郭慧琳 綜述,張獻全審校
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院腫瘤科 400010)
白藜蘆醇(resveratrol)是廣泛存在于葡萄、虎杖、花生等多種植物中的一種含有芪類結(jié)構(gòu)的非黃酮類多酚化合物,以新鮮葡萄皮中含量最高,其化學(xué)名稱為3,5,4′-三羥基二苯乙烯(3,5,4′-trihydrolystilbence),分子式為 C14H12O3,相對分子質(zhì)量228.25。研究表明白藜蘆醇的藥理作用廣泛,具有抗突變、抗氧化等多種生物學(xué)活性和藥理作用[1]。近年來,白藜蘆醇的強大抗腫瘤活性受到廣泛重視。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇對肺癌、肝癌、前列腺癌等多種腫瘤具有顯著抗瘤效應(yīng)[2]。乳腺癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,白藜蘆醇對乳腺癌的多種生物學(xué)作用尤為引人關(guān)注。研究證實白藜蘆醇對乳腺癌具有抑制增殖、誘導(dǎo)凋亡及抑制腫瘤侵襲和遷徙等生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。本文擬就白藜蘆醇與乳腺癌相關(guān)研究做一綜述。
研究證實白藜蘆醇在多種乳腺癌細胞中均具有明顯抑制增殖效應(yīng)。在雌激素陽性(ER+)乳腺癌細胞(MCF-7)中,白藜蘆醇能夠以濃度依賴方式(10~50μmol/L)有效抑制 MCF-7細胞增殖,其中50μmol/L濃度對乳腺癌細胞的增殖抑制率能夠達到70%以上[3]。白藜蘆醇對他莫昔芬抵抗的 MCF-7細胞也具有明顯抑制增殖作用[4]。在雌激素陰性(ER-)乳腺癌細胞(MDA-MB-231)中,白藜蘆醇同樣以濃度和時間依賴性方式導(dǎo)致MDA-MB-231細胞的增殖抑制,而且還有效降低乳腺癌細胞活力,其中小劑量(10μmol/L)作用后細胞活力保持80.3%,大劑量(100μmol/L)作用后細胞活力降至27.3%[5]。上述效應(yīng)在裸鼠乳腺癌移植瘤體內(nèi)實驗中也得到了證實。Sareen等[6]證實口服白藜蘆醇(50mg·kg-1·d-1)5周后,能夠有效降低乳腺癌移植瘤大小1倍。還有研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)包括白藜蘆醇在內(nèi)的葡萄多酚類復(fù)合物能夠有效抑制裸鼠乳腺癌移植瘤生長[7]。
白藜蘆醇抑制乳腺癌細胞增殖具有多種信號機制。Hsieh等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇對ER+和ER-乳腺癌細胞均有抑制效應(yīng),而且抑制效應(yīng)的信號途徑具有較大相似性。白藜蘆醇通過激活MAPKp38或ERK等激酶途徑,導(dǎo)致p53激活,從而促使乳腺癌細胞的細胞周期停滯與相應(yīng)的DNA修復(fù)。同時,白藜蘆醇還通過抑制乳腺癌細胞ER表達水平,干擾ER相關(guān)信號,進而抑制與ER相關(guān)的乳腺癌細胞增殖[4]。另外,白藜蘆醇抑制乳腺癌細胞增殖的機制還包括:上調(diào)沉默信息調(diào)節(jié)因子1(SIRT1)表達,通過SIRT1依賴的途徑激活A(yù)MPK激酶活性;誘導(dǎo)鈉氫交換體(NHE-1和NHE-3)表達;調(diào)節(jié)Akt與caspase9信號分子等[9-10]。
白藜蘆醇在誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細胞凋亡中同樣具有重要生物學(xué)作用。Nguyen等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)在高轉(zhuǎn)移度乳腺癌細胞(MDA231)中,白藜蘆醇能夠有效誘導(dǎo) MDA231細胞凋亡,10μmol/L和50μmol/L作用量的誘導(dǎo)凋亡率分別為(14.2±1.3)%和(70.2±2.1)%。其他研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)100μmol/L白藜蘆醇作用96h后,MDA-MB-231和 MCF-7細胞的凋亡率分別從1.3%和0.9%增加到52%和45%,提示白藜蘆醇對ER+和ER-乳腺癌細胞均具有誘導(dǎo)凋亡的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)[6]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇可以通過caspase依賴或非依賴的方式誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細胞凋亡。Alkhalaf等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇作用后,caspase 3活性增加5倍,提示白藜蘆醇誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細胞凋亡效應(yīng)依賴于caspase 3信號途徑。也有研究報道雖然白藜蘆醇能夠降低線粒體膜電位,增加活性氧(ROS)與一氧化氮(NO)產(chǎn)量,從而誘導(dǎo)凋亡,但是其誘導(dǎo)凋亡作用卻獨立于caspase信號機制。