国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

他山之石,可以攻玉

2013-01-01 00:00:00鄭繼嶺
考試周刊 2013年2期

1.引言

蘇霍姆林斯基在《給教師的建議》一書中提出:“如果教師不想方設(shè)法法使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生情緒高昂和智力振奮的內(nèi)心狀態(tài)就急于傳播知識,那么這種知識只能使人產(chǎn)生冷漠的態(tài)度;而不動情感的腦力勞動就會帶來疲倦。沒有歡欣鼓舞的心情,學(xué)習(xí)就會成為學(xué)生沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)?!?/p>

較之高一高二,高三復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間緊,任務(wù)重,學(xué)生壓力大,如何才能從學(xué)生的興趣和已有水平出發(fā),精心設(shè)計(jì)語法復(fù)習(xí)課程是很多一線教師正在思索的問題。筆者擬從兩節(jié)同課異構(gòu)語法課分析高三語法教學(xué)。

2.同課異構(gòu)的課例分析

2.1同課異構(gòu)定義。

“同課異構(gòu)”是指相同的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,由兩位或兩位以上的教師根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際和對教材的不同理解,設(shè)計(jì)不同的教學(xué)方案,分別在平行班級上課。同課異構(gòu)活動是探索高效課堂教學(xué)模式的重要途徑,由于教師不同,因此對同一教學(xué)內(nèi)容采用不同處理方式、不同教學(xué)策略,會產(chǎn)生不同的教學(xué)效果,對比教師的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),取長補(bǔ)短,有利于教學(xué)質(zhì)量提高。

2.2高三語法教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀。

在高三英語課堂復(fù)習(xí)中,語法復(fù)習(xí)既是重點(diǎn)又是難點(diǎn)。比較常見的做法是教師先把某項(xiàng)語法規(guī)則的相關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)地呈獻(xiàn)給學(xué)生,然后舉例說明,接著讓學(xué)生死記硬背,最后做大量的選擇題加以鞏固,這種做法導(dǎo)致學(xué)生接觸語法時(shí)完全脫離語境。語法基礎(chǔ)好的學(xué)生沒有機(jī)會運(yùn)用語法規(guī)則進(jìn)行語言實(shí)踐活動;而語法基礎(chǔ)較為薄弱的學(xué)生沒有時(shí)間和機(jī)會對語法規(guī)則進(jìn)行理解和加工,更無法把語法規(guī)則內(nèi)化成自己的知識,因而復(fù)習(xí)后仍不能掌握語法知識。同時(shí),由于復(fù)習(xí)方法單一,語言活動形式與意義分離,課堂效率隨之低下,課堂氣氛沉悶,學(xué)生感到乏味。

針對語法復(fù)習(xí)課中存在的問題,下面通過分析和對比兩節(jié)高三語法復(fù)習(xí)課,探討如何進(jìn)行有效的高三語法教學(xué)。

2.3教學(xué)案例和學(xué)情分析。

2.3.1教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析

教學(xué)內(nèi)容是復(fù)習(xí)高二學(xué)過的非謂語動詞,基于學(xué)生的知識水平和接受能力,這一課時(shí)要求學(xué)生掌握以下內(nèi)容:不定式用法;動名詞用法;分詞用法。

2.3.2學(xué)情分析

上課的兩個(gè)班級是高三年級中的同一組合班級,人數(shù)大約50人,英語水平基本一致,均存在一定程度的兩極分化,兩個(gè)班級英語成績相當(dāng)。

兩位授課教師均為高三的任課教師,第一位教師(以下簡稱“教師A”)教齡21年,第二位教師(以下簡稱“教師B”)教齡11年。兩位教師的教學(xué)風(fēng)格各有千秋,其中教師A的教學(xué)風(fēng)格比較傳統(tǒng),教師B能比較大膽嘗試創(chuàng)新。

2.3.3兩個(gè)教學(xué)案例描述

[教學(xué)案例1]

Step one:Lead in

教師A呈現(xiàn)了三個(gè)不同的非謂語句型,讓學(xué)生分別出屬于哪一種非謂語,從而引出話題——什么是非謂語,它包括哪些類型。

Step two:Explanation

教師A先用表格的形式列舉了非謂語動詞在句子中分別充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?,以及非謂語的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。然后教師A分別列舉非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的重要考點(diǎn)。

考點(diǎn)一:分詞、不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法,教師A用下列句子填空的形式總結(jié)了四個(gè)重要的用法。

(1)At that moment I saw him (cross) the road

(2)He went away without saying anything, (leave) us ( stand)outside.

(3)The teacher asked us (not make)so much noise.

(4)He is thought (invent)the first telephone in the world.

