、心血管相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素(高血壓病史、糖尿病病史、高膽固醇血癥病史、吸煙史及冠心病家族史等)、入院時(shí)心功能(Killip分級(jí))、心肌梗死類型(ST段抬高型或非ST段抬高型)、冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果、住院期間死亡率、入院24h內(nèi)的血脂、空腹血糖、血清肌酐等,糖尿病患者記錄住院期間的糖化血紅蛋白水平。根據(jù)美國預(yù)防、檢測(cè)、評(píng)估與治療高血壓全國聯(lián)合委員會(huì)第七次報(bào)告(JNC7)指南,高血壓定義為住院期間非同日3次以上血壓測(cè)量結(jié)果≥140/90mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)或既往有高血壓病史;根據(jù)美國糖尿病協(xié)會(huì)指南,糖尿病定義為空腹血糖≥7.0mmol/L或口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn)2h血糖≥11.1mmol/L或既往有糖尿病病史;根據(jù)美國國家膽固醇教育計(jì)劃(NCEP)成人治療專家組第三次報(bào)告(ATPⅢ),高膽固醇血癥定義為血清總膽固醇≥5.16mmol/L。
與初發(fā)AMI組患者相比,再發(fā)AMI組患者年齡較大(<0.01),有吸煙史及糖尿病病史者所占比例高(<0.05,<0.01),但合并高膽固醇血癥者所占比例低(<0.05)。再發(fā)AMI組患者入院時(shí)非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(non-ST elevation myocardial infarction,NSTEMI)較多(<0.01),入院時(shí)心功能差,Killip3/4級(jí)患者比例高(<0.01),且腎功能較差,血清肌酐值高(<0.01)。但與初發(fā)AMI組患者相比,再發(fā)AMI組患者入院時(shí)舒張壓、總膽固醇及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平較低(<0.05,<0.01;表1)。
表1 兩組心肌梗死患者基線資料的比較
注: AMI: 急性心肌梗死; SBP: 收縮壓; DBP: 舒張壓; TC: 總膽固醇; LDL-C: 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇; HbA1c: 糖化血紅蛋白; STEMI: ST段抬高型心肌梗死; NSTEMI: 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死。1mmHg=0.133kPa。與初發(fā)AMI組比較,*<0.05,**<0.01
在所有1447例患者中,共有1019例患者住院期間完成了冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查。與初發(fā)AMI組患者相比,再發(fā)AMI組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影單支病變所占比例較低(<0.01),三支病變所占比例較高(<0.01),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但左主干病變比例兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05;表2)。
表2 兩組心肌梗死患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果比較
注: 與初發(fā)AMI組比較,**<0.01
除性別、年齡外,將單因素分析有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的變量(糖尿病、吸煙史、高膽固醇血癥、血尿酸、血清肌酐)納入logistic回歸模型,結(jié)果顯示,年齡(OR 1.03,95% CI∶1.01~1.04,<0.01)、糖尿病(OR 2.10, 95% CI∶1.51~2.91,<0.01)、吸煙(OR 1.76,95% CI∶1.20~2.57,<0.01)、血清肌酐水平(OR 1.003,95% CI∶1.001~1.004,<0.01)是再發(fā)AMI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
與初發(fā)AMI組患者相比,再發(fā)AMI組患者住院期間全因死亡率、心源性死亡率有升高趨勢(shì),但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05;表3)。
表3 兩組心肌梗死患者住院期間死亡率比較
隨著冠心病診療技術(shù)的進(jìn)展,AMI患者的死亡率已經(jīng)有所下降,但仍有較高的再發(fā)心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn),約為14.0%~41.6%[1-3]。國外研究顯示,再發(fā)AMI患者死亡率高,預(yù)后差[3-5]。國內(nèi)相關(guān)研究較少,本研究顯示,再發(fā)AMI患者年齡較大,合并心血管相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素(吸煙史、糖尿?。┱弑壤^高,多表現(xiàn)為NSTEMI,入院時(shí)心、腎功能較差,并且冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度重。
本研究顯示,高血壓、冠心病家族史在初發(fā)和再發(fā)AMI患者中并無差異,但再發(fā)AMI患者總膽固醇及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平均較低,可能與這部分患者在首次AMI后接受他汀類藥物治療有關(guān)。同時(shí)本研究顯示,再發(fā)AMI患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度重,三支病變比例高。這可能與再發(fā)AMI患者合并糖尿病比例高有關(guān)。眾多研究均證實(shí),合并糖尿病的冠心病患者多支病變的比例明顯高于非糖尿病患者[6,7]。
