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沼渣化學(xué)成分研究

2013-02-14 03:54劉丁才朱洪光許劍鋒
關(guān)鍵詞:柱層析核磁沼渣

劉丁才,朱洪光,許劍鋒*

1上海海洋大學(xué)食品學(xué)院,上海水產(chǎn)品加工及貯藏工程技術(shù)研究中心,上海 201306;2同濟(jì)大學(xué)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)與工程研究院,上海 200092

沼渣是投入沼氣池內(nèi)的原料經(jīng)密封厭氧發(fā)酵后的固體殘留物,主要被作為有機(jī)肥和飼料添加來研究和開發(fā)利用[1,2]。沼渣是大中型沼氣工程厭氧發(fā)酵后的主要副產(chǎn)物之一,其內(nèi)含有豐富的沼渣纖維、氨基酸、B族維生素、生長素、抗生素、有機(jī)酸、植物激素

及各種水解酶等生物活性物質(zhì)[3]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)沼氣發(fā)酵殘留物對農(nóng)田普遍發(fā)生的近30種病害具有防治作用,至少有20多種病害的防治效果達(dá)到或超過了現(xiàn)行使用的農(nóng)藥效果[4]。但是沼渣還未能得到充分利用[5],這既造成了資源的浪費(fèi),又使能源環(huán)保型沼氣工程的建設(shè)和推廣受阻。因此,我們在大力發(fā)展大中型沼氣工程的同時(shí),還應(yīng)加強(qiáng)沼渣的高值利用研究。為進(jìn)一步明確沼渣的化學(xué)成分,使其得到更充分有效的開發(fā)和利用,本研究對雞場沼渣進(jìn)行了化學(xué)成分分析,初步分離到6個(gè)化合物,經(jīng)鑒定,分別為 β-谷甾醇(1)、22β-羥基-12-齊墩果烯-3-酮(2)、21β-羥基-β-白檀酮(3)、29-羥基-12-土當(dāng)歸烯-3,22-二酮(4)、17β-雌二醇(5)、S(-)-雌馬酚(6)。這些成分均首次從雞場沼渣中分離得到。

其中,β-谷甾醇是一種植物固醇,多個(gè)在體和離體實(shí)驗(yàn)已證實(shí)其對結(jié)腸癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌和子宮頸癌具有保護(hù)作用,且對人肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞具有較強(qiáng)的抑制作用[6];最近研究表明17β-雌二醇除具有促進(jìn)生殖系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和維持生殖功能外,對心血管等器官還有保護(hù)作用,主要有抗炎作用、抗氧化作用、抗凋亡作用等[7]。21β-羥基-β-白檀酮屬于比較特殊的三萜,因?yàn)槠溆泻芎玫目鼓c賈第蟲(Giardia intestinalis,亦名Giardia lamblia)活性,對腸賈第蟲的半抑制濃度為 IC5027.4 μM[8],而腸賈第蟲是人體腸道感染的常見寄生蟲之一,可引起腹痛、腹瀉和吸收不良等癥狀。雌馬酚屬非甾體類雌激素,有R(+)-雌馬酚和S(-)-雌馬酚兩種對應(yīng)異構(gòu)體,而S(-)-雌馬酚是大豆素(daidzein)在部分人和動(dòng)物腸道中特定微生物的代謝產(chǎn)物,至今發(fā)現(xiàn)的所有生物合成雌馬酚都屬S(-)-雌馬酚且具有多種生物活性,如很強(qiáng)的抗氧化性、很好的心血管疾病保護(hù)作用、有助于婦女更年期癥狀的改善,同時(shí)流行病學(xué)研究和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)、體外實(shí)驗(yàn)也表明,S(-)-雌馬酚有抗乳腺癌、前列腺癌等作用[9];而對化合物 22β-羥基-12-齊墩果烯-3-酮和 29-羥基-12-土當(dāng)歸烯-3,22-二酮的作用的研究,目前還沒有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。