考點(diǎn)二:不定式、分詞作定語的用法,教師A在講解這一要點(diǎn)時(shí),先在黑板上呈現(xiàn)了以下句子,然后讓學(xué)生改錯(cuò),再對這一考點(diǎn)做一個(gè)總結(jié)。

(1)The Browns have a comfortable house to live.

(2)“Sir,have you got anything to type today?”“Yes,a pile of documents over there.”

(3)He was the best man doing the job.

(4)Things losing never come again.

(5)The question discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.

考點(diǎn)三:不定式、動名詞做賓語的用法,在分析這一要點(diǎn)時(shí),教師A首先直接列舉了只能用不定式或者只能用動名詞,以及既可以跟不定式,又可以用動名詞作賓語的動詞。

只能用不定式作賓語的動詞:decide,learn,want,refuse,pretend...

只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞:consider,suggest,look forward to,excuse...

兩者都可以用的動詞:forget、remember,stop,try,go on...

考點(diǎn)四:不定式、分詞作狀語的用法,在不定式作狀語中,教師A列舉了下列句子讓學(xué)生分析不定式作狀語時(shí)的不同用法。

(1)Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.

(2)He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.

(3)My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.

(4)To look at him,you would like him.

(5)I am very glad to see you.

(6)He is old enough to go to school.

在分詞作狀語中,教師A分四個(gè)板塊講述,分別是:分詞做狀語時(shí)其形式的選擇、分詞做狀語的基本原則、分詞做狀語的句法功能、獨(dú)立成分做狀語。

Step three:Consolidation

教師A在分析完后所有講解后,用非謂語動詞的歷年高考題作為鞏固材料,要求學(xué)生當(dāng)堂完成,然后點(diǎn)評分析。

[教學(xué)案例2]

Step one:Lead in

教師B給學(xué)生展示了兩組句子,分別是江蘇2011年高考中的考試中學(xué)生作文中的對比句子。

對比1:①Realizing her mom must be very tired after a day’s work,the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder.

②After she know her mother is very tired,the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder.

對比2:①...totally engaged in my own study,I seldom pay attention to what mother needs and feels,and always think studying well is the only thing I could do in return.

② I am busy with my study so I pay little attention to my mother’s needs and feeling.

Step two:Experience

教師B給學(xué)生展示了三篇模塊5中的語篇,分別讓學(xué)生辨別動名詞、不定式、分詞在語篇中的運(yùn)用,以及它們所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧?/p>

語篇(1):

Dear Laura,

I want to thank you for your last letter.I was very happy when I saw it in my mailbox.I’m so glad I persuaded you to talk to Rachel.Isn’t it wonderful to have good friends?Speaking of friends,I’ve met some nice people here in London and I think we might become close friends.I decided to write rather than e-mail you about my new friends because it’s always nice to receive a letter from someone special.

語篇(2):

Exciting news for animal lovers

Two people were arrested yesterday at a Paris airport for bringing animals into Europe from South America illegally.One of the customs officers was watching the arrivals very closely.He could see a woman walking in front of a group.Then he saw feathers falling from under her coat.Having seen this,the customs officer asked the woman to come over to his desk.He was surprised to find ten birds inside her coat.There was a short fat gentleman following her.Another customs officer called him over when it seemed he had a moving stomach!On taking off his jacket,a sleeping tortoise was found on his stomach.Apparently he had traveled on the plane like this,keeping the tortoise hidden in a blanket.Such arrests are very pleasing for Paris officers.

語篇(3):

The job of a scientist is to find out the truth in the field of science.It is a challenging professor.Scientists usually have to do thousands of experiments in order to prove something.Although they are often disappointed,if they fail,most of them never give up.My next door neighbor is a scientist.He studies radiation.He is always working in his lab,trying to figure out all the mysteries that make him thrilled.When I met him the other day,he had had a breakthrough.He sounded so excited ,then I noticed that he was wearing shoes that did not match.He must have been working too hard to notice.I think it’s good to do a job that you are interested in.otherwise you will get bored easily.

教師B向?qū)W生展示了一組句子,然后根據(jù)下列句子讓學(xué)生分組討論,得出非謂語動詞解題的基本步驟。

(1)If you to the left,you’ll find the post office.

(2) to the left,and you’ll find the post office.

(3) to the left,you’ll find the post office.

A.Turning B.To turn C.Turn D.Turned

(4)——Mum,why do you always eat an egg every day?

—— enough protein and nutrition.

A.Get B.Getting C.To get D.To be getting

(5)——What do you think made Mary so upset?

—— her new bicycle.

A.To lose B.Lost C.Losing D.Because of losing

(6)①M(fèi)r.Li is said abroad but I don’t know which country he studied in.

②Mr.Li is said abroad but I don’t know which country he is studying in.

A. to study B.to have studied

C.to be studying D.having studied

(7)① (一聽到)the news,they all jumped with joy.