進一步研究證實白藜蘆醇通過抑制ER依賴的PI3K途徑,影響核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF-κB)轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,從而調(diào)節(jié)B細胞淋巴瘤/白血病基因-2(Bcl-2)表達,但該作用獨立于caspase 3-/8分子機制[13]。除此之外,白藜蘆醇誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細胞凋亡的分子機制還包括:抑制Src-Stat3信號途徑、調(diào)節(jié)鈣離子與鈣調(diào)蛋白啟動的細胞死亡途徑等[6,14]。但是也有研究報道白藜蘆醇誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細胞凋亡的效應(yīng)可能與細胞類型有關(guān),Pozo-Guisado等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇只能在抑制增殖的同時,誘導(dǎo)MCF-7細胞凋亡,而不能誘導(dǎo)MDA-MB-231細胞凋亡的發(fā)生。
乳腺癌細胞遷徙和侵襲在乳腺癌的發(fā)病與轉(zhuǎn)移機制中具有重要意義。多個研究發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇能夠有效抑制多種因素誘導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細胞遷徙和侵襲。白藜蘆醇(5μmol/L,15 μmol/L)可以通過EGFR/PI3K途徑,抑制基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表達,最終抑制EGF誘導(dǎo)的 MDA-MB-231細胞遷徙[16]。該效應(yīng)在其他實驗中也得到證實。Azios等[17]證實白藜蘆醇可以抑制雌二醇和表皮生長因子(EGF)誘導(dǎo)的 MDAMB-231細胞遷徙,該效應(yīng)與白藜蘆醇抑制細胞骨架蛋白,調(diào)節(jié)細胞表面肌動蛋白結(jié)構(gòu),降低黏著斑和黏著斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,F(xiàn)AK)活性有關(guān)。
白藜蘆醇還可以抑制生長因子heregulin-β1(HRG-β1)和IGF-1誘導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細胞遷徙和侵襲。Tang等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇可以抑制HRG-β1誘導(dǎo)的 MMP-9蛋白表達與MCF-7乳腺癌細胞的侵襲,該作用與白藜蘆醇對MAPK/ERK信號途徑的調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān),但是與HRG-β1誘導(dǎo)的HER2受體磷酸化水平等無關(guān)。該研究小組還發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇可以抑制IGF-1誘導(dǎo)的ER陰性MDA-MB435乳腺癌細胞的遷徙和侵襲,該效應(yīng)與抑制PI3K/AKT信號以及抑制 MMP-2蛋白表達有關(guān)[19]。另外,白藜蘆醇衍生物L(fēng)YR71也能夠通過降低STAT3介導(dǎo)的MMP-9表達,從而抑制正常T細胞表達和分泌因子(RANTES)作用后促進的MDA-MB-231遷徙和侵襲[20]。
白藜蘆醇除了對乳腺癌細胞的上述生物學(xué)作用之外,還能夠顯著增強多種化療藥物的抗瘤效應(yīng)。50μmol/L白藜蘆醇可以明顯增強環(huán)磷酰胺對MCF-7細胞的抑制增殖、誘導(dǎo)凋亡[21]。白藜蘆醇能夠明顯增強 mTOR抑制劑雷帕霉素對MCF-7和MDA-MB-231乳腺癌細胞的抗瘤效應(yīng),還可以預(yù)防雷帕霉素抵抗的發(fā)生,可以明顯增加雷帕霉素對乳腺癌細胞的抑制增殖效應(yīng)[22]。同時,白藜蘆醇還可以提高環(huán)磷酰胺、腫瘤壞死因子等多種藥物對乳腺癌細胞的促凋亡效應(yīng)[23-24]。但是也有相反報道發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇抑制了紫杉醇對MDA-MB-435s,MDA-MB-231和SKBR-3等多種乳腺癌細胞的抗瘤作用,但在MCF-7細胞中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)類似現(xiàn)象,提示該特殊效應(yīng)可能與乳腺癌細胞類型有關(guān)[25]。另外,白藜蘆醇對乳腺癌細胞還具有其他多種生物學(xué)效應(yīng),如對MCF-7細胞同時具有輻射保護和抗瘤效應(yīng)的雙功能性質(zhì)[26],提高乳腺癌細胞乳腺癌易感基因1(BRCA1)等多種抑癌基因的有效表達[27-28];以caspase非依賴性的細胞死亡機制誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細胞的自噬作用[29],下調(diào)端粒酶的活性等[30]。