1 儀器和材料

Bruker AV-400型核磁共振儀,TMS為內(nèi)標(biāo)(Bruker公司);AB 3200 Q TRAP質(zhì)譜儀(ABI公司);AUTOPOL V plus旋光儀(Rudolph公司);柱層析硅膠(200~300目;硅膠H)及薄層色譜板均購自青島海洋化工廠;Sephadex LH-20(Pharmacia公司);石油醚(60~90℃)、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和甲醇均為上海國藥分析純。沼渣于2011年4月采自正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的上海市浦東新區(qū)六灶鎮(zhèn)文彬養(yǎng)雞場沼氣池,經(jīng)同濟(jì)大學(xué)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)與工程研究院朱洪光教授鑒定為以雞糞為原料進(jìn)行產(chǎn)沼氣厭氧發(fā)酵的固體殘留物(Biogas residue),沼渣標(biāo)本存于上海海洋大學(xué)食品學(xué)院海洋與生物制藥研究室。

2 提取分離

取與沼液分離的干沼渣1 Kg,用6 L無水甲醇攪拌浸提3次,每次1 d,浸提液用濾紙過濾后在50℃ 減壓濃縮得浸膏27.2 g。將浸膏與粗硅膠拌樣后進(jìn)行硅膠柱層析(200~300目),分別用純氯仿、氯仿-甲醇(15∶1)洗脫得到A和B兩部分,質(zhì)量分別為10.1 g和5.3 g。A部分用硅膠柱層析(硅膠H),以石油醚-乙酸乙酯梯度洗脫(100∶0,30∶1,15∶1,8∶1,3∶1),以 10% 濃硫酸乙醇溶液為顯色劑進(jìn)行薄層色譜分析合并后經(jīng)反復(fù)硅膠柱層析(硅膠H,石油醚-乙酸乙酯),得化合物 1(18 mg),2(11 mg),3(25 mg)和4(27 mg)。B部分直接用無水甲醇溶解,以無水甲醇為洗脫液進(jìn)行 Sephadex LH-20洗脫純化,得化合物5(11 mg)和6(36 mg)。

3 結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定

化合物1 無色針狀晶體(MSO-EtOAc);ESIMS m/z:437.6 [M+Na]+,分子式 C29H50O;1H NMR(CDCl3,500 MHz)δ:5.37(1H,dd,J=5.2,2.3 Hz,H-6),3.55(1H,tt,J=11.3,5.3 Hz,H-3),2.31(1H,dd,J=13.0,5.0 Hz,H-4a),2.27(1H,td,J=11.0,2.4 Hz,H-4b),2.03(1H,dt,J=12.8,3.6 Hz,H-12a),2.00(1H,td,J=12.1,2.4 Hz,H-8),1.85-1.87(3H,m,H-1a,H-2a,H-16a),1.68(1H,m,H-25),1.03(3H,d,J=6.5 Hz,H-21),0.89(3H,s,H-19),0.85(3H,t,J=7.4 Hz,H-29),0.85(3H,d,J=6.9 Hz,H-26),0.84(3H,d,J=6.9 Hz,H-27),0.71(3H,s,H-18);13C NMR(CDCl3,125 MHz)δ:140.7(s,C-5),121.7(d,C-6),71.8(d,C-3),56.7(d,C-14),56.0(d,C-17),50.1(d,C-9),45.8(d,C-24),42.3(s,C-13),42.3(t,C-4),39.7(t,C-12),37.2(t,C-1),36.5(s,C-10),36.1(d,C-20),33.9(t,C-22),31.9(t,C-7),31.8(d,C-8),31.6(t,C-2),29.1(d,C-25),28.2(t,C-16),26.0(t,C-23),24.3(t,C-15),23.0(t,C-28),21.1(t,C-11),19.8(q,C-26),19.4(q,C-19),19.0(q,C-27),18.8(q,C-21),12.0(q,C-29),11.8(q,C-18)。以上質(zhì)譜和核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[10]報(bào)道的β-谷甾醇數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,鑒定化合物1為β-谷甾醇。

