李政昌
·述評·
低位直腸癌的治療
李政昌
從1998年開始,針對低位直腸癌,成功大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院結(jié)直腸癌治療團(tuán)隊一直使用術(shù)前放射及化學(xué)治療,之后再行手術(shù)治療,同時建造保護(hù)性腸造口。術(shù)后加以輔助化療,化療療程結(jié)束后,再將腸道造口關(guān)閉。十年來,大多數(shù)患者都能順利完成治療且都存活至今,在此介紹我們的治療經(jīng)驗。
直腸腫瘤; 直腸結(jié)腸切除術(shù),重建性; 放射治療劑量; 藥物療法,聯(lián)合
傳統(tǒng)上針對低位直腸癌,唯一的手術(shù)根治方法就是腹會陰全切除手術(shù)(abdominoperineal resection,APR)。自從Heald[1]教授于1982年發(fā)表了直腸及全系膜切除手術(shù)(total mesorectal excision,TME)后,低位直腸癌的治療方法有了長足的進(jìn)步。這個手術(shù)最大的效果就是有效降低了癌癥局部復(fù)發(fā)率。同時,隨著醫(yī)師外科解剖知識的進(jìn)步、新化療藥物的誕生,直腸癌的整體存活率也有顯著提高。對于局部侵犯較厲害的低位直腸癌而言,很多臨床報告都指出,術(shù)前放射及化學(xué)治療能夠有效縮小腫瘤的體積,提高了腫瘤完整切除的比率,且患者肛門括約肌保留的比率也大為提高[2-3]。為求更好的腫瘤控制率,腫瘤科醫(yī)師開始加入了更新、更強的化療藥。但是,更新、更強的化療藥有時候會對患者造成較大的毒性,甚至無法再接受后續(xù)的治療。有鑒于此,我們的治療團(tuán)隊從1998年開始,在術(shù)前采用較低劑量的5-氟尿嘧啶配合放射治療,目標(biāo)是讓患者接受完整療程后,仍有體力接受手術(shù)治療,以提高治愈的機會,且為了減少低位直腸癌患者術(shù)后吻合口漏的發(fā)生,我們采用暫時性橫結(jié)腸或回腸造瘺的方法,大幅度提升了保存肛門括約肌的機率。
對于中低位直腸癌,外科醫(yī)師會在患者俯臥的姿勢下,用硬式直腸鏡或肛診來初步判定腫瘤距離肛門口的距離及腫瘤侵犯腸壁深度,再用計算機斷層掃描檢查局部淋巴結(jié)及遠(yuǎn)處擴(kuò)散的程度,以決定是否需要接受術(shù)前放化療。若上述檢查仍無法確診,需行核磁共振或直腸超聲內(nèi)鏡檢查以幫助臨床診斷。在接受完整放化療后,需再做相同檢查,以評估治療的成效。術(shù)后的肛門功能及排便次數(shù)會以紀(jì)念斯隆-凱特林癌癥中心的肛門功能評分(memorial sloan-kettering cancer center anal function scores,MSK-AF)[4]做為判定。
對于已接受術(shù)前放化療的直腸癌患者,“遠(yuǎn)端切除邊緣”(distal resection margin)是一個影響腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)的重要因素。我們的治療經(jīng)驗顯示,接受術(shù)前放化療和全系膜切除手術(shù)的低位直腸癌患者都能達(dá)到至少2 cm的遠(yuǎn)端切除邊緣[5]。有研究顯示,這類患者只需達(dá)到1 cm的遠(yuǎn)端切除邊緣就已足夠[6]。此外,環(huán)周切緣(circumferential resection margin)是另一個重要的預(yù)后因素[7]。對直腸癌患者而言,腫瘤如果侵犯到手術(shù)的環(huán)周切緣,患者的5年存活率、癌癥的局部復(fù)發(fā)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率都會受到很大的影響[8-9]。這種影響對于術(shù)前未接受放療的患者尤其明顯。對于術(shù)前已接受放療的患者,腫瘤侵犯至環(huán)周切緣的機會大大減少,雖然對癌癥局部復(fù)發(fā)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的影響仍然存在,但相對于未接受放療的患者而言其影響較小。近年來的研究顯示,若術(shù)前的放化療能達(dá)到病理腫瘤細(xì)胞完全緩解(pathological complete response,PCR),則患者術(shù)后的局部復(fù)發(fā)率會明顯降低[10-12]。
在低位直腸癌患者中,和未接受術(shù)前放化療的患者相比,接受過術(shù)前放化療的患者手術(shù)標(biāo)本中通常不會找到很多淋巴結(jié),通常都會少于12個[13-14]。但是,如果在這樣的手術(shù)標(biāo)本中仍能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,往往提示患者不良的預(yù)后[15]。經(jīng)我科室手術(shù)的患者,其術(shù)后標(biāo)本的淋巴結(jié)個數(shù)平均為8個,這一結(jié)果和西方大型試驗EORTC trial 22921結(jié)果相符[5,16-25]。