綜上所述,白藜蘆醇對乳腺癌細胞具有明確的抑制增殖、誘導(dǎo)凋亡以及抑制腫瘤侵襲和遷徙等多種藥理作用。人群研究也證實白藜蘆醇與乳腺癌發(fā)病率呈相反關(guān)聯(lián)[31]。同時,白藜蘆醇還具有安全性較高、毒副作用較小等優(yōu)點。因此,隨著國內(nèi)外學(xué)者的深入研究,白藜蘆醇在乳腺癌的預(yù)防和治療中將會有更加廣闊的前景,并為乳腺癌的防治提供了新的思路。
[1]Ungvari Z,Sonntag WE,de Cabo R,et al.Mitochondrial protection by resveratrol[J].Exerc Sport Sci Rev,2011,39(3):128-132.
[2]Fulda S.Resveratrol and derivatives for the prevention and treatment of cancer[J].Drug Discov Today,2010,15(17/18):757-765.
[3]Hsieh TC,Wu JM.Suppression of cell proliferation and gene expression by combinatorial synergy of EGCG,resveratrol and gamma-tocotrienol in estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7breast cancer cells[J].Int J Oncol,2008,33(4):851-859.
[4]De Amicis F,Giordano F,Vivacqua A,et al.Resveratrol,through NF-Y/p53/Sin3/HDAC1complex phosphorylation,inhibits estrogen receptor alpha gene expression via p38MAPK/CK2signaling in human breast cancer cells[J].FASEB J,2011,25(10):3695-3707.
[5]Alkhalaf M.Resveratrol-induced growth inhibition in MDAMB-231breast cancer cells is associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and protein translation[J].Eur J Cancer Prev,2007,16(4):334-341.
[6]Sareen D,Darjatmoko SR,Albert DM,et al.Mitochondria,calcium,and calpain are key mediators of resveratrol-induced apoptosis in breast cancer[J].Mol Pharmacol,2007,72(6):1466-1475.
[7]Schlachterman A,Valle F,Wall KM,et al.Combined resveratrol,quercetin,and catechin treatment reduces breast tumor growth in a nude mouse model[J].Transl Oncol,2008,1(1):19-27.
[8]Hsieh TC,Wong C,John Bennett D,et al.Regulation of p53and cell proliferation by resveratrol and its derivatives in breast cancer cells:an in silico and biochemical approach targeting integrinαvβ3[J].Int J Cancer,2011,129(11):2732-2743.
[9]Lin JN,Lin VC,Rau KM,et al.Resveratrol modulates tumor cell proliferation and protein translation via SIRT1-dependent AMPK activation[J].J Agric Food Chem,2010,58(3):1584-1592.
[10]Li Y,Liu J,Liu X,et al.Resveratrol-induced cell inhibition of growth and apoptosis in MCF7human breast cancer cells are associated with modulation of phosphorylated Akt and caspase-9[J].Appl Biochem Biotechnol,2006,135(3):181-192.
[11]Nguyen TH,Mustafa FB,Pervaiz S,et al.ERK1/2activation is required for resveratrol-induced apoptosis in MDAMB-231cells[J].Int J Oncol,2008,33(1):81-92.
[12]Alkhalaf M,El-Mowafy A,Renno W,et al.Resveratrolinduced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated primarily through the caspase-3-dependent pathway[J].Arch Med Res,2008,39(2):162-168.