② (不知道)her address,we couldn’t get in touch with her.

③ (沒收到)an answer,he decided to write another letter.

④Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job.

A.so not as to B.so as not to C.so as to not D.not so as to

(8)I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A.to go B.having gone C.going D.to have gone

Step three:consolidation

教師B讓學(xué)生完成若干組相似題的解答,從中再次感悟非謂語動詞的解題三步驟:

(1) the tower(從頂上上看),our town looks more beautiful.(see)

(2) the tower(從頂上上看),we find our town more beautiful.(see)

(3) the tower(為了看),he drove two hours from a mountainous village.(see)

(4)The sports meet (舉行)next week is of great importance.

(5)The sports meet (正在舉行)next week is of great importance.

(6)The sports meet (上星期舉行)next week is of great importance.

(7)It’s wrong of you to leave (讓機(jī)器一直開著).(run)

(8)The guests left (大部分菜沒有動)because they didn’t taste delicious.(touch)

(9)He left,leaving me .(去做剩余的所有工作)(do)

(10)We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems(有待解決) .(settle)

(11)With the assistants (正在處理)lot of difficult problems,the A newly-elected president can be interviewed.(settle)

(12)With a lot of difficult problems (要處理),the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(settle)

(13)With a lot of difficult problems (已處理),the newly-elected president is having a good time.(settle)

(14)(沒有公共汽車) ,we had to walk home last night.(be)

(15)Everything(通盤考慮) ,his attempt is not likely to turn out to be a success.(take)

(16)The teacher(將幫助我們) ,we will surely pass the final exam.(help)

(17)(假若健康狀況良好的話) ,I hope to finish the work this year.(give)

(18) (根據(jù)他的話判斷),he did well in his exam.(judge)

(19)(說實(shí)話) ,I am not familiar with this skill.(tell)

(20)Twenty passengers were killed in the accident,(include) (包括兩名兒童).

(21)The window needs (洗)(clean)

(22)This place is worthy. (值得參觀).(visit)

教師B給學(xué)生布置一份回家作業(yè),要求學(xué)生完成一篇作文,在作文中適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂梅侵^語動詞。

用英語寫一篇關(guān)于四川地震的簡介:

寫作內(nèi)容:

①2008年5月12日,一場特大地震襲擊了四川省,造成了成千上萬人無家可歸。②大量的人員受傷,甚至喪命。③為了營救那些受困和被埋的人,政府及時(shí)采取有效的措施,派遣士兵到受災(zāi)地區(qū)。④聽到這個(gè)噩耗后,全世界的人們都伸出了援助之手。⑤盡管他們失去了一切,但他們正全力以赴,克服重重困難,重建家園。

參考詞匯:襲擊:hit/strike

受災(zāi)地區(qū):the earthquake-stricken area

參考:

On May 12th,2008,a worst earthquake struck Sichuan Province,causing thousands of people homeless.A great number of people were injured or even killed.To rescue the trapped and buried people,the government immediately took effective measures,sending the soldiers to the earthquake-stricken areas.Hearing the terrible news,the people all over the world came together to help them.Although having lost everything,they are trying their best to overcome all kinds of difficulties to rebuild their home.

3.同課異構(gòu)對比分析

從以上的教學(xué)流程可以看出,兩位教師采用了不同的教學(xué)模式,分析對比兩堂課的教學(xué)案,探索有效的高三語法復(fù)習(xí)模式。

3.1導(dǎo)入不同。

教師A在導(dǎo)入時(shí),只是簡單呈現(xiàn)了三個(gè)非謂語的句子,讓學(xué)生講述非謂語的三種類型,雖然導(dǎo)入直接,但是學(xué)生興趣不高。教師B利用了2011年江蘇卷高考滿分作文的句子,由于恰地使用了非謂語動詞,提升了句子的質(zhì)量。感受到這一語法確實(shí)有實(shí)用價(jià)值,學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣一下高漲,因此不同的導(dǎo)入方式,學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情有差別。

3.2語法知識輸入方式不同。

教師A嘗試的是傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式,課堂上多以自己講授,雖然也有讓學(xué)生參與的題目,但是大多采取的是“語法規(guī)則—配套練習(xí)”這一單一的方式教學(xué),許多學(xué)生在做練習(xí)時(shí)仍感到困惑。教師B則采用了不同的方式,首先考慮為學(xué)生設(shè)置涉及非謂語動詞的語境,他以高二模塊5中的三篇短文入手,讓學(xué)生在有意義的語境中體會語法規(guī)則的特定意義。高中學(xué)生具有一定的認(rèn)知能力,能夠利用已有的認(rèn)知能力去分析和推斷語言規(guī)律。在語法復(fù)習(xí)過程中,教師要善于利用學(xué)生的認(rèn)知能力,啟發(fā)學(xué)生去分析和推斷語言規(guī)律,主動探求關(guān)于語法形式的外顯特征,而不是等待教師灌輸。因此教師B給了學(xué)生幾組句子,讓學(xué)生自己討論分析非謂語動詞的解題步驟。由于學(xué)生在探究中自我感悟了規(guī)則,從鞏固練習(xí)的效果看,成效顯著。