以往很多外科醫(yī)師都會爭論,對于直腸切除的患者,是否要加上保護(hù)性的橫結(jié)腸或回腸造口以減少吻合口漏的機率[17]。近年來,愈來愈多的臨床結(jié)論逐漸朝向常規(guī)建造保護(hù)性橫結(jié)腸或回腸造口以減少手術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生[18-20]。近期的一篇Meta分析顯示,在結(jié)直腸癌患者中,術(shù)后吻合口漏對于癌癥的局部復(fù)發(fā)及存活率都有不良的影響[21]。我們的患者若術(shù)前接受過放化療,術(shù)中會常規(guī)地建造保護(hù)性橫結(jié)腸或回腸造口,因此我們的早期及晚期手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率都相對較低。對于大多數(shù)的患者,在切除直腸后我們都會建造一個保護(hù)性的橫結(jié)腸造口,方法是在右上腹壁打開一個切口,再將橫結(jié)腸經(jīng)由此切口拉到體外,用一根軟管穿過橫結(jié)腸的系膜并固定在皮膚上作為支撐,然后切開橫結(jié)腸,用可吸收線將腸壁和皮膚做一整圈的縫合。我們認(rèn)為,不需要在腸道與腹壁間做加強性的縫合,這樣的好處是當(dāng)需要關(guān)閉造口時,橫結(jié)腸與腹壁的界面比較容易分開。之后我們只需要切除一圈橫結(jié)腸黏膜與皮膚的交界即可將橫結(jié)腸縫合關(guān)閉,手術(shù)時間短且操作簡單,不需要切除整個造口以及腸道縫合手術(shù),術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率自然較少。除了早期已有復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移的患者未接受腸造口關(guān)閉手術(shù),其余的患者都可以關(guān)閉其保護(hù)性腸造口。所以,根據(jù)我們的經(jīng)驗,常規(guī)建造保護(hù)性腸造口,不只可以減少手術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,而且可以保證患者的安全治療。
另外,患者在接受手術(shù)后,由于直腸失去了收納糞便的功能,患者術(shù)后的排便次數(shù)會明顯增加,生活質(zhì)量也會受到很大的影響。有研究顯示,術(shù)前放療對于術(shù)后肛門括約肌功能的恢復(fù)會有影響[22]。我們的經(jīng)驗顯示,在患者接受腸道造口關(guān)閉手術(shù)后的第1個月,只有約1/3的患者能有滿意的大便次數(shù)(每天約1~4次,且無明顯失禁);但在造口關(guān)閉2年后,近90%的患者有滿意的大便次數(shù)。換句話說,每天的排便次數(shù)會隨著時間而改善,大約在術(shù)后2年時達(dá)到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)[23]。
從1998年至今,成功大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院的低位以及局部侵犯較嚴(yán)重的直腸癌患者,大多都可接受完整的放療及化療,在治療6至8周后再接受手術(shù)治療。截至2009年,有21%接受術(shù)前放化治療的患者達(dá)到了病理腫瘤細(xì)胞完全緩解,將近50%的患者腫瘤可以縮小一半以上,且只有1.6%的患者有三級以上的放射或化療毒性反應(yīng)。約90%的術(shù)后患者會接受為期六個月的術(shù)后輔助化療。長期追蹤的結(jié)果顯示患者5年存活率達(dá)到83.6%,5年無癌復(fù)發(fā)存活率達(dá)到69.3%,局部癌癥復(fù)發(fā)率達(dá)到3%。我們的結(jié)果和其他同樣使用術(shù)前放射及化學(xué)治療的前瞻性試驗結(jié)果相同[24]。大多數(shù)的試驗都能達(dá)到8%~20%的病理腫瘤細(xì)胞完全緩解率,少數(shù)報告可達(dá)到30%的病理腫瘤細(xì)胞完全緩解率[25-26],這是因為試驗通常加入了更強的化療或靶向藥物,治療的同時會增加并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,也會使患者不愿意繼續(xù)接受治療。
綜上所述,成功大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院結(jié)直腸癌治療團(tuán)隊的經(jīng)驗顯示,針對低位直腸癌患者,術(shù)前放射及化學(xué)治療可以達(dá)到較好的病理腫瘤細(xì)胞緩解率,又因為毒性較低,患者都能承受完整的治療過程。此方法即在放射治療后的6至8周行直腸全系膜切除術(shù)及保護(hù)性橫結(jié)腸造口手術(shù),可以保證高質(zhì)量手術(shù)的實施,有利于癌癥的局部控制、減少患者的痛苦。
[1] Heald RJ,Husband EM,Ryall RDH.The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery—the clue to pelvic recurrence?British Journal of Surgery,1982,69(10):613-616.