化合物2 白色粉末;ESI-MS m/z:441.2[M+1]+,分子式 C30H48O2;1H NMR(CDCl3,500 MHz)δ:5.26(1H,t,J=3.6 Hz,H-12),3.42(1H,t,J=5.1 Hz,H-22),2.51(1H,ddd,J=15.4,11.0,7.4 Hz,H-2a),2.36(1H,ddd,J=15.4,6.3,7.5 Hz,H-2b),2.08(1H,d,J=14.5 Hz,H-18),1.10(3H,s,H-27),1.09(3H,s,H-23),1.06(3H,s,H-25),1.04(3H,s,H-24),1.01(3H,s,H-30),0.96(3H,s,H-26),0.90(3H,s,H-29),0.88(3H,s,H-28);13C NMR(CDCl3,125 MHz)δ:217.8(s,C-3),144.0(s,C-13),122.6(d,C-12),76.6(d,C-22),55.3(d,C-5),47.4(s,C-4),46.9(d,C-9),46.1(t,C-19),45.0(d,C-18),42.2(s,C-14),41.5(t,C-21),39.6(s,C-8),39.3(t,C-1),37.4(s,C-17),36.7(s,C-10),34.2(t,C-2),32.7(q,C-29),32.4(t,C-7),30.5(s,C-20),28.2(t,C-16),28.2(q,C-30),26.5(q,C-23),25.8(t,C-15),25.3(q,C-27),23.6(t,C-11),21.5(q,C-24),20.0(q,C-28),19.6(t,C-6),16.9(q,C-26),15.3(q,C-25)。以上質(zhì)譜和核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[11]報(bào)道的22βhydroxy-12-oleanen-3-one數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,鑒定化合物 2 為 22β-羥基-12-齊墩果烯-3-酮。

化合物3 白色粉末;ESI-MS m/z:441.3[M+1]+,分子式 C30H48O2;1H NMR(CDCl3,500 MHz)δ:5.25(1H,t,J=3.4 Hz,H-12),3.53(1H,dd,J=12,4.6 Hz,H-21),2.57(1H,ddd,J=16,11,7.2 Hz,H-2a),2.38(1H,ddd,J=16,6.7,3.6 Hz,H-2b),2.00(1H,dd,J=14.8,3.5 Hz,H-18),1.65(1H,dd,J=11.5,6.3 Hz,H-9),1.33(1H,m,H-5),1.14(3H,s,H-27),1.11(3H,s,H-23),1.07(3H,s,H-25),1.06(3H,s,H-24),1.01(3H,s,H-26),0.97(3H,s,H-29),0.89(3H,s,H-28),0.86(3H,s,H-30);13C NMR(CDCl3,125 MHz)δ:217.8(s,C-3),143.8(s,C-13),124.0(d,C-12),74.0(d,C-21),55.3(d,C-5),47.5(s,C-4),47.1(t,C-19),46.8(d,C-9),46.7(d,C-18),45.3(t,C-22),41.9(s,C-14),39.7(s,C-8),39.1(t,C-1),36.5(s,C-10),36.3(s,C-20),35.0(s,C-17),34.2(t,C-2),32.1(t,C-7),29.1(q,C-29),28.3(q,C-28),28.2(t,C-16),26.5(q,C-23),26.0(t,C-15),25.9(q,C-27),23.7(t,C-11),21.5(q,C-24),19.6(t,C-6),17.0(q,C-30),16.7(q,C-26),15.3(q,C-25)。以上質(zhì)譜和核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[12]報(bào)道的 21β-hydroxy-β-amyrenone 數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,鑒定化合物 3 為 21β-羥基-β-白檀酮。