3.3不同的鞏固提升。

在學(xué)生完成任務(wù)并掌握了一定的知識后,教室往往會設(shè)計(jì)幫助學(xué)生內(nèi)化語言、發(fā)展語言運(yùn)用能力的任務(wù)?!敖處熢诮虒W(xué)中如何幫助學(xué)生對所學(xué)信息和語言進(jìn)行重組、加工和內(nèi)化是提高課堂教學(xué)實(shí)效性的關(guān)鍵”(王薔,2008)。教師A在鞏固所學(xué)知識環(huán)節(jié)時(shí)只是將歷年高考題羅列給學(xué)生,雖然題目具有代表性,但形式過于單一,不利于學(xué)生消化。教師B先讓學(xué)生完成了幾組相似題,通過對比,進(jìn)一步理會解題步驟和技巧。然后通過課后的作文,發(fā)揮非謂語動詞的實(shí)用功能。

4.兩節(jié)課對高三語法復(fù)習(xí)的啟示

在新課標(biāo)背景下,語法仍舊是必教科目,但如何教才能提高教學(xué)效率是個(gè)值得深入探討的問題(楊成,2009)。通過對兩節(jié)復(fù)習(xí)課的對比分析,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn):

4.1導(dǎo)入活動要激發(fā)興趣。

語法教學(xué)本身就是比較枯燥的,再者高三的語法教學(xué)是高一高二的提升,因此語法課的導(dǎo)入設(shè)計(jì)能否直接吸引學(xué)生的注意力直接影響教學(xué)效果。教師應(yīng)盡量讓學(xué)生感知所學(xué)語法的使用語境,激發(fā)學(xué)生探求這一語法規(guī)則的欲望。

4.2以學(xué)生為主體的語法教學(xué)。

根據(jù)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中提出“以學(xué)生為主體”的教學(xué)理念,教師在語法教學(xué)過程中應(yīng)拋棄過去那種以講解與傳授為主,死記硬背語法條文、機(jī)械套用基本句型的教學(xué)模式,采用以學(xué)生為主體的發(fā)現(xiàn)探究、實(shí)踐運(yùn)用、自主學(xué)習(xí),以及合作學(xué)習(xí)等新的教學(xué)理念和方法,將語法教學(xué)與聽說讀寫等各項(xiàng)技能的培養(yǎng)融為一體,根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)內(nèi)容、不同的教學(xué)目標(biāo),以及最新的高考考試說明采用不同的語法教學(xué)模式。

4.3創(chuàng)造語言輸出機(jī)會,培養(yǎng)語感。

在語法復(fù)習(xí)過程中,教師應(yīng)創(chuàng)造語言輸出機(jī)會,讓學(xué)生對語言知識進(jìn)行內(nèi)化。學(xué)生在語言輸出過程中通過不斷糾正錯(cuò)誤,才能完善對語法規(guī)則的認(rèn)識和理解。DeKeyser(1998)提出,注重語言輸出的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)有助于學(xué)習(xí)者掌握接觸過的語言形式。語言輸出為英語學(xué)習(xí)者提供了表達(dá)語言和獲得反饋的機(jī)會。把注意力集中在自己的語言輸出上,學(xué)習(xí)者能發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的語言輸出與目標(biāo)語之間的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的不足之處。因此教師要重視讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行角色扮演,根據(jù)提供的語境設(shè)計(jì)對話或完成書面表達(dá)等語言輸出活動。

5.結(jié)語

通過“同課異構(gòu)“教研活動的開展,教師可以揚(yáng)長避短,相互借鑒勇于創(chuàng)新,從興趣和已有水平出發(fā),設(shè)計(jì)出高效的高三語法復(fù)習(xí)課。

十堰市| 玉环县| 合江县| 会同县| 雷山县| 泗水县| 牡丹江市| 库尔勒市| 旬阳县| 启东市| 东方市| 绥芬河市| 南部县| 平利县| 河东区| 鸡东县| 师宗县| 天气| 巴林左旗| 额敏县| 临高县| 龙山县| 莱芜市| 龙游县| 沧州市| 千阳县| 甘孜县| 屯昌县| 长沙市| 招远市| 积石山| 资兴市| 敦煌市| 凌源市| 石棉县| 宁安市| 新化县| 巧家县| 普兰县| 堆龙德庆县| 马边|