[13]Pozo-Guisado E,Merino JM,Mulero-Navarro S,et al.Resveratrol-induced apoptosis in MCF-7human breast cancer cells involves a caspase-independent mechanism with downregulation of Bcl-2and NF-kappaB[J].Int J Cancer,2005,115(1):74-84.
[14]Kotha A,Sekharam M,Cilenti L,et al.Resveratrol inhibits Src and Stat3signaling and induces the apoptosis of malignant cells containing activated Stat3protein[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2006,5(3):621-629.
[15]Pozo-Guisado E,Alvarez-Barrientos A,Mulero-Navarro S,et al.The antiproliferative activity of resveratrol results in apoptosis in MCF-7but not in MDA-MB-231human breast cancer cells:cell-specific alteration of the cell cycle[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2002,64(9):1375-1386.
[16]Lee MF,Pan MH,Chiou YS,et al.Resveratrol modulates MED28(Magicin/EG-1)expression and inhibits epidermal growth factor(EGF)-induced migration in MDA-MB-231human breast cancer cells[J].J Agric Food Chem,2011,59(21):11853-11861.
[17]Azios NG,Dharmawardhane SF.Resveratrol and estradiol exert disparate effects on cell migration,cell surface actin structures,and focal adhesion assembly in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells[J].Neoplasia,2005,7(2):128-140.
[18]Tang FY,Chiang EP,Sun YC.Resveratrol inhibits heregulin-beta1-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-9expression and cell invasion in human breast cancer cells[J].J Nutr Biochem,2008,19(5):287-294.
[19]Tang FY,Su YC,Chen NC,et al.Resveratrol inhibits migration and invasion of human breast-cancer cells[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2008,52(6):683-691.
[20]Kim JE,Kim HS,Shin YJ,et al.LYR71,a derivative of trimeric resveratrol,inhibits tumorigenesis by blocking STAT3-mediated matrix metalloproteinase 9expression[J].Exp Mol Med,2008,40(5):514-522.
[21]Singh N,Nigam M,Ranjan V,et al.Resveratrol as an adjunct therapy in cyclophosphamide-treated MCF-7cells and breast tumor explants[J].Cancer Sci,2011,102(5):1059-1067.
[22]He X,Wang Y,Zhu J,et al.Resveratrol enhances the anti-tumor activity of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in multiple breast cancer cell lines mainly by suppressing rapamycin-induced AKT signaling[J].Cancer Lett,2011,301(2):168-176.
[23]Singh N,Nigam M,Ranjan V,et al.Caspase mediated enhanced apoptotic action of cyclophosphamide-and resveratrol-treated MCF-7cells[J].J Pharmacol Sci,2009,109(4):473-485.
[24]Fulda S,Debatin KM.Sensitization for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis by the chemopreventive agent resveratrol[J].Cancer Res,2004,64(1):337-346.
[25]Fukui M,Yamabe N,Zhu BT.Resveratrol attenuates theanticancer efficacy of paclitaxel in human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo[J].Eur J Cancer,2010,46(10):1882-1891.
[26]Bader Y,Getoff N.Effect of resveratrol and mixtures of resveratrol and mitomycin C on cancer cells under irradiation[J].Anticancer Res,2006,26(6):4403-4408.
[27]Fustier P,Le Corre L,Chalabi N,et al.Resveratrol increases BRCA1and BRCA2mRNA expression in breast tumour cell lines[J].Br J Cancer,2003,89(1):168-172.
[28]Waite KA,Sinden MR,Eng C.Phytoestrogen exposure elevates PTEN levels[J].Hum Mol Genet,2005,14(11):1457-1463.
[29]Scarlatti F,Maffei R,Beau I,et al.Role of non-canonical Beclin 1-independent autophagy in cell death induced by resveratrol in human breast cancer cells[J].Cell Death Differ,2008,15(8):1318-1329.
[30]Lanzilli G,F(xiàn)uggetta MP,Tricarico M,et al.Resveratrol down-regulates the growth and telomerase activity of breast cancer cells in vitro[J].Int J Oncol,2006,28(3):641-648.
[31]Levi F,Pasche C,Lucchini F,et al.Resveratrol and breast cancer risk[J].Eur J Cancer Prev,2005,14(2):139-142.