本研究顯示,年齡、糖尿病、吸煙、血清肌酐水平是再發(fā)AMI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,這與國外研究結(jié)果一致。MITRA-MIR研究[8]以及PRIMVAC研究[9]均顯示,年齡是再發(fā)AMI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;Vega等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)合并糖尿病的AMI患者更易再次出現(xiàn)心血管事件;Gerber等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)戒煙可以改善AMI患者預(yù)后。盡管糖尿病是再發(fā)AMI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與初發(fā)AMI患者相比,再發(fā)AMI患者入院時(shí)的空腹血糖及糖化血紅蛋白水平并無差異,糖尿病患者再發(fā)AMI事件率高可能與糖尿病患者早期高血糖的代謝記憶有關(guān)[12]。
國外一些研究顯示,再發(fā)AMI患者病情重,短期及長期死亡率高。但我們的研究顯示,再發(fā)AMI患者住院期間短期死亡率并不明顯增加。與PURSUIT研究[13]及Motivala等[3]的研究一致。AMI患者住院期間短期死亡率主要與患者年齡、血壓、心率、血清肌酐水平、心功能狀態(tài)(Killip分級(jí))、接受的治療策略等有關(guān),而與患者的心血管相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素、是否為再發(fā)AMI相關(guān)性較小[14-16]。
總之,再發(fā)AMI患者年齡較大,合并糖尿病者比例較高,入院時(shí)心、腎功能較差,并且冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度重。年齡、糖尿病、吸煙史及血清肌酐水平是再發(fā)AMI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。本研究結(jié)果有助于我們對(duì)合并有上述危險(xiǎn)因素的AMI患者加強(qiáng)防治,以降低AMI患者再發(fā)心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本研究為回顧性分析,仍需要大規(guī)模、前瞻性研究來證實(shí)本研究的結(jié)果。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Risk factors and in-hospital prognosis of recurrent acute myocardial infarction
CAO Chengfu, REN Jingyi, LI Sufang, CHEN Hong*
(Heart Center, Peking University People¢s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China)
To investigate the risk factors and in-hospital outcomes of recurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI).A total of 1447 consecutive AMI patients admitted to our hospital from January 2006 to December 2010 were recruited. Their clinical background, angiographic findings, heart function, infarction types, serum indices within 24 h after hospitalization and in-hospital prognosis were retrospectively compared between patients with first AMI (=1268) and those with recurrent AMI (=179). Logistic regression analysis was used to study the risk factors of recurrent AMI.Patients with a recurrent AMI were older and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) than those with first AMI. In addition, they also had worse heart function at admission and more severe coronary lesions. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the independent risk factors of recurrent AMI included age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI∶1.01–1.04,<0.01), DM (OR, 2.10; 95% CI: 1.51–2.91,<0.01), smoking (OR, 1.76; 95% CI1.20–2.57,<0.01), and serum creatinine (OR, 1.003; 95% CI∶1.001–1.004,<0.01). Recurrent AMI had an increasing trend in in-hospital all-cause death as well as cardiac-related death compared with a first AMI, though with no significant difference between the 2 groups.Age, DM, smoking and serum creatinine are independent risk factors for the recurrence of AMI. Recurrent AMI has no effect on in-hospital death.
recurrent acute myocardial infarction; risk factor; prognosis
(No. 81270274).
R541.4
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2013.00031
2013-01-06;
2013-01-17
國家自然科學(xué)基金(No. 81270274)
陳 紅, Tel: 010-88325349, E-mail: chenhongbj@medmail.com.cn