[2] Sauer R,Liersch T,Merkel S,et al.Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer:results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-94 randomized phase III trial after a median follow-up of 11 years.Journal of Clinical Oncology,2012,30(16):1926-1933.
[3] Bosset J F,Collette L,Calais G,et al.Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer.New England Journal of Medicine,2006,355(11):1114-1123.
[4] Wagman R,Minsky BD,Cohen AM,et al.Sphincter preservation in rectal cancer with preoperative radiation therapy and coloanal anastomosis:long term follow-up.International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics,1998,42(1):51-57.
[5] Lin SC,Chen PC,Lee CT,et al.Routine defunctioning stoma after chemoradiation and total mesorectal excision:a single-surgeon experience.WJG,2013,19(11):1797.
[6] Moore HG,Riedel E,Minsky BD,et al.Adequacy of 1-cm distal margin after restorative rectal cancer resection with sharp mesorectal excision and preoperative combined-modality therapy.Annals of Surgical Oncology,2003,10(1):80-85.
[7] Quirke P,Dixon MF,Durdey P,et al.Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection:histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision.The Lancet,1986,328(8514):996-999.
[8] Gosens MJEM,Klaassen RA,Tan-Go I,et al.Circumferential margin involvement is the crucial prognostic factor after multimodality treatment in patients with locally advanced rectal carcinoma.Clinical Cancer Research,2007,13(22):6617-6623..
[9] Bernstein TE,Endreseth BH,Romundstad P,et al.Circumferential resection margin as a prognostic factor in rectal cancer.British Journal of Surgery,2009,96(11):1348-1357.
[10] Capirci C,Valentini V,Cionini L,et al.Prognostic value of pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer:long-term analysis of 566 ypCR patients.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2008,72(1):99-107.
[11] Campos-Lobato LF,Stocchi L,Luz Moreira A,et ai.Pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer decreases distant recurrence and could eradicate local recurrence.Ann Surg Oncol,2011,18(6):1590-1598.
[12] Maas M,Nelemans PJ,Valentini V,et al.Long-term outcome in patients with a pathological complete response after chemoradiation for rectal cancer:a pooled analysis of individual patient data.Lancet Oncol,2010,11(9):835-844.