化合物4 無色片狀晶體(MeOH);ESI-MS m/z:457.3[M+1]+,分子式 C30H48O3;1H NMR(CDCl3,500 MHz)δ:5.33(1H,t,J=3.3 Hz,H-12),3.32(2H,d,J=10.7 Hz,H-29),2.59(1H,d,J=14.0 Hz,H-21a),2.53(1H,ddd,J=15.3,11.0,7.3 Hz,H-2a),2.38(1H,ddd,J=15.4,6.5,3.4 Hz,H-2b),2.24(1H,t,J=13.8 Hz,H-19a),1.21(3H,s,H-27),1.08(3H,s,H-23),1.06(3H,s,H-25),1.04(3H,s,H-24),1.00(3H,s,H-28),0.99(3H,s,H-26),0.88(3H,s,H-30);13C NMR(CDCl3,125 MHz)δ:217.6(s,C-3),217.0(s,C-22),141.5(s,C-13),123.8(d,C-12),72.5(t,C-29),55.3(d,C-5),48.0(s,C-4),47.5(s,C-17),47.0(d,C-18),46.8(d,C-9),45.6(t,C-21),42.0(s,C-14),40.6(t,C-19),39.8(s,C-8),39.5(t,C-1),39.0(s,C-20),36.6(s,C-10),34.1(t,C-2),32.2(t,C-7),26.8(t,C-16),26.5(q,C-23),25.3(q,C-27),25.2(t,C-15),23.6(t,C-11),21.5(q,C-24),21.0(q,C-30),20.7(q,C-28),19.6(t,C-6),16.7(q,C-26),15.2(q,C-25)。以上質(zhì)譜和核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[11]報(bào)道的29-hydroxy-12-oleanene-3,22-dione數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,鑒定化合物4為 29-羥基-12-土當(dāng)歸烯-3,22-二酮。

化合物5 白色粉末;ESI-MS m/z:273.3[M+1]+,分子式 C18H24O2;1H NMR(CDCl3,500 MHz)δ:8.70(1H,s,3-OH),7.09(1H,d,J=12.6 Hz,H-1),7.00(1H,dd,J=10.4,6.5 Hz,H-2),6.99(1H,dd,J=16.1,4.2 Hz,H-4),3.92(1H,s,17-OH),3.89(1H,t,J=17.0,8.4 Hz,H-17),2.81(2H,t,J=2.5,6.2 Hz,H-6),2.17(1H,m,H-11a),2.09(1H,m,H-9),1.79(1H,m,H-14),1.79(2H,m,H-15),1.78(1H,m,H-7b),1.78(1H,m,H-16a),1.73(1H,d,J=11.8 Hz,H-12b),1.32(1H,m,H-16b),1.29(1H,m,H-11b),1.26(1H,m,H-7a),1.12(1H,d,J=11.8 Hz,H-12a),0.98(3H,s,H-18);13C NMR(CDCl3,125 MHz)δ:154.8(s,C-3),137.1(s,C-5),130.4(s,C-10),126.0(d,C-1),114.9(d,C-4),112.7(d,C-2),80.0(d,C-17),49.5(d,C-14),43.5(d,C-9),42.8(s,C-13),38.7(d,C-8),36.5(t,C-12),29.8(t,C-16),29.1(t,C-6),26.9(t,C-7),26.0(t,C-11),22.7(t,C-15),11.3(q,C-18)。以上質(zhì)譜和核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[13]報(bào)道的17β-Estradiol(E2)數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,鑒定化合物5為17β-雌二醇。

化合物6 無色方晶(MeOH);ESI-MS m/z:243.1[M+H]+,分子式 C15H14O3;[α]20D=-27.4(c=0.14,MeOH);1H NMR(CD3OD,500 MHz)δ:7.08(2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-2',H-6'),6.86(1H,d,J=8.2 Hz,H-5),6.74(2H,d,J=8.5 Hz,H-3',H-5'),6.31(1H,dd,J=8.2,2.4,H-6),6.23(1H,d,J=2.4 Hz,H-8),4.86(2H,s,4'-OH,7-OH),4.18(1H,ddd,J=10.5,3.6,2.0 Hz,H-2a),3.90(1H,t,J=10.5 Hz,C-2b),3.01 ~ 3.06(1H,m,H-3),2.80-2.89(2H,m,H-4);13C NMR(CD3OD,125 MHz)δ:157.6(s,C-7),157.3(s,C-4'),156.2(s,C-9),133.8(s,C-1'),131.1(d,C-5),129.3(d,C-2',C-6'),116.4(d,C-3',C-5'),114.5(s,C-10),109.1(t,C-6),103.8(t,C-8),72.2(t,C-2),39.4(d,C-3),33.04(t,C-4)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[14]報(bào)道的 S(-)-equol基本一致,故鑒定化合物6為S(-)-雌馬酚。

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