[13] Ha YH,Jeong SY,Lim B,et al.Influence of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on the number of lymph nodes retrieved in rectal cancer.Annals of surgery,2010,252(2):336-340.
[14] Klos CL,Bordeianou LG,Sylla P,et al.The prognostic value of lymph node ratio after neoadjuvant chemoradiation and rectal cancer surgery.Diseases of the Colon amp; Rectum,2011,54(2):171-175.
[15] Chang GJ,Rodriguez‐Bigas MA,Eng C,et al.Lymph node status after neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer is a biologic predictor of outcome.Cancer,2009,115(23):5432-5440.
[16] Den Dulk M,Collette L,Van De Velde CJH,et al.Quality of surgery in T3-4 rectal cancer:involvement of circumferential resection margin not influenced by preoperative treatment.Results from EORTC trial 22921.European Journal of Cancer,2007,43(12):1821-1828.
[17] Machado M,Hallb??k O,Goldman S,et al.Defunctioning stoma in low anterior resection with colonic pouch for rectal cancer.Diseases of the colon amp; rectum,2002,45(7):940-945.
[18] Peeters K,Tollenaar R,Marijnen CAM,et al.Risk factors for anastomotic failure after total mesorectal excision of rectal cancer.British journal of surgery,2005,92(2):211-216.
[19] Hüser N,Michalski CW,Erkan M,et al.Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of defunctioning stoma in low rectal cancer surgery.Annals of surgery,2008,248(1):52-60.
[20] Tan WS,Tang CL,Shi L,et al.Meta‐analysis of defunctioning stomas in low anterior resection for rectal cancer.British Journal of Surgery,2009,96(5):462-472.
[21] Mirnezami A,Mirnezami R,Chandrakumaran K,et al.Increased local recurrence and reduced survival from colorectal cancer following anastomotic leak:systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of surgery,2011,253(5):890-899.
[22] Parc Y,Zutshi M,Zalinski S,et al.Preoperative radiotherapy is associated with worse functional results after coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancer.Diseases of the Colon amp; Rectum,2009,52(12):2004-2014.
[23] Joo JS,Latulippe JF,Alabaz O,et al.Long-term functional evaluation of straight coloanal anastomosis and colonic J-pouch.Diseases of the colon amp; rectum,1998,41(6):740-746.
[24] Rivera S,Villa J,Quero L,et al.Adjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer:recent results,new questions.Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology,2011,35(1):17-22.
[25] Dionisi F,Musio D,Raffetto N,et al.Preoperative intensified radiochemotherapy for rectal cancer:experience of a single institution.Int J Colorectal Dis,2011,26(2):153-164.
[26] Valentini V,De Paoli A,Gambacorta MA,et al.Infusional 5-fluorouracil and ZD1839(Gefitinib-Iressa)in combination with preoperative radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer:a phase I and II trial(1839IL/0092).International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics,2008,72(3):644-649.
李政昌.低位直腸癌的治療[J/CD].中華結(jié)直腸疾病電子雜志,2013,2(5):214-216.
Thetreatmentoflowrectalcancer
LIZheng-chang
DivisionofColorectalSurgery,DepartmentofSurgery,NationalChengKungUniversityHospital,CollegeofMedicine,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan70403,Taiwan
Correspondingauthor:LIZheng-chang,Email:leejc@mail.ncku.edu.tw
Since 1998,the multidisciplinary team of colorectal cancer started to perform neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for lower rectal cancer.For every patient who completed the neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy treatment course,total mesorectal excision with defunctioning colostomy or ileostomy would be done.After completion of post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy,the defunctioning colostomy or ileostomy would be closed surgically.We presented our treatment results here.
Rectal neoplasms; Proctocolectomy,restorative; Radiotherapy dosage; Drug therapy,combination
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2013.05.01.
70403 臺南,成功大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附設(shè)醫(yī)院外科部(Email:Leejc@mail.ncku.edu.tw)
2013-08-15)
(本文編輯:陳瑛罡)